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Neuropsychology c31
Chpt. 1-6 Background and basics
97
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
02/04/2013

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Term
Principles of Gall
Definition
Phenology: different skull size indicates different intelligences
primarily important as first identification that Brain and behaviour are related
phrenology
Term
Broca
Definition
first medical person to identify areas of brain are related to function
Term
Broca's area
Definition
left frontal inferior lobe
word finding disability
Term
Karl Wernicke
Definition
continued Broca's work on Brain area and function
identified different degrees of damage to brain produced different degrees of problem
breadth and severity of cognitive impairment
Term
Wernicke's area
Definition
temporal lobe; left medial
comprehension difficulty
Term
John Harlow
Definition
studied case of Phineas Gage
damage to right frontal lobe: produced changes in emotion regulation and memory
Term
Mind
Definition
the unconscious: recognition that brain responsible for behaviour
Freud, Skinner
Term
Era of Neuropsychology
Definition
early 1900's; World War I
Term
Norman Geshwind, 1926-1984
Definition
behavioral neurology
cerebral lateralization: from studies at the Boston Veterans Hospital
Term
impairment in first century
Definition
early demonology consisted of
spirit demons
exorcism
trepanning
Term
first neuropsychology assessment
Definition
puritans assessment of abnormality: dunking as a test of abnormality
Term
Gall's system of psych assessment
Definition
1. brain is organ of the mind
2. mind is composed of multiple, distinct innate faculties
3. distinction means separate organ in brain
4. size of organ is measure of power
5. shape of brain indicates development of that organ
6. surface of skull indicates psych aptitudes and tendencies
Term
Asylum
Definition
forgotten people in 18th/19th C. often with neuropsychological disorders
Term
Tan
Definition
behaviour is related to the brain
patient of Broca's with loss of speech
Term
Geshwind's first validated neuropsychological tests
Definition
clock drawing
Term
contributing disciplines to neuropsychology
Definition
clinical neurosciences-neuropathology & clinical symptoms
educational psychology-standardized testing
clinical psychology-personality & social behaviour
Term
Ray Complex Figure
Definition
neuropsychological assessment for:
copying (parietal lobes)
memory (immediate memory)
Term
Ecological Validity
Definition
does the testing / assessment relate to real life context
is the assessment able to predict future behaviour and outcomes
Term
Practice of NPS Assessment
Definition
1. diagnosis
2. patient care and planning
3. treatment planning and remediation
4. treatment evaluation
5. research
6. forensic nps
Term
NPS assessment is a combination of:
Definition
forensic observation
diagnostic testing
standardized testing
identification of areas of deficit and levels of impairment
Term
from Neurology
Definition
function & anatomical integrity of CNS
system assess. of neuroanatomical subsys
looking for patterns indicating neuropathology to aid in diagnostic
Term
structural neuroimaging
Definition
prior 1970s: xrays
CT: first soft tissue analysis: calcification, bleed, bone abnormalities
most accessible
Term
Neurological Exam
Definition
-localization
- cranial nerve measurement
-limbs & joint orientation
NOT assess: cognition: memory, executive functioning, emotionality
Term
MRI
Definition
-structural neuroimaging
-based on water molecules having diff. magnetic properties when in different tissue environments
-lesions, atrophy, shearing/tearing of tissue, CSF leaks
Term
fMRI
Definition
-performance of brain
-mainly research: engaging patient in cognitive tasks
-relationship between brain & behaviour
Term
other fx neuroimaging
Definition
PET
SPECT:
Term
electrophysiological techniques
Definition
-study electrical activity: EEG
-prescreening epilepsy
-MEG: better depth and sensitivity
Term
Purpose of Neuropsychology
Definition
assess: -behaviour: executive functioning
-cognition
-emotions
Term
Neuropsychological Assess
Definition
to any physical assessment: ADD
-intensive study of Behaviour via:
-interviews
-standardized tests
-stand. questionnaires
= infer brain function
Term
technology impact
Definition
changed view of brain damage causing impairment along single dimension
Technology provided proof of damage;
NPS now provided characterization of cognitive impairment in terms of breadth, severity, consistency with a diagnosis & veracity
Term
Moderating Factors
Definition
the additional issues that affect results
context dependent affects of brain injury
i.e. nature, extent damage, location, duration, age, sex, previous psychosocial conditions, physical conditions, psychological conditions
Term
4 classes of cognitive function
Definition
receptive function
Memory & learning
expressive/emotionality
cognitive/thinking
Term
behaviour explained by 3 constructs
Definition
cognition
emotionality (feelings & motivational states)
executive functon(how expressed or controlled)
Term
brain damage not act in isolation
Definition
although cognition, predominant sign:
damage affects all 3 areas of function
Term
receptive function
Definition
-the entry of info to central processing syst.
