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NUR 170 Exam 2
Thermoregulation, Oxygenation, Perfusion, and Fluid/Electrolytes
217
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
02/06/2014

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Term
Afebrile
Definition
One who does not have a fever.
Term
Basal Metabolic Rate
Definition
The amount of energy expended by the body at rest. The rate of energy utilization the body requires to maintain essential activities such as breathing.
Term
Body Temperature
Definition
Reflects the balance between the heat produced and the heat lost from the body, and is measured in heat units called degrees.
Term
Chemical Thermogenesis
Definition
The stimulation of heat production in the body through increased cellular metabolism.
Term
Conduction
Definition
The transfer of heat from one molecule to a molecule of lower temperature through contact.
Term
Convection
Definition
The dispersion of heat by air currents.
Term
Febrile
Definition
A client who has a fever.
Term
Fever
Definition
Temperature elevation.
Term
Heat Balance
Definition
When the amount of heat produced by the body equals the amount of heat lost.
Term
Hyperpyrexia
Definition
A very high fever, such as 41 degrees Celsius (105.8 degrees Fahrenheit).
Term
Hyperthermia
Definition
When the body produces more heat than is lost.
Term
Hypothermia
Definition
When more heat is lost than produced.
Term
Insensible Heat Loss
Definition
Continuous and unnoticed heat loss from vaporization.
Term
Insensible Water Loss
Definition
Continuous and unnoticed water loss from vaporization.
Term
Neutral Thermal Environment
Definition
A specific environmental temperature range in which the rates of oxygen consumption and metabolism are minimal, and internal body temperature is maintained because of thermal balance.
Term
Pyrexia
Definition
A body temperature above the usual range. Between 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit (38 degrees Celsius) and 105.8 degrees Fahrenheit (41 degrees Celsius).
Term
Radiation
Definition
The transfer of heat from the surface of one object to the surface of another without contact between the two objects, usually in the form of infrared rays.
Term
Surface Temperature
Definition
The temperature of the skin, subcutaneous tissues, and fat.
Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
The body process that balances heat production and heat loss to maintain the body's temperature.
Term
Vaporization
Definition
Continuous evaporation of moisture from the respiratory tract, the mucosa of the mouth, and the skin.
Term
CHCT
Definition
A test for Malignant Hyperthermia that involves a biopsy of thigh skeletal muscle tissue to determine sensitivity to caffeine and halothane.
Term
Constant Fever
Definition
The body temperature fluctuates minimally but always remains above normal. Can occur with a typhoid fever.
Term
Endogenous Pyrogens
Definition
Released by macrophages in response to an infection. Include interleukins, interferons, and tumer necrosis factor. They travel through the circulatory system to the hypothalamus.
Term
Febrile Seizure
Definition
Generalized seizures that usually occur in children as the result of rapid temperature rise above 39 degrees Celsius (102 degrees Fahrenheit) in association with an acute illness.
Term
Fever Spike
Definition
A temperature that rises to fever level rapidly following a normal temperature and then returns to normal within a few hours.
Term
Heat Exhaustion
Definition
A result of excessive heat exposure and dehydration. Signs include paleness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, fainting, and a moderately increased temperature (101-102 degrees Fahrenheit).
Term
Heat Stroke
Definition
A more serious form of heat exhaustion which can be life-threatening, generally have been exercising in hot weather, have warm, flushed skin, and often do not sweat. They usually have a temperature of 106 degrees Fahrenheit or higher, and may be delirious, unconscious, or having seizures.
Term
Intermittent Fever
Definition
The body temperature alternates at regular intervals between periods of fever and periods of normal or subnormal temperatures. Common with some illnesses, such as malaria.
Term
Malignant Hyperthermia
Definition
Frequently inherited, and rare but serious reaction to volatile inhalational anesthetic gases and succinylcholine, a neuromuscular blocker.
Term
Relapsing Fever
Definition
Short febrile periods of a few days are interspersed with periods of 1 or 2 days of normal temperature.
Term
Remittent Fever
Definition
A wide range of temperature fluctuations (more than 2 degrees Celsuis [3.6 degrees Fahrenheit]) pccurs over the 24-hour period, all of which are above normal. Common with a cold or influenza.
