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Nursing
Final Exam
331
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
02/25/2013

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What's pressure exerted by blood against a vessel wall?
Definition
Blood pressure
Term
What's pressure as the heart contracts?
Definition
Systolic pressure
Term
What's pressure as the heart relaxes?
Definition
Diastolic pressure
Term
What's the avg. between systolic and diastolic pressure?
Definition
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Term
What are MM color, CRT, and HR & rhythm?
Definition
Monitoring parameters of blood pressure
Term
What 3 factors affect blood pressure?
Definition
Blood volume, cardiac output, and vascular resistance
Term
What's shock?
Definition
Poor tissue perfusion
Term
What's hypovolemia?
Definition
Low blood volume
Term
What effect on blood pressure can shock, inhalent drugs, and deep anesthesia have?
Definition
Hypotensive
Term
What effect on blood pressure do pain, fever, ketamine, and disease processes have?
Definition
Hypertensive
Term
What 3 conditions should blood pressure always be measured?
Definition
Hyperthyroidism, renal disease, and heart disease
Term
What 2 situations should BP be measured?
Definition
Emergency care and anesthesia
Term
What's CPCR?
Definition
Cardiopulmonary cerebral resuscitation
Term
What type of blood pressure monitering isn't used often, is usually on anesthetized patient, and is the most accurate?
Definition
Direct blood pressure
Term
Where do you palpate the peripheral pulse?
Definition
On the femoral artery
Term
What indirect blood pressure method can measure systolic, diastolic, and MAP?
Definition
Oscillometric
Term
What blood pressure method can only measure systolic pressure and is the most common/afforadable?
Definition
Doppler
Term
What 2 factors can alter BP using a Doppler?
Definition
Vasoconstriction and cuff size
Term
What can too large of a cuff cause in BP measures?
Definition
Artifically lowered
Term
What can too small of a cuff cause in BP measures?
Definition
Artifically higher BP
Term
What 2 factors can alter the accuracy of the oscillometric BP machine?
Definition
Movement of machine and cuff size
Term
What formula?: cardiac output (CO) x total peripheral resistance (TPR)
Definition
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
Term
What formula?: stroke volume (SV) x heart rate (HR)=
Definition
Cardiac output
Term
What formula?: SV x HR x TPR=
Definition
MAP
Term
What's the volume of blood ejected from the heart with each beat?
Definition
Stroke volume
Term
What's the normal systolic range of BP?
Definition
100-150 mm Hg
Term
What's the normal MAP for BP?
Definition
75-90 mm Hg
Term
What BP value represents hypertension?
Definition
greater than 175 mm Hg systolic
Term
T/F High blood pressure in pets is a primary disorder.
Definition
False, secondary (disease causes high BP)
Term
93% of dogs and 61% of cats blame this disease for high blood pressure?
Definition
Chronic renal failure
Term
What can cushing's disease and diabetes mellitus cause?
Definition
Hypertension
Term
What're 2 problems that result from high blood pressure?
Definition
Vessel bleeding and increased risk of embolism
Term
What 2 organs are especially at risk with hypertension?
Definition
Kidneys and eyes
Term
After treated the primary condition that causes high BP, what 2 meds should be given to a cat/dog?
Definition
Amlopidine (cats) and Enalapril (dogs)
Term
What organ posseses special areas for detecting BP changes?
Definition
Kidney
Term
Describe the renin-angiotensin system.
Definition
Low BP causes kidneys to release renin. Liver produces angiotensin. When they meet it activates a rxn that produces angiotensin I. Angiotensin I travels to lungs where an enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II reroutes blood to life preserving organs (which gives more blood to the ♥ and more blood to pump forward), and is the strongest vasoconstricter in the body.
Term
What curtails the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
Definition
ACE inhibitors
Term
What drug acts as a dilator of blood vessels, opens up peripheral circulation, and causes blood pressure to drop so the heart does less work?
Definition
Enalapril
Term
What can needle size, too much pressure, poor technique, and lipema cause in venipuncture?
Definition
Hemolysis
Term
What part of a soap is the presenting complaint, owner info., observed not measured, vx status, diet, and current medications?
Definition
Subjective
Term
What part of a soap is measureable, physical exam, and labs ordered?