-perception, active processing
-integration of sensory impressions
-sensory reception
-integration of awareness, recognition, discrimination, patterning, & orientation
Term
declarative memory
Definition
explicit memory
-involves explicit awareness
-ability to remember passwords, phone #, objects
Term
incidental memory/learning
Definition
unconscious memory, learning
-procedural memories
-overlearned behaviour
- contextual memory
-info collected without direct effort
-word stem test
Term
episodic memory
Definition
events
context
Term
procedural
Definition
habit system
how to do everyday tasks
Term
stages of memory processing: 5
Definition
1. registration/sensory memory
2a. immediate/working memory: mental sketchpad: "7 bits info"
2b. rehearsal:consolidation in hippocampus
3. consolidation + storing:
4. Longterm memory & retrieval
5. recognition
Term
CVLT
Definition
neuropsychological test for memory and verbal abilities
CALIFornia verbal learning test
Term
registration or sensory memory
Definition
holds large amounts of incoming info in sensory store
a selecting & recording process
Term
impairment of memory
Definition
apraxia
constructional disorders
agraphia
aphasia
forgetting
amnesia
Term
Recall
Definition
information retrieval is remembering
Term
recognition
Definition
when a stimulus triggers awareness, then remembering takes place through recognition
Term
semantic memory
Definition
what is learned as knowledge
e.g. who painted the Mona Lisa?
Term
thinking
Definition
mental operation that relates two or more bits of information explicitly or implicitly
-computation
-concept formation
-abstracting & generalizing
-ordering, organizing, planning, problem solving
Term
expressive Functions
Definition
-speaking
-drawing or writing, manipulating
-physical gestures
Term
Mental Activity Variables
Definition
Attention
-focused
-sustained
-divided
example tests: digit symbol, brief test of attention, ruff 2 & 7
Term
mental activity variables
Definition
executive functions
capacities that enable a person to engage successfully in independent purposive self-serving behaviour
Term
mental activity variables
Definition
1.personality/emotionality
2.consciousness:awareness of self & surroundings
3.attentional functions:how organism is receptive to stimuli
Term
Neuropsychological Caveat
Definition
any given behavior is the product of a myriad of complex neurophysiological and biochemical interactions
-no one to one relationship between a specific behavior and specific neuroanatomical structure
Term
Lesions
Definition
localized abnormal tissue
Term
Syndrome
Definition
a cluster of deficits that tend to occur together with some regularity
Term
Alexander Luria, 1940's
Definition
scientist seeking to identify qualitative analysis of brain damage
importance of dissecting structure of function and physiological mechanisms behind those functions
Term
g
Definition
general factor of intelligence that contributes to all cognitive activities
Term
neurochemical alterations of long-term, secondary learning and consolidation
Definition
neurons, synapse, dendritic, prunning,apopstosis
Term
localization of dysfunction
Definition
helps identify cognitive constructs and areas of problems in brain
neuroanatomical correlates & disorders associated with it
Term
NPS assessment: differential diagnosis
Definition
recognizing deficits to:
confirm or
rule out diagnosis
specific patterns of behaviour and ability
Term
perseveration
Definition
being stuck in a specific task or behaviour = frontal lobe disorder
Term
structure of the Brain
Definition
Hindbrain
Forebrain
Midbrain
Term
Hindbrain: Medulla Oblongata
Definition
processes to keep physical alive: heartrate, respiration
damage here affects:
corticospinal tract decussation
attentional processes
regulating activating and awareness systems
Term
Cellular Substrate
Definition
-Neurons
-Glia
:: little assessed in NPS
Term
Hindbrain: Reticular Formation
Definition
-from upper spinal cord to diencephalon
-reticular activating system: wakefulness & alerting mechanisms
-nerve centers for posture, smooth muscle movement & tone
Term
Hindbrain: Pons
Definition
major pathwoays between cerebrum and cerebellum
pons + cerebellum = postural and kinesthetic sense
Term
Glasglow Coma Scale
Definition
to assess primal brain function
primarily used by emergency
includes: eye opening, verbal response, best motor response
- score out of 15
Term
