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| A nuclear change in which 2 isotopes of light elements, such as hydrogen, are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus, releasing energy in the process |
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| Some of the products of oil distillation are used as raw materials in industrial organic chemicals, perticides, plastics, synthetic fibers, paints, medicines, and many other products. |
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| Greasy rocks are another potential supply of heavy grease. Such rocks contain a solid combustible mixture of hydrocarbons called kerogen. It can be extracted from crushed oil shales by heating them in a large container, a process that yields a distillate called ________. Before the thick ________ can be sent by pipeling to a refinery, it must be heated to increase its flow rate and processed to remove sulfure, nitrogen, and other impurities. |
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__________ is a mixture of gases, or which 50-90% is methane (CH4).
It also contains smaller amount of heavier gaseous hydrocarbons such as ethane (C2H6), propane, and butane, and small amounts of highly toxic hydrogen sulfide. |
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a mixture of clay, ____, water, and bitumen
At upgrading plants, they are mixed with hot water and steam to extract the bitumen, which is heated in huge cookers and converted to a low-sulfur synthetic crude oil suitable for refining. |
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When a natural ___ field is tapped, propane and butane gases are _________ and removed as ___.
___ is stored in pressurized tanks for use mostly in rural areas not served by natural ___ pipelines.
The rest of the ___ (mostly methane) is dried to remove water vapor, cleansed of poisonous hydrogen sulfide and other impurities, and pumped into pressurized pipelines for distribution. |
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| Natural gas contains smaller amounts of heavier gaseous ___________ such as ethane, propane, and butane. |
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Another unconventional source of natural gas is ____________-marsh gas trapped in icy, cagelike structures of water molecules.
Deposits of icy crystals of ______________ are buried under arctic permafrost and deep beneath the ocean bottom. |
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| soil material made of moist, partially decomposed organic matter |
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low heat content
low sulfur content
limited supplies in most areas
brown coal |
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soft
extensively used as a fuel because of its high heat content and large supplies
normally has a high sulfur content |
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hard
Highly desirabla fuel because of its high heat content and losw sulfur content
supplies are limited in most areas |
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| Solid coal can be converted into ________ by coal gasification or into a liquid fuel such as methanol or synthetic gasoline by coal liquefaction. |
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| produce 85% of the world's nuclear-generated electricity. The core contains 35,000-75,000 long, thin fuel rods, each packed with fuel pellets. Each pellet is about 1/3 the size of a cigarette and contains the energy equivalent of 0.9 metric ton of coal or four barrels of crude oil. |
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| are moved in and out of the reactor core to absorb neutrons, thereby regulating the rate of fission and amount of power produced |
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| the site of the world's most serious nuclear power plant accident |
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| breeder nuclear fission reactor |
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| Generates more nuclear fuel than they can consume by converting nonfissionable uranium-238 into fissionable plutonium-239 |
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a combustible organic material
a thick and sticky heavy oil with a high sulfur content |
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