Definition
Objective
Term
What part of a soap is response to a disease process, doctors dx, and list of words (client k d, etc.)
Definition
Assessment
Term
What part of a soap is the meds included per order?
Definition
Plan
Term
When can puppies/kittens regulate their body temperature?
Definition
2 weeks
Term
What's the body temp. of neonates at birth?
Definition
94.7-97.3 degrees
Term
T/F The best way to check for neonate dehydration is skin turgor.
Definition
False, they don't have skin turgur, check mm color
Term
What week of neonate development do they sleep 80% of the time?
Definition
1st week
Term
What week of neonate development do they nurse vigorously for a short period of time (q 2-4 hours)?
Definition
1st week
Term
What week of neonate development can they crawl,suckle, and make distress sounds?
Definition
1st week
Term
What week of neonate development is the temp up to 100.1 degrees?
Definition
1st week
Term
When should a neonate's umbilical cord fall off?
Definition
Day 2
Term
What week of neonate development does the body temp. rise to adult levels and they can regulate it?
Definition
2nd week
Term
What week of neonate development should the birth weight be doubled?
Definition
2nd week
Term
What week of neonate development do they open their eyes and open their ears?
Definition
7-12 days
Term
What week of neonate development can they stand and have good postural reflexes?
Definition
3rd week
Term
What gender of kitten has a shorter anogenital distance?
Definition
Female
Term
Where's blood drawn in neonates?
Definition
Jugular vein (no more than 10% of blood per week)
Term
What neonate concern has signs if restlessness, continous crying, red mm, and are cool to the touch?
Definition
Hypothermia
Term
T/F You should rewarm hypothermic neonates quickly to stabilize them.
Definition
False, slowly
Term
What neonate concern can cause tacky or dry mm?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
What neonate concern can cause tremors, crying, lethargy, coma, and seizures?
Definition
Hypoglycemia
Term
What neonate concern involves competing blood types that can cause death within 2 days?
Definition
neonatal isoerythrolysis
Term
T/F Malnutrition is a problem in neonates.
Definition
True
Term
What do 27/kg/day, 32-36/kg/day, 36-41kg/day, and 41-45/kg/day represent?
Definition
Weekly caloric requirements for neonates
Term
What neonate concern has signs of anorexia, lethargy, emaciation, and death?
Definition
Fading puppy/kitten syndrome
Term
What patients should you handle gently, walk slower, watch for pain, prevent decubital sores, and prevent urine scald?
Definition
Geriatric or recumbent patients
Term
What type of wound are sharply incised edges with minimal tissue trauma, and the tissue can be torn away?
Definition
Laceration
Term
What type of wound are partial thickness wounds of the epidermis with exposure to the deep dermis?
Definition
Abrasion
Term
What phase of healing do wounds bleed to clean, vasoconstriction, fibrinogen circulation in blood, changes to fibrin, lasts about 4-6 hrs; blood clot and scab forms
Definition
Inflammation phase
Term
What phase of wound healing is 6 hrs after injury and WBCs leak into wound to remove necrotic and foreign material?
Definition
Debridement phase
Term
What phase of wound healing is 8-10 days after wounded, healing begins, laying down of fibroblasts & collagen, cells start to build skin and muscle cells and granulation occurs?
Definition
Repair phase
Term
What phase of wound healing is the last phase, changes in collagen -scar tissue- shrinking of collagen makes scar less noticeable; tissue is never quite as strong.W
Definition
Maturation phase
Term
What are the 2 types of tissue injury?
Definition
Partial thickness and full thickness
Term
What is a partial thickness injury?
Definition
Limited to epidermis and superficial dermis
Term
What are the 4 physical stages of healing?
Definition
1. Infammatory phase
2. Debridement phase
3. Repair
4. Maturation phase
Term
What are the 3 layers to a bandage?
Definition
1. Contact layer
2. Conforming padded layer
3. Holding and protective layer
Term
What's commonly used for temporary immobilization of fractures below the elbow or the stifle, the support comes from the compression of the thick cotton secondary layer, and multiple secondary layers of cotton and gauze are used?
Definition
Robert Jones bandage
Term
What happens when a bandage isn't applied smoothly?