Hindbrain: Cerebellum
Definition
widespread connections with subcortical & cortical region
injury: impairments in fine motor control, posture: vertigo & nystagmus
First part of brain affected by alcohol
Term
Midbrain: RAS
Definition
Reticular ACtivating System: motor speed, manual dexterity
-sensory and motor centers: auditory & visual system processing at the level of reflex & automatic responses
-Lesions associated with tremor, rigidity & extraneous local motor movement
attention- map tracing test
Term
Forebrain: Thalamus
Definition
11 or more circumscribed nuclei
Sensory Relay Center:esp. somatic senses
injury affects tactile disturbance, unilateral neglect,amnesia(memory), learning/defective encoding, recall of past information
Term
Forebrain: Hypothalamus
Definition
nuclei that regulates physiologically based drives (sexual arousal, rage, fear, hunger, thirst)
collateral info. to help with assessment
Term
Forebrain: Basal Ganglia
Definition
includes: Caudate, Putamen, substantia nigra, globus pallidus
affects: movement, impaired motor learning
bender visual motor gestalt test
Term
Forebrain: Limbic System
Definition
amygdala, cingulate & hippocampus
-important for emotion, motivation & memory
behavioral disorders
CVLT, Wechsler IQ
Term
Forebrain: Hippocampus
Definition
major role in learning and retention: memory
rapid assoc. of info. from multiple cortical areas
lateralized specialization
affects: memory, severity dependant upon pathological inclusion of adjacent areas
Term
Forebrain: Cingulate Cortex
Definition
Attention, response selection & emotional behaviour
sustained concentration, ability to divide attention
Term
Intracerebral Conduction Pathways
Definition
Assoc. fibers: slowed processing, attentional impairments
commisural fibers: corpus callosum & cerebral hemisphere connection
Term
Forebrain: Cerebral Cortex
Definition
convoluted outer layer of brain
the lobes
systematically organized
Functional specialization of hemispheres
art
Term
future episodic memory
Definition
imagining & simulating future events: hippocampus
Term
priming
Definition
cued recall
Term
automatic memory
Definition
passive acquisition
Term
apraxias
Definition
disturbances of purposeful expressive functions
Term
types of attention
Definition
-focused
-sustained (concentration)
-divided attention
-alternating attention
Term
bottom up processes
Definition
bias toward attention getting stimuli
Term
top-down processes
Definition
observation of stimuli which attends to observer's goals
Term
TBI
Definition
results in changes to emotional dulling, disinhibiton, heightened anxiety
complex interaction as product of emotional/neurological disabilities, social demands
Term
emotional lability
Definition
mood swings
-result of weakened exec control
-lost emotional sensitivity & modulation
-brief episodes of strong emotion
Term
temporal lobes
Definition
important for memory
normal learning and retention
emotion
amygdala located here: process & recognition of emotion
Term
presupposition of deficit measurement
Definition
presuposes some ideal, normal or prior level of functioning against which the patient's performance can be measured
Term
comparison standard
Definition
normative derived from:
1.appropriate normative population
2. individual premorbid history
Term
NPS assessment standards
Definition
uses individual and normative standards
Term
indirect measurement
Definition
estimated premorbid score;
from: current testing
socio-demographic estimates
Term
best performance method
Definition
combination of:
best performance on tests
clinical judgement
historical data
other(s) observations
Term
population average
Definition
overall distribution of performance tends to be skewed in abnormal direction: with nature setting "upper limit"
Term
forensic/Indirect NPS assessments
Definition
loss or impairment can only be compared with previous ability to identify changes: which is often hard to identify
Term
direct measurement of deficit
Definition
assessment with normative comparison standards for the behavior in question
"general standards" OF ability
Term
a. direct measurements
Definition
clock drawing test
house drawing test
WAIS IV
mini mental state exam
Term
b. direct measurements
Definition
previous scores on same tests
Term
Nps exam
Definition
1 know/purpose of exam
2 treat patient as individual and their best interest
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