Term
Brown Adipose Tissue
Definition
Dark in color because of an enriched blood supply, dense cellular content, and abundant nerve endings. These characteristics promote rapid metabolism, heat generation, and heat transfer to peripheral circulation.
Term
Frostbite
Definition
An injury of the skin resulting from freezing.
Term
Hyperthermia Blanket
Definition
An electronically controlled blanket that provides a specified temperature.
Term
Nonshivering Thermogenesis
Definition
An important mechanism of heat production unique to the newborn. It occurs when skin receptors perceive a drop in the environmental temperature and, in response, transmit sensations to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system.
Term
Plioerection
Definition
Goosebumps.
Term
Arterial Blood Gas
Definition
Diagnostic test that provides a direct indication of oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and the acid-base balance within the blood.
Term
Apnea
Definition
The absence of breathing.
Term
Atelectasis
Definition
The collapse of lung tissue affecting all or part of a lung, impacting the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Term
Ausculation
Definition
Listening to the body's sounds with a stethoscope.
Term
Bradypnea
Definition
A respiratory rate of less than 10 breaths per minute in adults.
Term
Bronchoscopy
Definition
A procedure that allows direct visualization of the lings, is usually performed by a pulmonologist but may be performed by a primary care or emergency care physician.
Term
Bronchovesicular
Definition
The mixture of sounds of air flowing through a tube and the breeziness of the open alveolar lung fields produced when air moves through the bronchial tree.
Term
Chest X-Ray
Definition
Allows for two-dimensional visualization of the contents of the thoracic cavity.
Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Definition
A disease characterized by decreased levels of oxygen initiating the drive to breathe instead of hypercarbia. Caused by prolonged cigarette smoking, as smoking is the primary cause of prolonged elevated levels of carbon dioxide.
Term
Crackles
Definition
High-pitched popping sounds, much like when one pours milk over crisped rice cereal.
Term
Cyanosis
Definition
A late sign of hypoxemia and is seen as a blue tinge to the skin in fair individuals. Present as gray coloration of the skin in individuals with darker pigmentation.
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
Labored breathing or shortness of breath that is uncomfortable or painful, also occurs when breathing is insufficient to meet oxygen demand.
Term
Eupnea
Definition
Breathing within the expected respiratory rates.
Term
Expiration
Definition
The process of exhaling air from the lungs out into the environment.
Term
Hypercarbia
Definition
An increased level of carbon dioxide in the blood.
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
A decreased level of oxygen.
Term
Incentive Spirometry
Definition
Measures the forced emptying of alveolar gas. Measures air exhaled from the lungs.
Term
Inspiration
Definition
The process of inhaling air into the alveoli.
Term
Orthopnea
Definition
Difficulty breathing when a person is supine.
Term
Oxygenation
Definition
The mechanisms that facilitate or impair the body's ability to supply oxygen to all cells of the body.
Term
Palpation
Definition
When the nurse uses the hands to feel the areas related to the body system.
Term
Patent Airway
Definition
An airway that is open and free of obstruction.
Term
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate
Definition
Used to monitor the ability of an individual to exhale a specific volume of air related to the individual's age,gender, height, and weight.
Term
Pulmonary Function Tests
Definition
Diagnostic tests that provide information about ventilation airflow, lung volume, and capacity and the diffusion of gas.
Term
Pulse Oximetry
Definition
A noninvasive method of assessing arterial blood oxygenation. A clip or adhesive device with an infrared probe analyzes blood as it perfuses past the view of the two opposing sensors of the probe.
Term
Percussion
Definition
A method of tapping the chest or back to assess underlying structures; the tones heard determine solid-filled or air-filled spaces at the area percussed.
Term
Pneumothorax
Definition
A partial lung collapse resulting from air or gas collecting in the lung or in the pleural space the surrounds the lungs. A respiratory emergency.
Term
Respiration
Definition
The exchange of gases between the alveoli and pulmonary capillaries.
Term
Rhonchi
Definition
A long, low-pitched sound that continues throughout inspiration.
Term
Stridor
Definition
High-pitched sound within the trachea and larynx that suggests narrowing of the tracheal passage.
Term
Surfactant
Definition
Controls surface tension and keeps the alveoli from collapsing and sticking to itself.
Term
Symmetry
Definition
Equality of the size, shape, or condition of opposite sides of the body.
Term
Tachypnea
Definition
A respiratory rate greater than 20 breaths per minute in adults.
