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nsg101 first quiz
nursing terms
89
Anatomy
Graduate
09/25/2007

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Term
Function and sources of potassium
Definition
keep myocardium calm, maintain F and E balance, transmission of nerve impulses


Sources apricots, bananas, beef, beans, pork, fish
Term
sodium sources and functions
Definition
sources- most foods, controls f and e, nerve impulses, primary extracellular cation
Term
sources and function of calcium
Definition
strengthen bones and teeth, inotropy of heart, blood clotting, cell metabolism

milk and milk products, dark green leafy veggies,
Term
sources and function o f magnesium
Definition
muscle relaxation, clotting, fuels k-na pump, relaxes lung muscles, binds calcium in tooth enamal, role in blood clotting

FOUND ONLY IN PLANTS
Term
sources of vitamin b and functions
Definition
normal nervous system, reproduction,transmission of DNA/RNA, metabolism of nutrients
Term
Functions and sources of Niacin
Definition
liver, beef, poultry, creal, seeds, eggs, fish

co enzyme in metabolism of energy nutrients
Term
functons of folic acid and sources
Definition
neural tube defects, co eyzyme synthesis of DNA

green veggiesm liver, beef, fish, legumes, whole grains
Term
function and sources of B12
Definition
ONLY IR Animals RBC synthesis, myelin synthesis

Pernicious anemia, synthesized in the GI tract by micro organisms
Term
sources of vitamin a and functions
Definition
eyes, skin , hair, immune functions

founnd in yellow orange veggies, organ meats, tomatoes, fish oils
Term
soiurces and functions of vitamin c
Definition
citrus fruits, broccoli, strawberries, melons

antioxidant, natural antihistimine, collegen formation, integrity of capillaries, wound healing
Term
sources and function of vitamin d
Definition
increase calcicum absoption, prevent tetany

milk, sun,eggs
Term
sources and function of vitamin k
Definition
anticoagulant,

liver, milk, green veggies,
Term
What is the recommended percentage of fats, protiens, carbs
Definition
fats- less than 30%
carbs- 50-55%
protien- 15-20%
Term
What is the number of kilocalories in a gram of Carbs? How long will the stored glucose in the body last with moderate activity
Definition
4kg/g about 1/2 a day
Term
what is the number of kilocalories per gram of protien

what is a complementary protien

what is an incomplete protien

what is a complete protien
Definition
4kg/g

complementary protien-protiens that work together to form a complete protien

incomplete protien- lack one or more of the essential amino acids

complete protien- one that contains all essential amino acids that humans need- usually contained in animal sources
Term
How many kilograms per gram of fat? What are the purposes of fats? why do we need to limit fats? What is a hydrogenated fat?
Definition
9kg/g

Insulation, energy alternate, protect organs,

limit fats because they turn into adipose tissue, decrease LDL

Hydrogenated fat is when hydrogen is added to the fat molecule to extend shelf life
Term
What are sources of energy for the heart? For the brain?

Why do we need Carbs?

Why do we need protien
Definition
Fatty acids are energy for the heart
Carbohydrates- glucose- for the brain

We need carbohydrates for energy, spare protien as an energy source

protien- tissue building, wound healing, immunity, circulation, alternative energy source
Term
What are sources of good fats?

What are sources of bad fats

What are some examples of saturated fats

What are some examples of unsaturated fats,

What are monounsaturated fats? BenefitS?
Definition
Saturated fats- meat, poultry, whole milk

Unsaturated fats- plants-corn, soybean, sunflower oil, almonds

monounsaturated fats- a fatty acid with only one carbon to carbon double bond- GOOD FAT- in canola, oliveand peanut oil, contribute fiber, antioxidants and phytochemicals to diet- decreased coronary heart disease risk
Term
What are trans fats
Definition
partially hydrogenated oils- NOT GOOD
Term
What is cholesterol

Why does the body need it?

Dietary amount of chol. limited to?
Definition
a sterol

needs it for bile salts, component of cell membranes, in the blood, production o fcortisone, adreneline, estrogen,testosterone

Limit to 300 g a day
Term
What is LDL

What is HDL

Triglicerides?