Definition
It can interfere with circulation or put pressure on vital structures.
Term
What do you look for when checking a bandage?
Definition
Swelling, discharge, pain, or unpleasant smell
Term
What's some disadvantages to plaster?
Definition
If it gets wet, it can become soft or begin to mould inside. Plaster can also break if it is hit or fallen upon. Skin problems and sores can also develop because there's no air circulation under the plaster.
Term
When would you want to apply a dry to dry dressing?
Definition
If loose or necrotic tissue or foreign matter are present.
Term
What's an exudate?
Definition
Any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation.
Term
What instructions should you give to someone who has a bandaged pet?
Definition
Tell them to keep the bandage clean and dry, give them a fluid bag thread holes to make a purse-like hold when the pet goes outdoors, instruct the owner how to apply the bag and to have them remove the bag immediately after the walk, tell the owner to watch out for swelling, discharge, pain, or foul smell from around the bandages
Term
What end of the limb do you want to start wrapping and why?
Definition
The distal end because it prevents the pocketing of blood in the limb
Term
What areas are necessary to be bandaged in a fractured limb?
Definition
The joints that are above and below the fracture
Term
What's eschar?
Definition
Dead skin
Term
When should you use an ehmer sling?
Definition
To correct hip luxation
Term
How does a Velpeau sling prevent weight-bearing?
Definition
The front limb in completely wrapped against the chest and uses the chest to support the weight of the leg
Term
What're the 4 types of wounds?
Definition
Clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated, and dirty
Term
What's a penrose drain?
Definition
A surgical tubing that’s placed in a wound to drain fluid and to keep the wound open
Term
How often should a splint/cast be checked the first day?
Definition
Every 2 to 4 hours
Term
When should robert jones bandages not be used?
Definition
Humeral or femoral fractures, because the humerus and femur would receive poor support and protection.
Term
How much overlap should there be when applying a bandage?
Definition
1/2 to 2/3
Term
How thick should the cotton padding be used on a robert jones bandage?
Definition
2”-2 ½” times the diameter of the leg
Term
Why should bandages be started on the inside of a horse leg?
Definition
Starting on the outside could cause ligament damage
Term
T/F Stirrups in robert jones bandages are used on horses.
Definition
False
Term
What's a semi-rigid splint bandage?
Definition
Robert Jones bandage
Term
What splint is an external weight-bearing device?
Definition
Schroeder-Thomas splint
Term
When are robert jones bandages used in horses?
Definition
Serious lower limb injuries
Term
Where are 3 places for the BP cuff?
Definition
Metatarsal, metacarpal, and dorsal piedal artery
Term
What's the BP cuff formula?
Definition
Circ. (cm.) x 0.4
Term
What're 2 advantages to voided urine samples?
Definition
Non-invasive and not stressful to animal
Term
What're 3 disadvantages to voided urine samples?
Definition
Possible contamination, could miss or not get a good sample
Term
What are 2 advantages to manual expression?
Definition
Doesn't take a lot of practice and non-invasive
Term
What're 2 disadvantages to manual expression?
Definition
Not used much and annoying to the animal
Term
What's an advantage to a cystocentesis?
Definition
Sterile
Term
What're 2 disadvantages to cystocentesis?
Definition
Invasive and bladder could rupture
Term
What can you use to collect a cat urine sample?
Definition
Use plastic lab litter or unpopped popcorn
Term
What're primarily used on the hindlimbs to prevent excessive abduction on horses?
Definition
Hobbles
Term
What type of wound healing is primary closure?
Definition
1st intention healing
Term
What type of wound healing is non-close?
Definition
Second intention healing
Term
What type of wound healing is delayed primary closure?
Definition
Third intention healing
Term
What type of wound healing is secondary closure?
Definition
Third intention healing
Term
What type of wound healing is the wound cleaned with sutures or staples, minimal edema, minimal scar formation, and rapid healing?
Definition
First intention healing (Primary closure)
Term
What type of wound healing is the wound left open because of infection and is delayed by healing?
Definition
Second-intention healing
Term
What delayed primary closure wound healing is closed after 3-5 days debridement and cleaning, but before granulation tissue forms?
