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Normal/HR Labor and Birth
NRSG 358 exam 2
55
Nursing
Undergraduate 4
11/13/2011

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Term
Labor
Definition
a natural physiologic WORK PROCESS in which there is a timely consistent progression of DILATATION of the cervix and DESCENT of the presenting part, propelled by UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and eventually maternal effort that expel the FETUS and PLACENTA
Term
Premonitory Signs of Labor
Definition
lightening, bloody show, increased vaginal secretions, ROM, softening of the cervix, loss of mucous plug, loss of weight, uncomfortable "braxton hicks" contrations, burst of energy
Term
Myometrial activity: physiology of labor
Definition
uterus divides into 2 portions. upper portion muscles shorten and the segment becomes thicker. lower portion is passive and it expands and thins out. the uterus elongates to push/straighten the fetus
Term
false labor
Definition
UC are irregular, no effect or lessen with activity, does NOT achieve cervical change
Term
true labor
Definition
UC become regular and predictable, UC continue regardless of activity level, increase in frequency, duration, and intensity, produces progressive cervical change
Term
effacement
Definition
thinning and shortening of the cervix; measured in %
Term
Dilatation
Definition
opening of the cervix; measured in cm
Term
cardinal movements of the fetus
Definition
descent, flexion, internal rotation, extension, restitution, external rotation, expulsion
Term
Stage I
Definition
onset of labor to full 10cm. phases: early, active, transition
Term
Stage II
Definition
10 cm until birth of baby
Term
Stage III
Definition
birth of baby to birth of placenta
Term
Stage IV
Definition
birth of placenta until initial recovery: first 2-4 hours
Term
The 5 P's affecting labor
Definition
psyche, passage, passengers, position, powers
Term
passage
Definition
pelvic shape and size determine this
Term
Passenger
Definition
the presentation, position, lie, and attitude of this
Term
Position
Definition
the mother's___ can impact labor progress
Term
Power
Definition
UC function/dysfunction
Term
Psyche
Definition
fear, anxiety, past experiences
Term
Gate-control theory of pain
Definition
a mechanism in the dorsal horn of the spinal column serves as a valve or gate. small fibers carry pain impulses and large fibers carry tactile stimulation. the gate is open or closed by domination of large or small fibers.
Term
baseline
Definition
mean FHR during 10 minute period
Term
variability
Definition
indicator of fetal cardiac and neurologic function and well being
Term
periodic changes
Definition
occur in direct correlation with contractions
Term
Analgesics
Definition
inhibit transmission of pain impulses in the brain. decrease pain perception
Term
Anesthetics
Definition
block nerves that transmit impulses to the brain. produce loss of sensation
Term
external version
Definition
presentation of the fetus is changed from breech to cephalic by external manipulation of the maternal abdomen
Term
internal version
Definition
used during delivery of the second twin during vaginal birth; obstetrician places hand inside the uterus, grabs the feet, and draws them through the cervix or if possible turns the fetus to a vertex position
Term
amniotomy
Definition
artificial rupture of amniotic membranes: most common operative procedure in obstetrics
Term
Disadvantages of an amniotomy
Definition
once done, the birth must occur due to risk of infection, danger of prolapsed cord, increase of molding and compression of fetal head
Term
Indications for amniotomy
Definition
done any time during the 1st stage of labor to accelerate labor, induces labor, allows access to fetus to apply internal heart monitor electrode
Term
cervical ripening
Definition
a pharmacologic agent may be used to soften and efface the cervix of a pregnant women at or near term when there is a medial or obstetric indication for induction of labor: prepidil gel and cervidil
Term
induction of labor
Definition
stimulation of UC's before the spontaneous onset of labor, with or without ROM for the purpose of accomplishing birth
Term
Discontinue Oxytocin if...
Definition
fetal distress, UC are more frequent than 2/min, durations of UC exceeds 60 sec, insufficient relaxation of uterus between UC's
Term
Amniofusion
Definition
technique in which volume of warmed, sterile, normal saline or LR is introduced into the uterus through the use of an intrauterine pressure catheter
Term
episiotomy
Definition
surgical incision of the perineal body: second most common procedure in OB
Term
Cesarean birth
Definition
birth of the infant through an abdominal and uterine incision
Term
dystocia
Definition
long, difficult or abnormal labor
Term
hypertonic uterine dysfunction
Definition
an increase in the frequency of contractions, but a decrease in the intensity. the resting tone is also increased. little IU pressure is builtu up during the contractions so there is not enough force exerted on the cervix for dilatation to occur
Term
hypotonic uterine dysfunction
Definition
decrease in # of UC to less than 2 in 10 minutes, intensity and resting tone are low. these UC's are ineffective due to not enough IU pressure/ force for cervical dilatation and fetal descent
Term
preterm labor
Definition
true labor after 20 weeks gestation and before the end of the 37th week
Term
precipitous labor/ birth
Definition
labor lasting less than 3 hrs
Term
post-term pregnancy (post dates)
Definition
pregnancy extends more than 294 days or 42 completed weeks past the first day of the last menstrual cycle.
Term
malpresentation
Definition
when the presenting part entering the pelvic inlet is other than the completely flexed head of the fetus
Term
malposition
Definition
most common are occiput posterior. 90-95% rotate to the OA position; 5% remain persistent occiput posterior
Term
Cephalopelvic disproportion
Definition
disparity between the size of the maternal pelvis and the size of the presenting fetal head due to position, presentation, or increased fetal weight
Term
macrosomia
Definition
fetal weight of more than 4000grams (8lbs 14oz)
Term
shoulder dystocia
Definition
when the anterior shoulder of the fetus become impacted behind the symphysis pubis
Term
polyhydramnios
Definition
excessive amount of amniotic fluid (>2000cc/ml) associated with diabetes, multiple gestation, anencephaly, esophageal atresia
Term
oligohydramnios
Definition
lower than normal volume of amniotic fluid associated with postmaturity, congenital obstruction of GU system, slow leak, pulmonary hypoplasia, umbilical cord compression
Term
meconium stained amniotic fluid
Definition
first stool of infant is passed inutero
Term
station
Definition
the relationship of the presenting part of the ischial spines to the mother's pelvis
Term
frequency of UC's
Definition
the beginning of one contraction to the beginning of the next contraction
Term
sequence of positional changes
Definition
descent and flexion, internal rotation, extension, external rotation
Term
fetal attitude
Definition
relationship of the fetal parts to one another
Term
fetal lie
Definition
relationship of the cephalocaudal axis of the fetus to the cephalocaudal axis of the woman
Term
fetal presentation
Definition
body part of the fetus that enters the mother's pelvis first
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