Term
Thoracentesis
Definition
Both an intervention and a test. Performed to drain excessive pleural fluid from between the pleural linings.
Term
Tubular
Definition
Sound of air movement as if moving through a tube. Sound of air moving through trachea when airways are clear and functioning.
Term
Ventilation
Definition
The process of moving air into and out of the lungs.
Term
Ventilation-Perfusion
Definition
The movement of oxygen across the alveolar-capillary membrane into a well-perfusing capillary.
Term
Vesicular
Definition
The soft and breezy sounds of air moving into and out of the lobes at the alveolar level.
Term
Wheezing
Definition
A high-pitched whistling sound most often heard on expiration and caused by the narrowing of bronchi, can also be heard before inspiration.
Term
Suctioning
Definition
Aspiring secretions through a catheter connected to a suction machine or wall suction outlet.
Term
Action Potential
Definition
The electrical activity produced by movement of ions across cell membranes that stimulates muscle contraction.
Term
Afterload
Definition
The force that ventricles must overcome to eject their blood volume.
Term
Apical Pulse
Definition
A central pulse that is located at the apex of the heart.
Term
Apical-radial Pulse
Definition
Comparing pulses at both the apical and radial sites to determine any discrepancies between the two.
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
A pulse with an irregular rhythm.
Term
Arterial Blood Pressure
Definition
A measure of the pressure exerted by the blood as it flows through the arteries.
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
An arterial disorder characterized by thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of arterial walls.
Term
Atrial Gallop
Definition
A heart sound produced by atrial contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricle during late diastole. Also called the fourth heart sound.
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
A heart rate in an adult of less than 60 BPM.
Term
Cardiac Cycle
Definition
One contraction and relaxation of the heart; a single heartbeat.
Term
Cardiac Output
Definition
The amount of blood pumped by the ventricles into the pulmonary and systemic circulations in 1 minute.
Term
Cardiac Reserve
Definition
The heart's ability to respond to the body's changing need for cardiac output.
Term
Compliance
Definition
The amount of distention or expansion the ventricles can achieve to increase stroke volume.
Term
Contractility
Definition
The inherent capability of the cardiac muscle fibers to shorten.
Term
Coronary Circulation
Definition
A network of vessels that supply the heart muscle itself.
Term
Depolarization
Definition
The phase in which the heart contracts as a result of ion channel functions.
Term
Desaturated Blood
Definition
Blood that is low in oxygen.
Term
Diastole
Definition
Refers to the phase of ventricular relaxation.
Term
Diastolic Pressure
Definition
The minimum pressure within the arteries during diastole.
Term
Dysrhythmias
Definition
Abnormal heart rate or rhythm.
Term
Ectopic
Definition
Impulses originating outside normal conduction pathways of the heart.
Term
Ejection Fraction
Definition
The fraction or percent of the diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart during systole.
Term
Elasticity of the Arterial Wall
Definition
Reflects the expansibility or deformities of the arterial wall.
Term
Electrocardiogram
Definition
A graphic record of the heart's activity.
Term
Electrocardiography
Definition
A diagnostic test of cardiac function.
Term
First Heart Sound
Definition
Produced by the closure of the AV valves. Characterized by the syllable "lub".
Term
Foramen Ovale
Definition
An opening between the atria of the fetal heart.
Term
Fourth Heart Sound
Definition
A heart sound produced by atrial contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricle during late diastole. Also called atrial gallop.
Term
Heart Murmurs
Definition
Harsh, blowing sounds caused by disruption of blood flow into the heart, between the chambers of the heart, or from the heart into the pulmonary or aortic systems.
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
A laboratory test that measures the proportion of cells and plasma in blood.
Term
Hypotension
Definition
A blood pressure that is below normal, that is, a systolic reading consistently between 85 and 110 mmHg in an adult whore normal pressure is higher than this.
Term
Hypoxemia
Definition
A condition that results when PaO2 falls below 80 mmHg.
Term
Ischemic
Definition
Deprived of oxygen.
Term
Isoelectric Line
Definition
A straight line on an electrocardiograph that indicates the absence of electrical activity.
Term
Lead
Definition
An insulated wire that connects an electrocardiograph to the electrodes attached to the patient.
Term
Myocardial Hypertrophy
Definition
An increase in the size of muscle cells of the myocardium.
