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SP 5B-RG: Novel Signal Molecules and Modulation of Signal
SP 5B-RG: Novel Signal Molecules and Modulation of Signal Pathways Notecards
80
Physiology
Undergraduate 3
10/07/2012

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Term
Explain the steps in which calcium acts as an intracellular messenger.
Definition
1) Chemical signals or electrical signals release Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores
2) Ca2+ in cytosol increases
3) Ca2+ binds to proteins
Term
What are the roles of nitric oxide?
Definition
1) Activates guanylyl cyclase (forms cGMP)
2) Acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator in the brain
Term
What is responsible for the production of nitric oxide?
Definition
1) Endothelial cells
Term
After nitric oxide is produce, where does it go?
Definition
1) Diffuses into smooth muscle and causes vasodilation
Term
What is the role of carbon monoxide?
Definition
1) Activates guanylyl cyclase and cGMP
2) Targets smooth muscle and neural tissue
Term
What is the role of hydrogen sulfide?
Definition
1) Targets cardiovascular system
Term
What vegetable is important in the formation of hydrogen sulfide?
Definition
1) Garlic is major source of precursors
Term
In the CNS, hydrogen sulfide functions not only as a __________ but also as a __________ against oxidative stress.
Definition
1) Neuromodulator
2) Neuroprotectant
Term
How does hydrogen sulfide help to maintain appropriate blood pressure and prevent vessel structural remodeling?
Definition
1) In the cardiovascular system, hydrogen sulfide relaxes vascular smooth muscle by the activation of KATP channels and inhibits smooth muscle cell proliferation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway
Term
__________ play a role in asthma and anaphylaxis.
Definition
1) Leukotrienes
Term
What are three types of prostanoids?
Definition
1) Prostaglandins
2) Thromboxanes
3) Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
Term
What are the role of prostaglandins?
Definition
1) Mediate sleep, inflammation, pain, and fever
Term
What are the role of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)?
Definition
1) They help prevent inflammation by inhibiting cyclooxgenase (COX)
Term
What is the alpha receptor responsible for?
Definition
1) Vasoconstriction
Term
What is the beta receptor responsible for?
Definition
1) Vasodilation
Term
A __________ __________ and __________ activate a receptor, where an __________ blocks receptor activity.
Definition
1) Primary ligand
2) Agonist
3) antagonist
Term
a-receptors are concentrated on __________ blood vessels and when paired with epinephrine, cause a vessel to __________.
Definition
1) Intestinal
2) Constrict
Term
a-receptors are concentrated on what type of blood vessel? What occurs when they are paired with epinephrine?
Definition
1) Intestinal
2) Vessel constricts
Term
b-receptors are concentrated on __________ __________ blood vessels and when paired with epinephrine, cause a vessel to __________.
Definition
1) Skeletal muscle
2) Dilate
Term
b-receptors are concentrated on what type of blood vessel? What occurs when they are paired with epinephrine?
Definition
1) Skeletal muscle
2) Vessel dilates
Term
What are two ways in which down-regulation of a signal pathway occurs?
Definition
1) By decreasing the number of receptors
2) By decreasing the binding affinity
Term
What are Cannon's postulates for control systems?
Definition
1) Nervous regulation of internal environment
2) Tonic control
3) Antagonistic control
4) One chemical signal can have different effects in different tissues
Term
__________ __________ regulates the physiological parameters in an up-down fashion.
Definition
1) Tonic control
Term
How does tonic control regulate physiological parameters?
Definition
1) In an up-down fashion
Term
__________ __________ control heart rate: some speed it up, others slow it down.
Definition
1) Antagonisitc neurons
Term
What is the role of antagonistic neurons?
Definition
1) Control heart rate:
Sympathetic - Speed up
Parasympathetic - Slow down
Term
What are the steps in a reflex control pathway?
Definition
1) Stimulus
2) Sensor or receptor
3) Afferent pathway
4) Integrating center
5) Efferent pathway
6) Target or effector
7) Response
Term
What are the two type of receptors that are possible?
