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Definition
| Occurs when things happen at the same time, or work or develop on the same time scale as something else. |
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Definition
- "Biological clocks" that are controlled within the body and synchronized with environmental factors (gravity,light,etc..)
- Temperature is typically lowest when the person wakes up in the morning
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Definition
- Responsible for maintaining wakefulness. Activated by stimuli from the cerebral cortex.
- Reticular and corticol neurons are called the reticular activating system (RAS)
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Term
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)
- Alpha waves
- Beta waves
- Spindles or K-complexes
- Theta waves
- Delta waves
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Definition
- Electroencephalogram (EEG)- used to record the electical activity of the neurons in the brain creating five different wave patterns, or brain waves.
- Alpha waves- high-frequency, medium-amplitude, irregular waves. occur in the drowsy state
- Beta waves- high-frequency, low-amplitude, irregular waves. occur during periods of wakefulness
- Spindles or K-complexes- peaked, irregular wave-forms that occur in the earlier phases of NREM sleep
- Theta waves- high-amplitude waves that are common in children but rare in adults. These occur with delta waves when transitioning to a deeper sleep stage
- Delta waves- low-frequency, high-amplitude, regular waves common in deep sleep
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Term
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Definition
- Stages I-IV (NREM)
- Stage I: 5-10 min: Transition between wakefulness and sleep; light sleep, can be awakened easlily; relaxed but aware of surroundings;groggy, heavy lidded; regular, deep breathing, eyelids open and close slowly;Accounts for about 5% of totaly sleep; Dreams are usually not remembered
- Stage II: 10-15 min: Light sleep; easily roused;temperature, heart rate, and blood pressure decrease slightly; Accounts for about 50% of total sleep.
- Stage III: 5-15 min: Deep sleep; difficult to rouse; parasympathetic nervous system predominates: temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure slow even more; skeletal muscles are very relaxed; snoring may occur; accounts for about 8& of total sleep
- Stage IV: 20-50 min: The deepest sleep; difficult to awaken; body, mind, and muscles are very relaxed; parasympathetic nervous system still predominates, heart rate and respirations are slow and regular, temperature and blood pressure are low; If roused, may be confused;Accounts for about 11% of total sleep
- Stage V (REM)
- 5-30 min (usually at least 20-30): Paradoxical sleep; Less restful than NREM sleep; eyes move rapidly; small muscles twitch; metabolism, temperature, pulse, and blood pressure increase; pulse may be rapid and irregular;apnea may occur; gastric secretions increase; large muscle activity and deep-tendon reflexes are depressed; dreaming occurs; if awakened, will react normally; accounts for about 25% of total sleep
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Definition
- Dyssomnias- Sleep disorders characterized by insomnia or excessive sleepiness. They include insomnia, sleep-wake schedule (circadian) disorders, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, hyersomnia, and narcolepsy
- Parasomnias- Patterns of waking behavior that appear during sleep (sleepwalking)
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Term
| Restless leg syndrome (RLS) |
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Definition
- A disorder of the central nervous syndrome characterized by an uncontrollable movement of the legs while resting before sleep onset.
- tends to run in families
- Common in older aduls, and associated sometimes with low levels of iron and use of some antidepressants
- unpleasant creeping, crawling, itching, or tingling sensations in the legs; relieved only by moving the legs
- treatment can include neuroleptic agents and medication used to treat parkinson's disease
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Definition
- Excessive sleeping, especially in the daytime.
- commonly caused by obstructive sleep apnea and narcolepsy.
- also by disorders of the CNS, kidney, or liver or by metabolic disorders. can also be a symptom of depression
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Term
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
- Central sleep apnea (CSA)
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Definition
- Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)- Caused by airway occlusion (usually by the tongue or palate) during sleep, but the person continues to try to breathe
- Central sleep apnea (CSA)- a complete suspension of breathing resulting from a dysfunction in central respiratory control. Only about 10% of sleep apnea is central in origin. Tend to awaken during sleep and, therefore, experience daytime sleepiness
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Definition
- Narcolepsy- A chronic disorder caused by the brain's inability to regulate sleep-wake cycles normally. experiences a sudden, uncontrollable urge to sleep lasting from seconds to minutes, even though the person sleeps well at night. Person cannot avoid the sleep episodes but awakens easily. Will awaken feeling refreshed.
- Cataplexy- A sudden loss of muscle tone usually trigered by an emotional event (laughter, surprise, or anger), a symptom of some narcoleptics.
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Definition
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Definition
| Grinding and clenching of the teeth, usually occurs during stage II NREM sleep. |
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Definition
- Sudden arousals in which the person (often a child) is physically active, often hallucinatory, and expresses a strong emotion such as terror.
- Episodes may last from 10 to 30 minutes.
- Child typically returns to sleep without awakening and in the morning has no memory of the event.
- Unlike nightmares, which occur during REM sleep, night terrors occur during stage IV (deep NREM) sleep.
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| REM sleep behavior disorders |
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Definition
| Associated with REM (or dreaming period) sleep, in which the sleeper violently acts out the dream. |
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Term
| Secondary sleep disorders |
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Definition
- occur when a disease causes alterations in sleep stages or in quantity and quality of sleep.
- Most common causes include: depression, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, pain, airway passage obstruction or CNS dysfunction, which causes sleep apnea
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Definition
| Are those disorders that occur when signs and symptoms of the disease appear or become worse during sleep. |
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Term
- Sleep history
- Sleep diary
- Sleep study
- Polysomnography
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Definition
- Sleep history- includes in depth questions about the person's usual times for sleep, any preparation, preferences and routines, quality of sleep, napping habits, and whether she wakes early and cannot return to sleep.
- Sleep diary- provides very specific information on your patient's patterns of sleep. keep diary for 14 days.
- Sleep study- most useful in detecting sleep apnea and other sleep disorders, such as narcolepsy, night terrors, and periodic limb movement disorders.
- Polysomnography- A sleep study which records brain activity, eye movement, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, vital signs, and body movements during the sleep phases.
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Term
| Prescription sleep medications |
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Definition
- Non-benzodiazepines- the newest class of sedative/hypnotics (sleep medicines). Have a short half-life, which means that they are eliminated from the body quickly and do not cause "hangover" (daytime sleepiness). Also are selective, which means they target specific receptors that are thought to be associated with sleep rather than depressing the entire central nervous system. (Ambien) Long term effects unknown.
- Benzodiazepam- This class of sedative/hypnotics includes both long-acting and short-acting drugs. Long-acting medications linger in the body and potentially cause daytime drowsiness. Many were originally formulated to treat anxiety. (diazepam)
- Barbiturates- These sedative/hypnotics and anticonvulsants are rarely prescribed for insomnia because of the risk of addiction, abuse, and overdose. (Amytal)
- Tricyclic Antidepressants- have shown clinical benefit for some people with insomnia. (Elavil)
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