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NU 214 Test 3
Cancers
54
Nursing
Pre-School
03/20/2014

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Term
Hyperplasia
Definition
increase in the # of cells of a tissue, most often seen with periods of rapid body growth
Term
Metaplasia is ?
Definition
conversion of one type of mature cell into another type of cell
Term
dysplasia is ?
Definition
bizarre cell growth resulting in cells that differ in size shape or arrangement from other cells of the same type of cell
Term
Neoplasia is ?
Definition
uncontrolled cell growth that follows no physiological demand
Term
anaplasia is ?
Definition
cells that lack normal cellular characteristics and differ in shape and organization with respect to their cells of origin. Malignant
Term
Cell profileration is ?
Definition
uncontrolled growth with the ability to metasize and destroy tissue and cause death
Term
carcinogenisis is ?
Definition
malignant transformation
Term
Lymphatic spread is ?
Definition
transport of tumor thru the lymphatic circulation
Term
hematogenous spread is?
Definition
disseminated thru the blood stream
Term
angiogenesis is ?
Definition
ability to induce the growth of new capillaries from the host tissue to meet their needs for nutrients and O2
Term
Cancer is ?
Definition
  • a disease process that begins when an abnormal cell is transformed by the genetic mutation of cellular DNA
  • common characteristics are :
    • cell membrane
    • special proteins
    • nuclei
    • chromosomal abnormalties
    • mitosis/growth
Term
Benign is ?
Definition
  • cell - well differentiated
  • growth - expansion/encapsulated
  • rate - slow
  • metastasis - no
  • general - localized
  • destruction - no
  • cause death - no
Term
Malignant is ?
Definition
  • cell - undifferentiated
  • growth - periphery infiltrates
  • rate - fast
  • metastasis - yes
  • general - generalized anemia
  • destruction - yes
  • cause death - yes
Term
Causitave agents of cancer ?
Definition
  • viruses/bacteria
  • physical factors - sun, radiation, smoking
  • chemical - tobacco, asbestos
  • genetic
  • diet
  • hormones
  • role of the immune system
Term
Primary prevention is?
Definition
  • reducing cancer risk in healthy people
  • maintain healthy weight
  • physical lifestyle
  • healthy diet
  • avoid carcinogens
Term
Secondary prevention is ?
Definition
  • involves detection and screening to achieve early diagnosis and intervention
  • cancer screening
    • breast exam
    • testicular exam
    • colonoscopy
    • pap test
  • public and patient education
Term
"caution" is ?
Definition
  • C - change in bowel/bladder habits
  • A - sore that does not heal
  • U - unusual bleeding or discharge
  • T - thickening or lump
  • I - indigestion(dyspepsia) or dysphagia
  • O- Obvious change in wart/mole
  • N - nagging cough or hoarsness
Term
Cancer management is ?
Definition
  • cure - complete eradication of malignant disease
  • control - prolonged survival and containment of cancer cell growth
  • palliation - releif of symptoms associated with the disease
Term
Surgery options for cancer ?
Definition
  • diagnostic
    • biopsy - excisional, needle, incisional
  • tumor removal- wide excision, local excision
  • prophylactic surgery
  • palliative surgery
  • reconstructive surgery
Term
Prophylactic sx is ?
Definition
  • involves removing non - vital tissues or organs that are likely to develop cancer
Term
Palliative sx is ?
Definition
  • drainage tubes
  • gastrostomy/jejunostomy tubes
  • stent placements
  • nerve blocks
  • hormone manipulation
  • venous access device placement
Term
Radiation therapy is ?
Definition
  • delivery of radiation to a small amount of tissue at a high dose in a short period of time
  • radiation treatment plan is determined by the radio-sensitivity of the tumor cells
  • most effective in damaging or killing cells during synthesis and mitosis phases of the cell cycle
Term
Types of radiation therapy
Definition
  • curative - thyroid, head/neck, uterus
  • control - reduction in size
  • palliative - irradiating the brain to prevent leukemic cells
Term
Radiation reactions to tissue ?
Definition
  • tissue types affected are skin, epithelial lining, bone marrow
  • skin problems - dryness itching blistering peeling
  • fatigue - persistent sense of tiredness or exhaustion
Term
site specific reactions are ?
Definition
  • head/neck - dry mouth, dysphagia, mouth/gum sores, stiffness, lymphedema, tooth decay
  • chest - dysphagia, sob, breast/nipple soreness, shoulder stiffness
  • stomach/abdomen - N/V, diarrhea
  • pelvis - diarrhea, rectal bleeding, incontinence, bladder irritation, sexual issues
Term
Brachytherapy is ?
Definition
  • placement of a source of radiation in a localized area
  • sealed internal radiation
    • implants, needles, seeds
  • unsealed internal radiation
    • liquid source, oral, iv
Term
intraoperative radiation therapy is ?
Definition
  • can be delivered be delivered directly to the tumor during sx, either as external beam radiation or as internal radiation
Term
systemic radiation therapy is ?
