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Nuclear Energy Unit One Test
How Have the Discoveries in Science Over the Past 300 Years Led to the Development of Nuclear Energy and Nuclear Bombs?
27
Chemistry
10th Grade
10/28/2011

Additional Chemistry Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
John Dalton
Definition
Thought up the Solid Sphere Model.  It could not be divided.
Term
Proton
Definition
  • Located in the nucleus
  • Atomic mass of 1
  • Positive Charge
Term
Electron
Definition
  • Located in circulation around the nucleus
  • Has almost no atomic mass
  • Negative Charge
Term
Neutron
Definition
  • Located in the nucleus
  • Atomic mass of 1
  • Nuetral charge (no charge)
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
Number of protons in an atom
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition

Mass of protons and neutrons

 

Example: 

3 protons

+

7 neutrons

=

Atomic mass of  10

Term

How do you use the periodic table?

 Example:

1

H

Hydrogen

1.00794

Definition

1           <----Atomic Number

H                        <----Symbol

Hydrogen                         <----Name

1.00794   <----Average Atomic Mass

Term
Isotope
Definition
  • Different forms of an element
  • Different isotopes contain different numbers of neutrons
Term
Average Atomic Mass
Definition
Average mass from a series of samples
Term

Calculating Average Atomic Mass

Example:

Carbon 12:  98.9%

Carbon 14:  1.1%

Definition

98.9% * 12 / 100 = 11.868

1.1% * 14 / 100 = .154

 

11.868 + .154 = 12.022

 

Average Atomic Mass = 12.022amu

Term
Ionizing Radiation
Definition
  • Radiation made up of particles (matter)
  • Alpha and Beta radiation
Term
Electromagnetic Radiation
Definition
  • Radiation sent out in waves
  • Gamma radiation
Term

Calculating Alpha (α) Decay

Example:

 

Pu240 94

Definition
  • Top number: Atomic Mass
  • Bottom Number: Atomic Number
  • Alpha decay causes atoms to lose 2 neutrons and 2 protons
  • Answer:

Pu240 94 ----α----> U23692 + He42

Term

Calculating Beta (β) Decay

Example:

 

 Po20984

Definition
  • Beta decay causes neutrons to lose their electron.
  • This leaves only the proton
  • Atomic Mass doesn't change, but the Atomic number goes up

Answer

Po20984 ---β---> At20985 + β0-1

Term

Gamma Ray Radiation

 

Example:

Rn22286

Definition
  • No particles are disturbed during gamma ray radiation
  • There is only a loss of energy

Answer:

Rn22286---γ---> Rn22286 + γ 00

Term
Half Life
Definition
  • Amount of time it takes for 50% of a sample to decay into something else
  • Once half is gone, the remaining portion is cut by half, and so on
  • 1 --> ½ --> ¼ --> etc.

Link to see what half life looks like:

http://www.kgs.ku.edu/Extension/gifs/halflife.gif

Term
Nuclear Fission
Definition
The splitting of an atom
Term
Chain Reaction
Definition

When a fast moving neutron hits an atom's nucleus, the nucleus splits and releases 3

neutrons that in turn will hit the nuclei of 3 other atoms

 

Example Link:

http://www.planetseed.com/files/uploadedimages/Science/Earth_Science/Global_Climate_Change_and_Energy/Related_Articles/nuclear1(2).jpg

Term

Enriched Uranium

How much is needed in nuclear bombs? Power plants?

Definition
  • Uranium that is filtered to a specific amount of U-235 , the rare isotope
  • Bombs require at least 80% enriched uranium
  • Power Plants require 2-3% at most
Term
Control Rods
Definition
  • Movable
  • Absorb neutrons released by fission
  • Slow down reaction
Term
Moderator
Definition
  • Absorb heat from reaction
  • Usually graphite
  • Slow down neutrons
Term
Fuel Rods
Definition
  • Contain 2.5cm pellets of uranium
  • Spent nuclear fuel is a problem because it is still radioactive (emits α, β, and γ radiation)
Term
Pros of Nuclear Power
Definition

Some examples:

  1. No greenhouse gases
  2. Needs very little uranium
  3. Large uranium deposits in Canada and Australia
  4. A single power plant creates huge amounts of energy
Term
Cons of Nuclear Power
Definition

Some Answers:

  1. Radioactive Waste
  2. Not much uranium in the world
  3. Safety risks to the general public:
  4. Potential radiation exposure or explosion (melt down) if there is an accident
Term
J. J. Thomson
Definition
  • Put magnets on either side of the Cathode Ray tube, found that the ray going through the tube was negatively charged (the ray curved towards the positive magnet)
  • Came up with the plum pudding / chocolate chip cookie model

Site for Cathode Ray Tube Diagram

http://hep.physics.indiana.edu/~hgevans/classes/graphics/em/crt.gif

Term
Ernest Rutherford
Definition
  • Gold Foil Experiment (Shoots α particles at gold foil.  Most particles go through, some are repelled, others turn completely around)
  • Came up with nuclear and proton models of the atom

Gold Foil Experiment Diagram

http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline/graphic/1911_gfoil_02.jpg

Nuclear Model of the Atom

http://www.faqs.org/docs/qp/images/rfmodel.gif

Proton Model of the Atom

http://www.aplusphysics.com/courses/regents/modern/images/atom_diagram.png

Term
Neils Bohr
Definition
  • Didn't do many experiments, but had a problem with Rutherford's nuclear model
  • Came up with a solution as to why electrons from nuclear model don't crash into the nucleus: they have a set track!  High energy neutrons are further away from the nucleus, while low energy electrons are close to the nucleus

Solar System Model:

http://wiki.nisk.k12.ny.us/groups/84physicalscience/wiki/4ee4b/images/af20c.gif

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