What are the normal values
Definition
low density lipoprotien

high density lipoprotien

three fatty acids joined to a glycerol model

HDL- 20-48mg/dl

LDL- 38-40mg/dl

decrease by exercise and losing weight,

high fat diets can increase LDL- bad cholesterol

HDL Carries cholesterol away to the liver. LDL causes plaque- cardiovascular disease
Term
What are antioxidant vitamins
Definition
A
Term
What are the fat soluable vitamins

What are the water soluable vitamins
Definition
ADEK

B C
Term
What vitamin needs sunshine

Why?
Definition
D
to be synthesized
Term
What vitamin affects clotting

What vitamin is implicated in night blindness

WHat vitamin is used in skin cancer
Definition
k

A


E
Term
What vitamin helps with iron absorption


What vitamin is synthesized by bacteria in the colon


what vitamin helps prevent gingivitis


What vitamin maintains the integrity of the capillaries
Definition
C


K

C


C
Term
What is the purpose of bile?

Where is bile produced

WHere is it stored

To where is it excreted


How does it affect the color of the stool

How does it affect the color of urine
Definition
Bile digests fat

It is produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder

it is excreted into the duodenum


It gives stool its brown yellow color

It gives urine a yellow color
Term
what is iron, why is it important? what are its sources
Definition
protien in muscles that provides o2 to cells

found in animal meat, poultry,fish

necessary for RBC production
Term
Define nitrogen balance
Definition
when the amount of nitrogen going in is the same as going out. In a nitrogen positive, you are building muscle,ect, such as in pregnancy or growth. In nitrogen negative, you are depleting, breaking down
Term
Define anabolism

define catabolism
Definition
anabolism- building up

catabolism- building down
Term
steatorreah

melena


occult or guiac


hematochezia
Definition
fatty stool

black tarry stool


test for blood in stool


bright red stool- lower GI bleed
Term
Lab values for

HDL

LDL

Triglyderides

HGB

HCT(ratio with HGB)

RBC

ALbumin
Definition
greater than 40mg/dl

less than 100 mg/dl

40-150mg/100

male- 14-17g/dl female 12-15

3:1 male 40-54 fem- 37-47

males- 4.6-6.2 fmale-4.2-5.9

4.0-5.5
Term
How is albumin different from prealbumin
Definition
Pre albuman is more specific as to curren status of protein level
Term
What are the physiologic and pharmacologic effects of low protein
Definition
physiologic- muscle wasting, kwasikor, ascites slow wound healing

pharmacologic protein binds drugs- drugs will act differently if protein is low.
Term
Which labs are falsely elevated in dehydration or fluid volum deficit
Definition
BUN, serum albumin, serum protein, HGB and HCT,
Term
Where does creatinine come from, what can increase serum creatinine, what is a normal serum creatinine, what organ function is specifically associated with elevated creatinine
Definition
skeletal muscle, exercise, high protein diet, renal failure, normal serum creatinine,is 0.5-1.1 fmale, 0.6-1.2 male
kidney function
Term
What is the BUN ratio to creatiniine

What is a normal bun

what does a bun reflect

what can cause a false high bun
Definition
20-1

8-25mg

blood urea nitrogen level

dehydration because it concentrates the nitrogen as a solute if there is less water, making it appear as though there were elevated nitrogen, when actually it is just less plasma fluid
Term
what electrolyte imbalances are common in renal failure

what is the diet plan for chronic renal failure without dialysis

what is the diet plan for chronic renal failure with dialysis
Definition
Sodium, potassium, phosphate, calcium

low protien less than 0.8 grams


increased protein more than 0.8 grams
Term
What is the special diet for hepatitis

Cirrhosis or liver failure

prevention of cancer

prevention of heart disease/htn/stroke or CVA
Definition
high clorie, high protein, moderate fat

protein restricted, simple carbs

low fat, fruits, veggies, esp cruciferous, antioxidants

veggies, grain, lowfat, low sodium
Term
Number of carbs in

milk

fuits

veggies,

meat,

grains,

bread

eggs
Definition
milk- 12

fruits- 15

veggies- 5

meat-0

grains-15

bread-15

eggs-0
Term
BRAT diet for diarrhea
Definition
bananas, rice, applesauce, toast
Term
diet for dysphagia
Definition
thickened liquids, soft food- applesauce, pudding, etc
Term
Clear liquid vs full liquid
Definition
clear- water, sprite, fruitjuices that are clear, broth, coffee, tea

liquid- other juices, soup, milk,
Term
define

nutrition density

TIBC

Ferritin

transferrin
Definition
nutritional density- the concentration of nutrients in a given volume of food compared with the foods kilocalorie content

ferritin-the form in which iron is stored in the tissues, namely the liver, spleen, and bone marrow cells

transferrin-protein in the blood that binds and transports iron
Term
define ghrelin