Definition
Third intention healing
Term
What type of secondary wound healing is a safe method for repair of dirty, contaminated, or infected wounds with extensive tissue damage, it allows for mmanagement of infection or necrosis before closuure, and surgeon debrides damaged tissue before closure?
Definition
Third-intention healing
Term
What type of wounds are surgical incisions, aseptic, and wounds aren't predisposed to infection?
Definition
Clean
Term
What type of wounds are elective surgery in tissue with resident flora, aseptic surgical techniques, and no spillage of organ contents?
Definition
Clean-Contaminated
Term
What type of wounds are fresh traumatic injuries (open fractures/penetrating wound), presence of infected urine/bile, and there are microorganisms in the wound?
Definition
Contaminated
Term
What type of wounds are heavily contaminated/infected, perforated viscera, abscesses, or foreign material?
Definition
Dirty
Term
What're the 4 immediate wound treatments?
Definition
Cover, apply lube/staple to keep clean, lavage, and debride
Term
Protection, compression, debridement, immobilization, and support, and restricted motion are beneficial effects of what?
Definition
Bandages
Term
What're the 4 types of primary layers?
Definition
Adherent, non-adherent, semi-occlusive, and occlusive
Term
What bandages are used for road rash?
Definition
Wet to dry
Term
What're 2 advantages of a wet primary layer
Definition
Increased absorption speed and more comfortable removal
Term
What're 3 disadvantages of wet primary layers?
Definition
Bacteria flourish, tissue maceration, and labor intensive
Term
What should start forming under a non-adherent primary layer?
Definition
Granulation tissue
Term
What're 3 types of splints?
Definition
(Mod.) Robert Jones, chest or abdominal bandages, and distal limb splints
Term
What're 5 types of slings?
Definition
Ehmer, velpeau, 90-90 flexion sling, carpal flexion sling, and hobbles
Term
What % of body surface burn is rarely survivable?
Definition
More than 50%
Term
How much can metabolic requirements increase in burn patients?
Definition
200%
Term
What wounds produce massive amts of exudates and must be managed as open wounds?
Definition
Burns
Term
What burns are superficial with no blisters?
Definition
1st degree
Term
What type of burn have blisters?
Definition
2nd degree
Term
What type of burns are full thickness and surface may appear white/black and leatherly?
Definition
3rd degree
Term
What type of burn involves the dermis, SQ fat, and deeper tissues?
Definition
4th degree
Term
What type of wounds are small skin openings with extensive deep tissue damage and foreign material are deep in the wound?
Definition
Puncture
Term
What wound can have the skin intact but the tissue is not attached (Necrosis occurs after 5 days)?
Definition
Degloving
Term
What result of compression of soft tissue and skin between bony prominence and the surface the animal is lying on?
Definition
Decubitus ulcer
Term
How are equine bandages named?
Definition
Location and purpose
Term
What animals are modified thomas splints used for?
Definition
Cattle
Term
What animal gets ear infections more?
Definition
Dogs
Term
What should you do before beginning ear cytology?
Definition
Collect and read ear cytologic sample & make sure ear drum is intact
Term
What hold would you do for a feline IM injection?
Definition
Pretzel Hold
Term
What's hypoxia?
Definition
Low oxygen at tissue level
Term
What're 3 things that can cause hypoxia?
Definition
Pulmonary edema, pneumonia, and shock
Term
What does a SpO2 below 90% indicate?
Definition
Severe hypoxemia
Term
What factors can alter the accuracy of the SpO2?
Definition
Anemia, hypotension, tachycardia, hypothermia, movement, poor probe positioning, overhead lights, and pigmented skin
Term
What is the % of inspired oxygen?
Definition
FiO2
Term
What's the FiO2 of room air?
Definition
21%
Term
What's the FiO2 of a mask?
Definition
35-90%
Term
What's the FiO2 of a nasal canula?
Definition
Up to 90%
Term
What's the FiO2 of a hood?
Definition
Up to 60%
Term
What's the FiO2 of a endotracheal tube?
Definition
100%
Term
What's the partial pressure of oxygen symbol?
Definition
PaO2
Term
What should the PaO2 of an intubated patient with the cuff blown be?
Definition
500 mm Hg
Term
What % of body wt. is water?
Definition
60%
Term
How much of body wt. is intracellular fluid?
