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Neuro
Week 2b,c,d,f - Path (defects, neoplasms, hemorrhage, & ischemia)
26
Accounting
Pre-School
03/07/2013

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Cards

Term
What is a coup vs. a contrecoup lesion?
Definition
-Lesions of the brain where a coup is at point of impact, and contrecoup is on the opposite side (from the rebound)
Term
What is an arterial dissection? What does it look like? How will it present for carotid vs. vertebral?
Definition
-It is when a tear in the endothelium results in the blood tearing it up and getting underneath, etc.
-Looks much more narrow than it should, sometimes with a bulge before
-Internal carotid will give local pain & Horner's syndrome
-Vertebral will give a posterior headache, vomiting, and vertigo
Term
Where are most brain aneurisms?
Definition
-Most are in the anterior circulation, especially the anterior communicating branch, and on the middle cerebral
Term
What is the most common glial neoplasm in adults?
Definition
-Cerebral astrocytoma
Term
-What is the most frequent posterior fossa tumor in children?
Definition
-Medullloblastoma (vermis of cerebellum)
Term
Where are the typical locations for adult vs. child CNS tumors?
Definition
-Tumors in adults tend to be supratentorial while they tend to be infratentorial in children (cerebellum)
Term
What are the four types of astrocytomas? What defines them?
Definition
Low grade;
1. Fibrillary astrocytoma;
-*Well differentiated with no necrosis, capillary proliferation, mitotic figures, or extreme pleomorphism
2. Pilocytic astrocytoma;
-A *cystic lesion of the **cerebellum in *children
-Contains "hairlike" cells
-excellent prognosis

High Grade (which I'm going to get lol)
3. Anaplastic astrocytoma; Densely cellular with pleomorphism, but *less prominent necrosis
4. Glioblastoma; **Hememorrhagic necrosis and vascular proliferation (this and last in cerebrum)
Term
Where do we find oligodendroglioma? What is characteristic of them?
Definition
-They are in the cerebral hemispheres (adults)
-***Calcification is often seen
-Cells appear regular and are surrounded by a clear halo ("fried eggs" cells)
Term
What is an ependymoma? Who do we find it in more? What is characteristic of it?
Definition
-It is an intramedullary tumor located in the **fourth ventricle
-Most common in *children
-May produce hydrocephalus

-**Perivascular pseudorosettes are produced (roselike and around blood vessels); basically looks like some darker staining cells around a b.v. (almost like adenoma tissue)
Term
What is a medulloblastoma? Who has it more? What characterizes it?
Definition
-It is a common tumor in *children that arrises from the **fetal external granular layer of the cerebellum**
-It is highly infiltrative and invasive
-Consist of small hyperchromatic cells (typical of agressive tumors)
-It is radiosensitive (one good thing about aggressiveness)
Term
What are meningiomas? From where do the arise? Where are they typically found? What characterizes them?
Definition
-*Benign tumor of the meninges that typically arise from *arachnoid cells
-Usually found in *parasaggital region, but can occur anywhere

-Present with swirls of cells and *psammoma bodies; **calcification in concentric pattern (looks like bisected jawbreakers lol)

-Danger here is due to mass effect
Term
What is a craniopharyngioma? Who is it more common in? What does the tumor look like? What are the symptoms/effects of the tumor?
Definition
-It arrises from *Rathke pouch remnants and is *suprasellar in location
-Most common cause of **hypopituitarism in children**

-It contains tissue resembling embryonic *tooth-like structures
-Get cystic degeneration and **dystrophic calcification

-Causes **diabetes insipidus (presses on pit; has ADH) and sometimes *hydrocephalus
Term
What are the metastiatic *potentials for some tumors that often metastasize to the brain?
Definition
-*Melanoma; 50%
-Breast & Lung; 25%
-Colon & Kidney; 5%
-*Prostate; 0%

-Note, however, if a question asks the most common tumor to metastasize to the brain, it will be lung
-The highest *potential one will be melanoma
Term
What is rachischisis?
Definition
-Failure of the vertebral arches to close; results in spina bifida types
-Note; he is kinda mixing this us with **myeloschisis, which is the worst kind of spina bifida (exposed/unrecognizable cord)
Term
What is an encephalocele?
Definition
-Basically a *cranial meningocele
-When brain matter is present, we call it a **encephalomeningocele
Term
Define;
-Hydromyelia
-Syringomyelia
-Syringobulbia
Definition
-Hydromyelia; dilation of the central canal of cord
-Syringomyelia; cyst (called a syrinx) within the spinal cord, may expand and cause damage over time
-Syringobulbia; syrinx in medulla
Term
Define;
-Lissencephaly
-Polymicrogyria
-Pachygyria
-Neuronal heterotopias
-Holoprosencephaly
Definition
-Lissencephaly; smooth brian, seen in Miller-Dieker syn.
-Polymicrogyria; small and excessive giri
-Pachygyria; broad gyri reduced in number
-Neuronal heterotopias; gray where they should be white
-Holoprosencephaly; cerebral hemispheres not separated
Term
Distinguish between Arnold-Chiari and Dandy-Walker?
Definition
-Arnold-Chiari is when the *posterior fossa is a bit small* and the cerebellar tonsils/vermin herniate through an enlarged foramen magnum, producing hydrocephalus
-50% of childhood hydrocephalus is from this

-Dandy-Walker is when there is an *enlarged posterior fossa* and the *cerebellar vermis, and the *foramina of Luschka & Magendie do not generate, causing hydrocephalus
Term
What is tuberous sclerosis? What is a visible sign?
Definition
-A disease with multiple nonmalignant hamartomas of abnormal astrocytes with calcification
-We see skin nodules
-Also get benign tumors of other organs such as the heart and kidney
Term
What is Von Hippel-Lindau disease?
Definition
-An autosomal dominant disease where you get *vascular tumors of the brain (**hemangioblastomas) and of the retina
-Also gives a predisposition to various cancers such as *renal adenocarcinoma
Term
What is Sturge-Weber syndrome?
Definition
-Get *angiomas (benign blood vessel tumors) all over the place, including the brain, and visible on the face; gives *"port wine stain" of face

-Causes mental retardation, seizures, and "railroad" appearance of of skull from calcium deposits in the leptomeninges (pia and arachnoid)
Term
What is Riley Day Syndrome?
Definition
-AKA familial dysautonomia (bad autonomics)
-Autosomal recessive and common in Ashkenazi Jews

-It is a disorder of the autonomic and sensory nervous system (mostly sympathetic) that results in;
-Poor coordination of swallowing and gag reflex
-*Increased sweating and poor temp control
-*Indifference to painful stimuli
-No tears
-Abnormal facial structure (witch chin)
-Low GI motility
Term
What is the difference between hypoxia and hypoxemia?
Definition
-Hypoxemia is low O2 in the blood
-Hypoxia is low 02 in the tissue
Term
What is a watershed infarction?
Definition
-Ischemia, or blood flow blockage, that is localized to the border zones between the territories of two major arteries in the brain
-Blood supply in theses regions is not as great
-Also known as a border zone infarction
Term
What is laminar necrosis?
Definition
-Death of cells in the (cerebral) cortex of the brain in a band-like pattern, with a relative preservation of cells immediately adjacent to the meninges
Term
What is a lacunar infarct?
Definition
-Occlusion of one of the penetrating arteries that provides blood to the brain's deep structures
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