PYY3

Leptin
Definition
hormone that increases food intake

hormone in the cells in the intestine stops food intake

hormone that prevents obesity- satiety signal
Term
what part of the brain controls hunger and satiety, and thirst
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
What are the body's regulators of water
Definition
renin- kidneys excrete to hold in water

aldosterone- sodium saver hormone
Term
What amount of water is in the cells

what is the average intake/out take of water in a day

what is the average urinary output in a day


WHat is average insensible fluid loss in a day

A decrease of what percent of body's water will trigger thi
Definition
about 2/3

2500 ml


1500ml


1000 ml

1-2 percent

elderly


weighing- gain or loss of 5 pounds in a week is fluid loss
Term
what is the most reliable method of assessing edema

If patient is bedridden

if patient is lying supine


How much fluid can be retained in patient before edema is present

One liter of fluid represents ? pounds


Preorbital edema may be an i
Definition
scale 1,2,3 , finger palpatation of lower extremeties daily weighing

check sacrum

sacrum

5-10 lbs

1

renal

it acts as a sponge to suck it out- if the edema subsides, then the effectiveness of administering albumin is positive
Term
What is diaphorosis? What is the expected loss in one episode Are electrolytes lost
Definition
excessive sweating, 1 litre yes
Term
How do you determine if a solution is isotonic

hypotonic

hypertonic
Definition
275-295


less than 240



over 340
Term
When are crystalloid solutions given
Definition
when you want to hydrate
Term
What crystalloid iv solution contains electrolytes similar to those in serum
Definition
LR
Term
What are the effects of each type of crystalloid solution in serum
Definition
NaCl0.9- Na may sit in blood act as hypertonic and pull water into plasma-raise blood pressure

D5W sugar gets metabolized and acts as hypotonic- pulls fluid into cells - hydrates patient


LR- as close to plasma as any solution- has all electrolytes and sugar, very comperable to blood- isotonic
Term
Colloid fluids- define

When are they indicated


which one contains clotting factors

what are the risks of receiving colloid fluids


WHow would you evaluate effectivess of colloids
Definition
Colloid fluids- do not pass through membrane

Indicated when you have edema or low albumin or hemmoraging

Plasma contains clotting factors

Blood pressure rises, pulse is bounding
Term
What fluid would be appropriate in interstitial dehydration


What fluids would contribute to circulating overload
Definition
D5W


Colloids- hypertonic solutions
Term
what is hemolysis

what is crenation

what is osmosis


What is hydrostatic pressure

what is diffusion
Definition
Hemolysis is blowing up of blood cells It occurs when you have hypotonic solutions

Crenation is the shrinking of cells It happens when you have hypertonic solutions


Movement of solute and solvent fromo greater to lower pressure

movement of molecules from greater to lesser concentration
Osmosis is the movement of fluid through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lesser concentration to one of greater concentration
Term
What is oncotic pressure
Definition
The difference in pressure between the plasma colloid pressure and the tissue pressure
Term
What is anasarca and what is a possible nursing diagnosis
Definition
Total body edema


Excess fluid volume related to body fluid overload secondary to heart renal or liver dysfunction
Term
What is water intoxication

What causes water intoxication


What are its signs and symptoms


How do you treat it
Definition
too much interstitial fluid- excess water volume

excess nonsolute water intake
solute deficit
increased production of ADH
kidney dysfunction


head ache, irritability, confusion, increase in blood pressure, pulse rate decreases, respiration increase,


Offer fluids that have solutes in postop monitor fluid replacement- report if they are receiving ONLY d5w withouth any solutes such as sodium chloride, monitor vitals, protect client from injury during confusion, monitor urine output,
Term
What are signs and symptons of elevated ECF?

What interventions would you provide
Definition
non productive cough, dyspena, neck vein engorgement, hand vein engorgement, crackles, bounding pulse, cynosis, puffy eyelids, pallor, weigh game, decreased protien serum, albumin, BUN hgb and hct


Interventions- monitor vitals, monitor weight, monitor diet observe for resence or decline of edema, monitor urine output, adminiter diureticas as ordered,
Term
what are signs and symptons of ECF deficit
Definition
thirst, dry mucous membranes, dryness and wrinkling of skin- poor turgor, low grade temp, tachycardia, elevated respiration, decreased urine output, decreased blood pressure, behavioral changes
Term
How does How does ECR volume effect lab results as BUN Na HcT, Albumin
Definition
can cause false high or false low- excess can show false low, deficit can show false high
Term
what is hemoglobin What is hematocrit

What is the expected ratio of HCT to HGB

If ratio is less than expected what is the cause
Definition
Hemoglobiin- oxygen carrying protein

Hematocrit- RBC count

3:1 is ratio of HCT to HGB

dehydration
Term
What is ADH

What is it called when ADH is secreted and the effects of ADH are not needed
Definition
Anti diuretic hormone