Definition
  • whole body radiation uses radioactive materials that can be taken by mouth or injected into the body to target cancer cells
Term
radioimmunotherapy is ?
Definition
  • monoclonal antibodies are labeled with a radioisotope and injected IV into the pt, aggregated at the tumor site
Term
Principles of radiation therapy are ?
Definition
  • time
  • distance
  • shielding
Term
principles of chemotherapy are ?
Definition
  • gap 0 - resting phase
  • gap 1 - post mitotic phase - reproduce
  • gap 2 - pre mitotic phase - further protein synthesis
  • mitosis - cell division occurs - shortest phase
Term
Cell cycle specific is ?
Definition
  • allows the maximum number of cells to be exposed to the drug at a specific time in their life cycle
    • antimetabolites, plant alkaloids
Term
Cell cycle non specific is ?
Definition
  • effects all phases of the cell cycle
  • given intermittenly
    • alkylating agents
    • antitumor antibodies
    • hormonal therapies
    • nitrosoureas
Term
Antineoplastic agents are ?
Definition
  • alkylating agents
  • nitrosureas
  • antimetabolites
  • antitumor antibiotics
  • mitotic spindle poisons
  • hormonal agents
Term
alkylating agents / nitrosureas are ?
Definition
  • interfere with dna replication in a manner similar to radiation therapy
  • preventing the cells from dividing
Term
antimetabolites are ?
Definition
  • inhibit enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis
Term
antitumor antibiotics are ?
Definition
  • inhibit protein and rna synthesis and bind to dna causing fragmentation
Term
Mitotic spindle poisons are ?
Definition
  • plant extracts that arrest cell division at the m phase of the cell cycle
Term
extravasculation is ?
Definition
  • damage depends on the amount of drug absorbed by the tissue
Term
antidotes for vescant therapy drugs
Definition
  • nitrogen mustard and cisplatin
    • thiosulfate
  • vinblastin and paclitaxel
    • hyaluronidase
  • dactinomycin -
    •  ice / elevate
  • doxorubicin
    • cold pack
Term
Stomatitis is ?
Definition
  • inflammation of the epithelium that lines the oral cavity is susceptible to the effects of chemo
  • mild - erythemia, limited ulcerations, candida
  • severe - ulcerations with bleeding and candida covering >25% of oral mucosa
Term
mucositis is ?
Definition
  • inflammation of the mucosal lining of the gi tract
  • diarrhea is common
  • d/t antimetabolites / antitumor antibiotics
Term
Alopecia is ?
Definition
  • hair loss
  • occurs 7-10 days after trmt started
  • lasts for 2 months after trmt ended
Term
Biologic response modifiers are ?
Definition
  • agents that modify the relationship between the host and the tumor by altering the biological response of the host to the tumor cells
  • cytokines
  • retinoids
Term
monoclonal antibodies therapy is?
Definition
  • aka targeted therapy
  • block the growth and spread of cancer by interfering with specific molecules in growth/progression
  • maybe more effective/less harmful/more expensive
  • focus on proteins
Term
Side effects of monoclonal antibody therapy
Definition
  • allergic/anaphylactic reactions
  • skin rashes
  • diarrhea
  • cardiovascular - ↑BP
  • lung inflammtion
  • ↓blood cells
Term
Cytoprotective agents are ?
Definition
  • erythropoietin/epogen - tx anemia
  • filgrastim/neupogen - tx neutropenia
  • oprelevekin/neumega - prvntion of thrombocytopenia
  • amiofostine/ethyol - ↓renal toxicity, bm/gi mucosa, mod-severe radiation reactions
  • leucovorin/wellcovorin - rescue after mexotheloate with 5fu for colon cancer
Term
BRM S/E are
Definition
  • interferons/interleukins
    • flu like symptoms
      • fever
      • chills
      • n/v
      • fatigue
  • colony stimulating factors
    • bone pain
    • fatigue
    • fever
    • appetite loss
Term
Superior Vena Cava syndrome is ?
Definition
  • compression or invasion of the superior vena cava by tumor enlarged lymph nodes that obstructs venous ciculation of the head neck arms thorax
  • associated with lung CA, lymphoma, metastasis
Term
Spinal Cord Compression is ?
Definition
  • potentially leading to permanent neurologic impairment
  • associated with metastatic ca
  • s/s pain numbness, tingaling
Term
hypercalcemia is ?
Definition
  • life threatening metabolic abnormality when calcium is released from the bones
  • associated with parathyroid like substances that promote calcium release
Term
pericardial effusion/cardiac tamponade is
Definition
  • accumulation of fluid in the pericardial space
  • ass/w adjacent tumors of the thorax, lung and ca tx
Term
Dic is ?
Definition
  • disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • ass/w hematologic ca, prostate, chemo
Term
SIADH
Definition
  • syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone
  • continous uncontrolled release of ADH by tumor cells
  • ass/w small cell tumors of the lung, antineoplastics
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