Definition
2/3
Term
How much of body wt. is extracellular fluid?
Definition
1/3
Term
What % of ECF is interstitial fluid?
Definition
75%
Term
What % of ECF is plasma?
Definition
25%
Term
What are sensible fluid losses?
Definition
Measureable (urine, feces)
Term
What are inevitable (insensible) losses
Definition
Not measureable: RR, Sweating, milk production
Term
What are abnormal fluid losses?
Definition
Vomiting, diarrhea, panting, polyuria, injury
Term
What's loss of total body water with preservation of vascular volume?
Definition
Dehydration
Term
What's it when vascular volume is not large enough to preserve cardiac output?
Definition
Hypovolemia
Term
What % of dehyderation is not detectable?
Definition
>5%
Term
What % of dehydration is the subtle loss of skin elasticity?
Definition
5-6%
Term
What % of dehydration is there a delay of skin tent, prolonged CRT, possibly sunken eyes, possibly dry MM?
Definition
6-8%
Term
What's a result of cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance, and stroke volume?
Definition
Arterial blood pressure
Term
T/F Palpation of a peripheral artery can indicate drastic increases or decreases in blood pressure?
Definition
True
Term
What type of blood is drawn from a cephalic venipuncture site?
Definition
Peripheral venous sample
Term
What should be palpable if the MAP is greater than 70 mm Hg
Definition
Pulse
Term
What's the most accurate BP method?
Definition
Direct BP readings
Term
What does the term parenteral mean?
Definition
Not through the GI tract
Term
When does healing start?
Definition
Right after injury
Term
What factors should be monitered after a cast, splint, or sling is applied.
Definition
Proper application, make sure the animal isn't damaging it, and no loosening or cracks are developing
Term
Why is it important to draw blood from a distal portion on a dog's leg?
Definition
If you get a hematoma, you can work more proximal
Term
What's the golden period of first intention healing?
Definition
Within hours of injury, the sooner the better
Term
What's an injury in which skin and varying amounts of ligaments, tendons, muscle, and bone are torn off a limb is known as what?
Definition
Degloving
Term
What is excessive granulation tissue that can form on the limbs of horses duringg wound healing?
Definition
Proud flesh
Term
What is space remaining in tissues as a result of failure of proper closure that allows the accumulation of blood or serum?
Definition
Dead space
Term
What can cause wicking of bacteria into a wound by a bandage?
Definition
The bandage being too wet after being left on too long
Term
What's the best way to treat ducubital ulcers?
Definition
Prevention
Term
What's the most common route of vaccine administration?
Definition
SQ
Term
What 2 wound types mostly require a drain?
Definition
Puncture or dirty wounds
Term
What are 2 methods of wound debridement?
Definition
Mechanical or enzymatic
Term
Besides the recordings, what should be recorded when taking a BP?
Definition
Size of cuff, cuff placement, and who took reading
Term
What are 2 diseases associated in dog and cats with high blood pressure?
Definition
Chronic renal failure and hyperthyroidism
Term
What are 2 methods of drawing blood from a cephalic vein?
Definition
Using a syringe or a butterfly catheter with a vacutainer
Term
T/F High blood pressure in cats is almost always caused by kidney disease or hyperthyroidism?
Definition
True
Term
What enzyme activates the hormone angiotensin in the kidney to control blood pressure?
Definition
Renin
Term
What're the signs of ear infections?
Definition
Redness, discharge, odor, head-shaking, and rubbing ears on things
Term
T/F No more than 20% of circulating blood can be drawn in one week from a neonate?
Definition
False
Term
What are 2 common concerns with neonates?
Definition
Dehydration and hypothermia
Term
What's the universal blood donor in a dog?
Definition
DEA 1.1 -
Term
What's the purpose of the filter on a blood administration set?
Definition
To remove clots, so they don't go into the patient
Term
What's a solution that causes a rush of the solution into the cell so the cell blows up or lyses from the pressure?
Definition
Hypotonic solution
Term
What happened to the potato in the hypotonic solution?
Definition
It was very rigid because the cells in the potato were completley packed with solution
Term
Sterile water is?
Definition
Hypotonic
Term
LRS is?