SIADH
Term
When alsosterone is secreted what cation is retained

What cation is lost in compensation
Definition
Na


K
Term
What is normal urinary output What is oliguria what is anuria
Definition
Normal urinary output- 1500ml a day

Oliguria- decreased urine- less than 30 ml per hour

ANuria is no urine
Term
What is the function of postassium

What is its normal range

What is it relationship with kidneys, in renal failur, with sodium retention
Definition
keeps muscles calm, maintains f and e balance

normal rane is 3.5 to 5.0

kidneys kick out potassium in renal failure they can't if Na is up, K is down
Term
ECG changes in hypokalemia-

ECG changesin hyperkalemia
Definition
u waives, tachycardic

tall t waves
Term
What two cations may be low with hypokalemia
Definition
magnesium and calcium
Term
What foods are high in K
Definition
bananas apricots, raisins, seeds, nuts, beans, fish, baked potato
Term
What are the functions of calcium

what are the normal values of serum calcium


levels are regulated by what glands


PTH causes calcium to _______ in the serum (raise, lower)

Calcitonin causes calcium to ________ in the serum
Definition
Strength and hardness of bone tissue
nerve and muscle action (inotrophy of the heart muscle)
clotting
cell metabolism


Normal value is 9-11 mg/dl

Raise

lower
Term
Approximately ---------% of calcium is int he bones and teeth


About 1/2 of serum calcium is bound to plasma proteins, can this calcium work
Definition
99



no- must be free or ionized to cause cellular responses
Term
Does serum calcium reflect status of calcium in the bone Explain
Definition
no- because serum will always get the calcium it needs, even it it pulls it from the bones.
Term
s/s for hypercalcemia


s/s for hypocalcemia
Definition
mental changes- changes in LOC, constipation, weakness, lethergy



tetany, irregular heart beat, positive checkovs--sign, positive trouseaus sign
Term
Define osteoblast

define osteoclast
Definition
osteoblast- bone building cell

osteoclast- cells that break down bone
Term
functions of magnesium

Underwhat circumstances would you put a patient into hypermagnesmia

Why
Definition
muscle calmer, powers Na-K pump relaxes lung muscles, role in blood clotting, binds calcium to tooth enamal


pregnant woman with toxemia

to lower blood pressure
Term
s/s of hypermnagnesmia

Expected reflexes in hypermagnesmia

what two specific symptoms would you monitor in a patient with hypermagnesmia

Low magnesuium is often accompanied by what other electrolytes with decreased levels?
Definition
flush, lowered bp weakness, decreased LOC

slower


BP and LOC

potassium, calcium, and phopherous
Term
Signs and symptoms of FVD or dehydration


What can cause it
Definition
headache, dry mucuous, poor urine output, lowered bp, poor turgor, pallor

insufficient water intake, vomiting, diahrreah, removal of gastric fluids, burns, hemmoraging
Term
What causes FVE what are S/s
Definition
congestive heart failure, renal failure, regulation mechanism failure, increased sodium,


Crackles, cough, increased BP, SOB, headache, edema,
Term
What is Chvosteks sign when is it present

What is Trousseaus sign when is it present
Definition
Twitch in cheek when brushed present in hypocalcemia

hands claw when BP cuff inflated- hypocalcemia
Term
What is 3rd space shifting, can the fluid be used by the body? How is it monitored How is it treated
Definition
Fluied to spaces where there is not normally fluid

Cannot be used

Pulled out by syringe or tube

Monitored by measuring girth
Term
Explain how lowered Na = increased ICF

Explain how explain how increased Na means lower ICF
Definition
water goes out of the plasma into the ICF

water comes out of the ICF into the plasma with the sodium
Term
When carbohydrates are not available, what is the by product of fat metabolism
Definition
ketones
Term
What is the most specific test for renal failure
Definition
BUN and creatinine level
Term
What conditions could lead to nutrients being poorly absorbed
Definition
Chrons disease, Cystic fibrosis, ileostomy, gastric bypass
Term
What is TPN

What are some nursing interventions
Definition
total parenteral nutrition

monitor vitals, Height and weight, CBC, assess ment of intake/out put
Term
What are nursing interventions when a person has an NG feeding tube
Definition
Assess placement, flushing with water, monitoring I/O keeping head of bed raised checking for bowel sounds, oral care, administering feeds as needed, reporting how patient tolerated feed, monitoring for signs of nausea
Term
What is glomerular filtration rate (GPR)
Definition
The amount of fluid filtered each minute b y all the glomeruli of both kidneys. Usually 125ml
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