Definition
1) Cell membrane or intracellular receptor proteins
2) Specialized cells or structures that convert various stimuli into electrical signals
Term
__________ __________ are in or close to the brain, while __________ __________ lie outside the brain.
Definition
1) Central receptors
2) Peripheral receptors
Term
What are four examples of central receptors?
Definition
1) Eyes (vision)
2) Ears (hearing)
3) Nose (smell)
4) Tongue (taste)
Term
What are four examples of peripheral receptors?
Definition
1) Chemoreceptors
2) Osmoreceptors
3) Thermoreceptors
4) Baroreceptors
5) Proprioreceptors
6) Other mechanoreceptors
Term
__________ refers to natural adaptation;
__________ refers to induced adaptation.
Definition
1) Acclimization
2) Acclimation
Term
What is acclimization?
Definition
1) Natural adaptation
Term
What is acclimation?
Definition
1) Induced adaptation
Term
__________ control refers to anticipatory responses.
Definition
1) Feedforward
Term
What are the steps of a negative feedback loop?
Definition
1) Initial stimulus
2) Response
3) Stimulus
Term
What are the steps of a positive feedback loop?
Definition
1) Initial stimulus
2) Response
3) Stimulus
4) Response -> Stimulus continual loop
Term
What are the steps of a positive feedback loop for uterine contractions?
Definition
1) Cervical stretching
-Stimulates-
2) Oxytocin release
-Causes-
3) Uterine contractions
4) Push baby against cervice
-Cycle repeats-
Term
__________ __________ is lowest in the early morning and peaks in the night.
Definition
1) Body temperature
Term
__________ __________ is lowest during sleep and peaks shortly after awakening.
Definition
1) Plasma cortisol
Term
What are the sensors / receptors for neural reflexes? For neuoendocrine reflexes? For endocrine reflexes?
Definition
1) Special and somatic sensory receptors
2) Special and somatic sensory receptors
3) Endocrine cell
Term
What are the afferent pathway receptors for neural reflexes? For neuroendocrine reflexes? For endocrine reflexes?
Definition
1) Afferent sensory neuron
2) Afferent sensory neuron
3) None
Term
What are the integrating centers for neural reflexes? For neuorendocrine reflexes? For endocrine reflexes?
Definition
1) Brain or spinal cord
2) Brain or spinal cord
3) Endocrine cell
Term
What is the efferent pathway for neural reflexes? For neuroendocrine reflexes? For endocrine reflexes?
Definition
1) Efferent neuron (electrical signal and neurotransmitter)
2) Efferent neuron (electrical signal and neurohormone)
3) Hormone
Term
What are the effectors for neural reflexes? For neuroendocrine reflexes? For endocrine reflexes?
Definition
1) Muscles and glands, some adipose tissues
2) Most cells of the body
3) Most cells of the body
Term
What are the responses for neural reflexes? For neuorendocrine reflexes? For endocrine reflexes?
Definition
1) Contraction and secretion primarily
2) Change in enzymatic reactions, membrane transport, or cell proteins
3) Change in enzymatic reactions, membrane transport, or cell proteins
Term
There are two basic types of physiological signals: __________ and __________.
__________ signals are the basis for most communication within the body.
Definition
1) Chemical
2) Electrical
3) Chemical
Term
What are the four methods of cell-to-cell communicaiton?
Definition
1) Direct cytoplasmic transfer through gap junctions
2) Contact-dependent signaling
3) Local chemical communication
4) Long-distance communication
Term
__________ __________ are protein channels that connect two adjacent cells.
When they are open, chemical and electrical signals pass directly from one cell to the next.
Definition
1) Gap junctions
Term
__________-__________ __________ require direct contact between surface molecules of two cells.
Definition
1) Contact-dependent signals
Term
Local communication uses __________ __________, chemicals that act on cells close to the cell that secreted the paracrine.