Definition
Isotonic
Term
What's the principal cation in ECF?
Definition
Na+
Term
When does a delayed hemolytic rxn occur?
Definition
7-10 days
Term
What happens when one body compartment loses its normal amount of fluid?
Definition
The body will pull fluid slowly from other places
Term
What patient info does a SpO2 reading tell you?
Definition
The % of O2 carrying hemaglobin in the blood
Term
What's the cornerstone of shock therapy?
Definition
Fluid therapy
Term
What type of tube is used for a nasal oxygen catheter?
Definition
Red rubber catheter
Term
What's the difference between fresh frozen plasma and frozen plasma?
Definition
FFP is less than a year old and FP is older than a year
Term
What's a colloid solution?
Definition
Hetastarch
Term
Where should irritating or hypertonic medications be given?
Definition
IV
Term
What does a capnograph measure?
Definition
The amount of CO2 being expirated with each breath
Term
What's the unit of measure for capnographs?
Definition
mm Hg
Term
How does a capnograph work?
Definition
The CO2 absorbs infared light and can be measured by the amount of infared light absorbed
Term
What's the difference between a main stream and a side stream capnograph?
Definition
Mainstream capnographs have the infared light sensor right by where the patient is exhaling. Sidestream capnographs have a tube that connects where the CO2 is being exhaled and the light source. The 2 things are further apart
Term
Where are IO catheters placed?
Definition
Along the long axis of a long bone and into the medullary cavity
Term
What a normal range on the capnograph for a normal awake patient?
Definition
35-45 mm Hg
Term
hat can throw off a capnograph?
Definition
Moisture
Term
What's the abbreviation for capnograph?
Definition
ETCO2
Term
What's an advantage of capnographs?
Definition
Can detect changes faster than a SpO2
Term
What's the first layer of bandage and what's its function?
Definition
Primary layer (contact layer), provides debridement, and can prevent fluid loss
Term
What's the second layer of bandage and what's its function?
Definition
Secondary layer (padded layer), insulation, and comfort for the animal
Term
What's the third layer of bandage and what's its function?
Definition
Tertiary layer (holding and protecting layer), holds bandage in place, prevents bending of limb, and protects wound for further damage
Term
What's commonly used as an external splint for temporary support of a fracture before surgery can occur or for seevere lacerations?
Definition
Robert Jones Bandage
Term
What happens when bandages aren't applied smoothly?
Definition
Pressure sores that can cause necrotic tissue
Term
What do you look for when you're changing a bandage?
Definition
Swelling, discharge, pain, unpleasant smell, make sure it's clean and dry
Term
What can occur when a moist bandage isn't changed frequently?
Definition
Bacteria can flourish, healing can be delayed, and tissue maceration can occur
Term
What are some disadvantages to plaster?
Definition
If it gets wet and can mould inside, it can break if hit or fallen upon,skin problems and sores can develop, and there's no air circulation under the plaster
Term
When would you apply a dry to dry dressing?
Definition
If loose, necrotic tissue, or foreign matter are present
Term
What are exudates?
Definition
Any fluid that filters from the circulatory system into lesions or areas of inflammation
Term
What end of the limb do you want to start bandaging an extremity and why?
Definition
THe distal end because it prevents pocketing of blood in the limb
Term
What areas must be bandaged on a fractured limb?
Definition
Joints that aare above and below the fracture
Term
What's eschar?
Definition
Dead skin
Term
When can't a Robert Jones be used?
Definition
On the femur or humerus
Term
When's an ehmer sling recommended?
Definition
To immobilize hip
Term
How does a velpeau sling prevent weight-bearing?
Definition
The front limb is completley wrapped against the chest to support the weight of the leg
Term
What's a penrose drain?
Definition
A tubing device that's placed into a wound to drain fluid
Term
Why shouldn't a seton be used for drainage?
Definition
Setons are made of gauze and it wicks bacteria that could get into the wound
Term
How often should a splint be checked the first day?
Definition
Every 2-4 hours, daily after that
Term
How much overlap should there be on a Robert Jones
Definition
1/2 - 2/3
Term
Why is it important to start the bandage on the inside leg of a horse?
Definition
To prevent tendon damage
Term
T/F Stirrups in RJ on used on horses.