Term
Orthostatic Hypotension
Definition
A blood pressure that falls when the client sits or stands.
Term
Peripheral Pulse
Definition
A pulse located away from the heart, for example, in the foot or wrist.
Term
Physiologic Anemia of Pregnancy
Definition
Apparent anemia that results because during pregnancy the plasma volume increases more than the erythrocytes increase.
Term
Point of Maximal Impulse
Definition
A central pulse, located at the apex of the heart. Also referred to as apical pulse.
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
An increase in the production of red blood cells.
Term
Preload
Definition
The amount of cardiac muscle fiber tension, or stretch, that exists at the end of diastole.
Term
Pulmonary Circulation
Definition
Consists of the right side of the heart, the pulmonary artery, the pulmonary capillaries, and the pulmonary vein.
Term
Pulmonary Vascular Resistance
Definition
The force or resistance of the blood in the pulmonary circulation.
Term
Pulse
Definition
A wave of blood created by contraction of the left ventricle of the heart.
Term
Pulse Deficit
Definition
When the radial pulse falls behind the apical pulse rate.
Term
Pulse Pressure
Definition
The difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure.
Term
Pulse Rhythm
Definition
The pattern of the beats and the intervals between the beats.
Term
Pulse Volume
Definition
Refers to the force of blood with each beat.
Term
Refractory Period
Definition
A phase during which myocardial cells resist stimulation.
Term
Repolarization
Definition
The process that returns the cell to its resting, polarized state.
Term
Second Heart Sound
Definition
Produced by the closure of the semilunar valves. Characterized by the syllable "dub".
Term
Stroke Volume
Definition
The difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume. Ranges from 60 to 100 mL/beat and averages approximately 70 mL/beat in an adult.
Term
Systemic Circulation
Definition
Consists of the left side of the heart, the aorta and its branches, the capillaries that supply the brain and peripheral tissues, the systemic venous system, and the vena cava.
Term
Systemic Vascular Resistance
Definition
The force or resistance of the blood in the body's blood vessels that helps return blood to the heart.
Term
Systole
Definition
Refers to the phase of ventricular contraction.
Term
Systolic Blood Pressure
Definition
The maximum pressure exerted within the arteries when the heart compresses.
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
An excessively fast heart rate (e.g., over 100 BPM in an adult).
Term
Third Heart Sound
Definition
May be heard in children, young adults, or in pregnant females during the third trimester. Heard after S2.
Term
Threshold Potential
Definition
The point at which an action potential is capable of being generated.
Term
Thrill
Definition
A palpable vibration over the precordium or an artery.
Term
Ventricular Gallop
Definition
When the AV valves open, blood flow ino the ventricles may cause vibrations that create the S3 sound.
Term
Viscous
Definition
Thick.
Term
Blood Flow
Definition
The volume of blood transported in a vessel, in an organ, or throughout the entire circulation over a given period of time.
Term
Blood Pressure
Definition
The force that blood exerts against the walls of the arteries as it is pumped from the heart.
Term
Diastolic Blood Pressure
Definition
The minimum pressure within the arteries during diastole.
Term
Hypertension
Definition
Excess pressure in the arterial portion of the circulatory system.
Term
Hypertensive Emergency
Definition
A systolic pressure is greater than 180 mmHg and the diastolic pressure higher than 120 mmHg. Also called malignant hypertension.
Term
Hypertensive Encephalopathy
Definition
A syndrome characterized by extremely high blood pressure, altered level of consciousness, increased intracranial pressure, papilledema, and seizures.
Term
Mean Arterial Pressure
Definition
The average pressure in the arterial circulation throughout the cardiac cycle.
Term
Peripheral Vascular Resistance
Definition
The opposing forces or impedance to blood flow as the arterial channels become more and more distant from the heart.
Term
Primary Hypertension
Definition
A persistently elevated systemic blood pressure, also called essential hypertension.
Term
Secondary Hypertension
Definition
Elevated blood pressure resulting from an identifiable underlying process.
Term
Step-down Therapy
Definition
A gradual reduction in the dosage and number of drugs used in a therapeutic regimen.
Term
Systolic Blood Pressure
Definition
The maximum pressure exerted within the arteries when the heart compresses.
Term
Active Transport
Definition
The process by which substances are able to move across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one.