Definition
1) Paracrine signals
Term
A chemical that acts on the cell that secreted it is called an __________ __________.
Definition
1) Autocrine signal
Term
Long-distance communication uses __________ molecules and electrical signals in the nervous systems, and __________ in the endocrine system. Only cells that possess receptors for a hormone will be __________ cells.
Definition
1) Neurocrine
2) Hormones
3) Target
Term
__________ are regulatory peptides that control cell development, differentiation, and the immune response. They serves as both __________ and __________-__________ signals.
Definition
1) Cytokines
2) Local
3) Long-distance
Term
Chemical signals bind to __________ and change intracellular signal molecules that direct the response.
Definition
1) Receptors
Term
__________ signal molecules enter the cell and combine with cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors.
__________ signal molecules and some lipophilic molecules combine with membrane receptors.
Definition
1) Lipophilic
2) Lipophobic
Term
__________ __________ pathways use membrane receptor proteins and intracellular second messenger molecules to translate signal information into an intracellular response.
Definition
1) Signal transduction
Term
Some signal transduction pathways active __________ _________. Others activate __________ __________ that create second messenger molecules.
Definition
1) Protein kinases
2) Amplifier enzymes
Term
Signal pathways create intracellular __________ that amplify the original signal.
Definition
1) Cascades
Term
__________-__________ activate protein kinases, such as tyrosine kinase, or the amplifier enzyme __________ __________ which produces the second messenger cGMP.
Definition
1) Receptor-enzymes
2) Gyanlyl cyclase
Term
__________ __________ linked to amplifier enzymes are the most prevalent signals transduction system.
Definition
1) G proteins
Term
__________ __________-__________ __________ alter ion channels.
Definition
1) G protein-coupled receptors
Term
In the __________ __________-__________ __________ __________ pathway, the amplifier enzyme phosholipase C creates two second messengers: __________ and __________.
__________ causes Ca2+ release from intracellular stores.
__________ activates protein kinase C.
Definition
1) G protein-coupled phospholipase C
2) IP3
3) Diacylglycerol (DAG)
4) IP3
5) DAG
Term
__________ receptors link the extracellular matrix to the cytoskeleton.
Definition
1) Integrin
Term
__________-__________ __________ __________ open or close to create electrical signals.
Definition
1) Ligand-gated ion channels
Term
Calcium is an important signal molecule that binds to __________ to alter enzyme activity.
Definition
1) Calmodulin
Term
What are the three short-lived gaseous signal molecules?
Definition
1) Nitric oxide (NO)
2) Carbon monoxide (MO)
3) Hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Term
The arachidonic acid cascade creates lipid signal molecules, such as __________, __________, and __________.
Definition
1) Leukotrienes
2) Prostaglandins
3) Thromboxanes
Term
The response of a cell to a signal molecule is determined by the cell's __________ for the signal.
Definition
1) Receptor
Term
Receptors come in related forms called __________.
Definition
1) Isoforms
Term
A receptor may have multiple __________.
Definition
1) Ligands
Term
__________ mimic the action of a signal molecule.
Definition
1) Agonists
Term
__________ block the signal pathway of a molecule.
Definition
1) Antaonists
Term
In __________-__________, a cell decreases the number of binding receptors.
Definition
1) Down-regulation
Term
In __________, the cell decreases the binding affinity of the receptors.
Definition
1) Desensitization
Term
Many diseases have been linked to defects in various aspects of signal pathways, such as __________ or __________ receptors.
Definition
1) Missing
2) Defective
Term
__________-__________ is the opposite of down-regulation and involves increasing the number of receptors for a signal.
Definition
1) Up-regulation
Term
In __________ control pathways, the decision to respond to a change is made by an integrating center.
Definition
1) Reflex
Term
__________ __________ is faster and more specific than endocrine control, but is usually of shorter duration.
Definition
1) Neural control
Term
__________ __________ is less specific and slower to start but is longer lasting and is usually amplified.
Definition
1) Endocrine control.
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