Definition
False
Term
What's a semi-rigid splint bandage?
Definition
Robert Jones
Term
What splint is an external weight-bearing device?
Definition
Thomas-Schroeder Splint
Term
When are RJ bandages used on horses?
Definition
Distal limb fractures prior to surgery
Term
What % dehydration does the skiin remain tented, very prolonged CRT, sunken eye, dry MM, and shock symptoms (tachycardia, cool extremeties, rapid weak pulse)
Definition
10-12%
Term
What % of dehydration is there obvious signs of shock and death is imminent?
Definition
12-15%
Term
What's the emergency fluid therapy fluid rate?
Definition
60-90 ml/kg/hr
Term
What's the formula for the daily fluid requirement?
Definition
Replacement + maintenance + ongoing losses
Term
What's the formula for daily fluid replacement?
Definition
% dehydration x body weight (kg) x 10
Term
What's the maintenance fluid requirement?
Definition
40-60 mL
Term
What's the replacement volume?: 10 kg. dog is 5% dehydrated.
Definition
5 x 10 x 10 = 500mL
Term
What are the 4 main routes of fluid administration?
Definition
IV, Oral, SQ, and IO
Term
What route of fluid administration should be used for mild dehydration, use isotonic fluids, and absorbtion takes 6-8 hours?
Definition
SQ
Term
What route of fluid administration is used for mederate to severe dehydration and is the best method?
Definition
IV
Term
What route of fluid administration is good for small/young patients, when IV access isn't available, and must use a aseptic technique?
Definition
IO
Term
Saline and LRS are what type of fluid tonicity?
Definition
Isotonic
Term
What tonicity of fluid causes swelling and 0.45% saline is an example?
Definition
Hypotonic
Term
What tonicity of fluid is good for head trauma?
Definition
Hypertonic
Term
What tonicity of fluid causes shrinkage, cells are seen as crenated, and 7% saline is an example?
Definition
Hypertonic
Term
What are crystalloids aka?
Definition
Isotonic electrolyte solutions
Term
What are the most common types of fluids?
Definition
Crystalloids
Term
What type of fluid is 0.9% saline?
Definition
Crystalloid
Term
What type of fluid is D5W (5% Dextrose & water)?
Definition
Crystalloids
Term
What type of fluid is Normosol?
Definition
Isotonic crystalloid
Term
What type of fluid is 7% saline?
Definition
Hypertonic crystalloid
Term
What are solutions contain protein or starch molecules?
Definition
Colloids
Term
What type of fluid stay in the vascular space?
Definition
Colloids
Term
What type of fluid should you give to patients with cerebral or pulmonary edema and hypoproteinemia?
Definition
Colloids
Term
What type of fluid is plasma?
Definition
Colloid
Term
What type of fluid is Dextran 70?
Definition
Colloid
Term
What type of fluid is Pentastarch?
Definition
Colloid
Term
What type of fluid is Hetastarch?
Definition
Colloid
Term
T/F Stored wwhole blood is frozen, no refridgerated?
Definition
False
Term
What are fresh whole blood, stored whole blood, FFP, FP, and packed red blood cells are examples of what?
Definition
Blood products
Term
Whats goal is to restore body fluid losses, re-establish noormal blood volume, improve tissue perfusion, and facilitate administration of certain drugs and therapeutics?
Definition
Fluid therapy
Term
What are considerations for fluid therapy?
Definition
Tonicity, amount of glucose, electrolyte balance, acidity, osmotic pressure, and oxygen-carrying capacity
Term
What's the most common electrolyte imbalance?
Definition
Hypokalemia (K deficiency, ALWAYS DILUTE)
Term
What's the most common dog blood type?
Definition
DEA 1.1+
Term
What's the minimum weight of a blood donor dog?
Definition
50 lbs
Term
What blood type must donor dogs have?
Definition
DEA 1.1 -
Term
What age range and weight must blood donor dogs be?
Definition
2-8 years and 50lbs
Term
What are blood tests for donor dogs?
Definition
CBC, chem panel, HW check, Babesia, haemobartonella, Ehrlichia, and Thyroid function
Term
How much blood can dogs donate every 4-5 weeks?
Definition
450 mL
Term
Where is blood drawn for donations?