Term
Anion
Definition
Ion that carries a negative charge.
Term
Body Surface Area
Definition
The relationship between height and weight measured in square meters.
Term
Cation
Definition
An ion that carries a positive charge.
Term
Colloid
Definition
Substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions.
Term
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Definition
A pulling force exerted by colloids that helps maintain the water content of blood by pulling water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment.
Term
Crystalloid
Definition
Salts that dissolve readily into true solutions.
Term
Dehydration
Definition
A condition that occurs when a body does not take in as much water as it loses or lacks sufficient reserves to maintain proper function.
Term
Diffusion
Definition
The continual intermingling of molecules in liquids, gases, or solids brought about by the random movement of the molecules.
Term
Edema
Definition
Swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in bodily tissue.
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
Charged ion capable of conducting electricity.
Term
Extracellular Fluid
Definition
Fluid found outside the cells and accounts for about one-third of total body fluid. It is subdivided into compartments. The two main compartments of ECF are intravascular and interstitial.
Term
Filtration
Definition
A process whereby fluid and solutes move together across a membrane from one compartment to another.
Term
Fluid Volume Deficit
Definition
Loss of both water and electrolytes in similar proportions from the extracellular fluid.
Term
Fluid Volume Excess
Definition
The retention of both water and sodium in similar proportions to normal extracellular fluid (ECF).
Term
Hematocrit
Definition
A laboratory test that measures the proportion of cells and plasma in blood.
Term
Hydrostatic Pressure
Definition
The pressure a fluid exerts within a closed system on the walls of its container. The hydrostatic pressure of blood is the force blood exerts against the vascular walls (e.g., the artery walls). The principle involved in hydrostatic pressure is that fluids move from the area of greater pressure to the area of lesser pressure.
Term
Hyperkalemia
Definition
Elevated potassium levels in the blood.
Term
Hypernatremia
Definition
Elevated sodium levels in the blood.
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
Refers to solutions that have a higher osmolality than body fluids; 3% sodium chloride is a hypertonic solution.
Term
Insensible Fluid Loss
Definition
Fluid loss that is not perceptible to the individual.
Term
Interstitial Fluid
Definition
Accounts for approximately 75% of extracellular fluid; interstitial fluid surrounds the cells.
Term
Intracellular Fluid
Definition
Fluid found within the body cells, also called cellular fluid.
Term
Intravascular Fluid
Definition
Accounts for approximately 20% of the extracellular fluid and is found within the vascular system.
Term
Ions
Definition
Electrically charged particle.
Term
Isotonic
Definition
A solution that has the same osmolality as body fluids.
Term
Milliequivalent
Definition
The chemical combining power of the ion, or the capacity of cations to combine with anions to form molecules.
Term
Obligatory Losses
Definition
Essential fluid losses required to maintain body functioning.
Term
Oncotic Pressure
Definition
A pulling force exerted by colloids that helps maintain the water content of blood by pulling water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment.
Term
Osmolality
Definition
A measure of the concentration of solutes in body fluids. Osmolality is determined by the total solute concentration within a fluid compartment and is measured as parts of solute per kilogram of water.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
The movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution.
Term
Osmotic Pressure
Definition
The power of a solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane.
Term
Saline
Definition
0.9% sodium chloride, an isotonic solution.
Term
Solutes
Definition
Substances that dissolve in liquid.
Term
Solvent
Definition
The component of a solution that can dissolve a solute.
Term
Tonicity
Definition
The osmolality of a solution. Solutions may be termed isotonic, hypertonic, or hypotonic.
Term
Transcellular Fluid
Definition
One of the components of extracellular fluid. Examples of transcellular fluid are cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids.
Term
Hypokalemia
Definition
Decreased blood levels of potassium.
Term
Hyponatremia
Definition
Decreased blood levels of sodium.
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Refers to solutions that have a lower osmolality than body fluids, such as one-half normal saline (0.45% sodium chloride).
Term
Celsius
Definition
C = (Fahrenheit temperature - 32) X 5/9
Term
Fahrenheit
Definition
F = (Celsius temperature X 9/5) + 32
Term
Cardiac Output
Definition
Stroke Volume X Heart Rate = CO
Term
IV Flow Rate
Definition
(Volume (mL)/Time (min)) X Drip Factor (gtt/mL) = IV Flow Rate (gtt/mL)
Term
ACE Inhibitors - Therapeutic Use
Definition

Treatment of:

  • hypertension
  • heart failure
  • diabetic nephropathy
  • left ventricular dysfunction following myocardial infarction.