Definition
Jugular vein
Term
What type of crossmatch does the RBC donor with serum from recipient?
Definition
Major crossmatch
Term
What type of crossmatch does the RBC recipient match up with the serum from the donor?
Definition
Minor crossmatch
Term
What's the cat blood typing system?
Definition
AB system (no universal blood type)
Term
What blood type are most cats?
Definition
A
Term
T/F Most Maine Coons are type B blood and there's AB types?
Definition
True
Term
How can a kitten get neonatal isoerythrolysis?
Definition
A or AB kittens nursing on B queens
Term
What's the age requirement for cat blood donors?
Definition
Less than 8 years
Term
What weight must cats be to donate blood?
Definition
More than 10 lbs
Term
What should the PCV be above in blood donor cats?
Definition
Above 35%
Term
What are 5 blood tests for feline blood donors?
Definition
CBC, chem panel, FELV/FIV, Haemobartonella, and FIP
Term
How much blood can cats donate every 4-5 weeks?
Definition
60 ml
Term
What vein are blood collected for donor cats?
Definition
Jugular
Term
What are 4 feline blood products?
Definition
Fresh whole blood, stored whole blood, packed rbcs, FFP
Term
How often should you moniter cats that are recieving blood?
Definition
Every 10 mins.
Term
What are 3 non-immunological transfusion rxns?
Definition
Vascular overload, respiratory distress, and vomiting
Term
When would you give fresh whole blood?
Definition
Anemia, thrombocytopenia, and clotting deficiencies
Term
When would you give packed RBCs?
Definition
Hemolytic anemia and non-regenerative anemia
Term
T/F Crossmatching is very important for oxyglobin.
Definition
False, none needed
Term
What type of plasma ONLY has protein?
Definition
FP
Term
When would you give plasma?
Definition
Shock, burn patients, hypoproteinemia, pancreatitis, sepsis, and liver toxicities
Term
When would you give platelet-rich plasma?
Definition
Thrombocytopenia
Term
What type of catheters do you use for cephalic/saphenous catheters?
Definition
Over the needle
Term
What type of catheter do you use for jugular catheters?
Definition
Through the needle
Term
How often should you check IV catheters?
Definition
Every 6 hours
Term
What do you flush IV catheters with?
Definition
Heparinized saline
Term
What is the delivery rate of adult fluid administration sets usually?
Definition
15 gtt/ml (drops/ml)
Term
What 4 things should you look for on a fluid patient w/ a IV catheter?
Definition
Swelling, leakage, kinked lines, and IV fluids running
Term
What's the drip rate formula?
Definition
volume of solution (ml) x drop/mL / time (sec)
Term
What must be diluted?
Definition
KCl
Term
What's the pressure of a solution against a semipermeable membrane to prevent water from flowing inward across the membrane?
Definition
Osmotic pressure
Term
What's the measure of osmotic pressure?
Definition
Tonicity
Term
What's the movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
Sugar moving through a solution until even concentration throughout the solution is an example of what?
Definition
Diffusion
Term
What are 3 clotting cascade pathways?
Definition
Intrinsic, extrinsic, and common
Term
What clotting cascade pathway is acticated only by components found in blood?
Definition
Intrinsic
Term
What clotting cascade pathway is activated by tissue factor and the common pathway?
Definition
Extrinsic
Term
What clotting cascade pathway combines 2 pathways with fibrin to form a clot?
Definition
Common
Term
What's a presurgical screen of hemostasis?
Definition
Citrated tube
Term
What hemostatis tests detects secondary bleeding disorders?
Definition
ACT & PTT
Term
What's a veterinary coagulation analyzer?
Definition
Synbiotics SCA 2000
Term
What does a d-Dimers test evaluate?
Definition
The final stage of the clotting process
Term
PT and PIVKA are what?
Definition
Coagulation tests
Term
What 3 places are transcellular fluid located?
Definition
Synovial joints, eye chambers, cerrebrospinal fluid
Term
What's the amount of force required to keep water in a compartment?
Definition
Osmotic pressure
Term
What's a combination of ions that form a substance that will break down in water?
Definition
Electrolytes
Term
What's the most common cation in ICF?
Definition
K+
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