Term
ACE Inhibitors - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Severe hypotension following first dose
  • Dry, nonproductive cough due to increase in bradykinin
  • Rash and report of metallic taste in mouth
  • Angioedema (swelling of mouth and throat)
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Neutropenia (decrease in WBCs)
Term
ARBs - Therapeutic Use
Definition
  • Treats hypertension
  • Prevents stroke
  • Manages diabetic nephropathy
  • Treats heart failure
  • Prevents migraine headache.
Term
ARBs - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Angioedema
  • Headache, insomnia
  • Severe hypotension may occur with overdose or in volume depletion.
Term
Adrenergic Neuron Blockers - Therapeutic Use
Definition
Treats hypertension (not a first-line choice due to severe adverse effects).
Term
Adrenergic Neuron Blockers - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Severe depression and risk for suicide, which may linger after discontinuation
  • Bradycardia and orthostatic hypotension
  • GI symptoms: diarrhea, abdominal cramping.
Term
Aldosterone Antagonists - Therapeutic Use
Definition
  • Treats hypertension
  • Treats symptoms of heart failure following MI.
Term
Aldosterone Antagonists - Adverse Effects
Definition
Hyperkalemia.
Term
Alpha1 Adrenergic Blockers - Therapeutic USe
Definition
  • Treats hypertension
  • Treats benign prostatic hypertrophy.
Term
Alpha1 Adrenergic Blockers - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Orthostatic hypotension--especially with first dose and with dose increases
  • Reflex tachycardia may also occur
  • Headache.
Term
Alpha/beta Blockers - Therapeutic Use
Definition
  • Treats hypertension
  • Treats heart failure
  • Prolongs chance of survival following MI.
Term
Alpha/beta Blockers - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Dizziness, hypotension
  • Bradycardia due to blockade of beta1 receptors, may lead to reduced cardiac output.
Term
Beta Adrenergic Blockers - Therapeutic Use
Definition
  • Treat hypertension
  • Treat angina pectoris
  • Treatment to decrease mortality following MI
  • Treat cardiac dysrhythmias
  • Treat heart failure.
Term
Beta Adrenergic Blockers - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Bradycardia due to blockade of beta1 receptors, may lead to reduced cardiac output
  • Heart failure - shortness of breath, edema, coughing at night
  • Rebound excitation causing angina pain or MI with sudden withdraw of beta blocker in patient with CHD.
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers - Therapeutic Use
Definition
  • Treats mild to moderate hypertension
  • Treats stable angina and variant anginas
Term
Calcium Channel Blockers - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Reflex tachycardia causing increased angina pain in patients with angina
  • Lightheadedness, dizziness
  • Facial flushing, perception of heat
  • Peripheral edema of feet and legs
  • Hypotension, especially with overdose
  • Gingivital hyperplasia
Term
Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists - Therapeutic Use
Definition
  • Treats hypertension
  • Severe pain relief
  • Off-label uses:
    • Prophalaxis against migraine
    • Treats withdrawl symptoms of alcohol, opioids, and nicotine
    • Treats dysmenorrheal and menopausal hot flashes
    • ADHD in children and for Tourette's syndrome
Term
Centrally Acting Alpha2 Agonists - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • CNS Effects: drowsiness, dizziness
  • Dry mouth
  • Rebound hypertensive crisis may result if abruptly discontinued.
Term
Direct Acting Vasodilators - Therapeutic Use
Definition
  • Moderate to severe hypotension
  • Hypertensive crisis
  • Heart failure on a short-term basis
Term
Direct Acting Vasodilators - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Headache and palpitations
  • Tachycardia
  • A systemic lupus erythematosus - like syndrome may occur--most likely with high doses
  • Fluid retention, edema
  • Report edema to provider
Term
Direct Renin Inhibitors - Therapeutic Uses
Definition
Treats hypertension.
Term
Direct Renin Inhibitors - Adverse Effects
Definition
  • Hyperkalemia
  • Cough or angioedema--may occur at any time during treatment
  • Diarrhea, abdominal pain--more likely in high doses
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