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Neuro
Exam ii
57
Physiology
Graduate
10/19/2010

Additional Physiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
superior/cranial
Definition

top

 

towards the head

Term
inferior/caudal
Definition

below

 

towards the feet

Term
dorsal
Definition
towards the back
Term
ventral
Definition
towards the belly
Term
anterior
Definition
towards the belly
Term
posterior
Definition
towards the back
Term
medial
Definition
closer to midline
Term
lateral
Definition
further away from midline
Term
supine
Definition
laying on back
Term
prone
Definition
laying on belly
Term
afferent
Definition

impulses from peripheral receptors to spinal cord

 

going towards (spinal column)

Term
efferent
Definition

relay signals from spinal cord and CNS to periphery

 

going away (from spine)

 

think exit or efflux

Term
neuron
Definition

relay info b/n periphery and the CNS

 

cONSISTS OF: cell body or soma

dendrites

nerve fiber or axon

 

Term
dendrites
Definition
Term
Na/K pump
Definition

3 Na out

2 K in

 

resting potential is negative (-90mV)

 

threshold potential

Term
A-alpha
Definition

afferent nerve fiber

 

myelin

 

innervate skeletal muscle

 

proprioception

Term
A-beta
Definition

afferent nerve fiber

 

myelin

 

tactile sensory receptors (Messner's corpuscles, hair receptors, pacinian corpuscles)

 

touch, pressure, proprioception

Term
A-gamma
Definition

afferent nerve fiber

 

myelin

 

muscle spindle motor neuron (tone)

fine tuning (where a-alpha is more large movements)

Term
A-delta
Definition

afferent nerve fiber

myelin

 

FAST pain, touch tempature

Term

nerve fiber

 

B

Definition

afferent nerve fiber

 

myelin

 

preganglionic autonomic fibers

Term

nerve fiber

 

C

Definition

NO MYELIN

 

SLOW pain, touch, tempature, postganglionic sympathetic ANS fibers

Term
myelin
Definition

insulator

 

prevents flow of ions across nerve membranes

Term
nodes of ranvier
Definition

interuption of myelin

 

ions can flow freely b/n nerve fibers and extracellular fluid here

 

action potentials are conducted from node to node

Term
saltatory conduction
Definition

JUMPING

 

succesive excitation of nodes of ranvier by impulse that jumps b/n sucessive nodes

 

increases velocity of nerve transmission

 

conserves energy bc only nerves of ranvier depolarize

 

depolarization only @ nodes little energy is needed for reestablishing Na/K conc differences

Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition

chemical mediators that are released into synaptic cleft in response of action potential at nerve ending

 

release of all NTs is voltgage dependent

 

requires CA and energy

 

excitary/inhibitory

Term
Glutamate
Definition

mainly EXCITATORY NT in CNS

widely distrubutes but concentrated at

-hippocampus

-outer layer of cerebral cortex

-substantia gelatinosa


CA ion dpendent process

terminated by high affinity NA dependent uptake


Iontropic glutamate receptors: ligand-gated channels (mostly NA)

undergo confirmational change to open receptors


Metabotropic glutamate receptors: transmembrane receptors linked to guanine (G) proteins

triggers second messnger

 

 

Term
GABA
Definition

major INHIBOTORY Nt in CNS

 

as many as 1/3 of all synapses are GABA

 

2 molecules of GABA bind to the receptor, CL channel opens---becomes hyperpolarized (more resistant to neuronal excitation)

Term
Acetylcholine
Definition

EXCITATORY (CNS and ANS)

INHIBITORY (ANS)

 

Nicotinic receptors: ligand gated ion channels (like NMJ)

 

Muscarinic receptors: Gprotein

Term
Dopamine
Definition

INHIBITORY

50% of catecholamines

 

high conc in basal ganglia

 

may act on dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase

Term
Norepinephrine
Definition

INHIBITORY (CNS)

EXCITATORY (ANS)

large amts in reticular activating system and hypothalamus

Term
Epinephrine
Definition

INHIBITORY (CNS)

EXCITATORY (ANS)

 

present in reticular activating system

 

Term
Glycine
Definition

INHIBITORY NT in spinal cord

 

increases Cl conductance

Term

Endorphins

(and enkephalins)

Definition

EXCITATORY

 

secreted in thalamus, hypothalamus, brainstem and spinal cord

 

excitatory nt for descending pathways that inhibit transmission of pain

Term
Serotonin
Definition

INHIBITORY

 

high conc in brain, profound effects on mood and behavior

Term
Histamine
Definition

INHIBITORY

 

high conc in hypothalamus, reticular activating system

 

cAMP may serve as 2nd mess

Term
synaptic delay
Definition

0.3-0.5 ms

 

time to release NT, diffusion of NT, binding/acting NT

Term
synaptic fatigue
Definition

decrease in # of discharges by postsynaptic membrane

 

act as a protective mechanism (seizure)

 

exhaustion of NT stores in synaptic vesicles

Term
posttetanic facilitation
Definition

Increased responsiveness after rest preceded by repetitive stim

 

increased release of NT due to enhanced perm to CA

 

short-term memory ?

Term
Neurons response to alkalosis
Definition

increased excitability

 

hyperventalation can cause seizure w ph 8

Term
neurons response to acidosis
Definition

DK acidosis

 

with a ph 7 decrease in neuronal acitivity--coma

Term
Central Sulcus
Definition

Seperates frontal (primary motor area)

 

Parietal (primary somesthetic area)

Term
frontal
Definition

motor: location of pyramidal or betz cells

premotor: controls motor cortex

prefrontal: selection of behavior patterns

contralteral side of body

Term
parietal
Definition

somatosensory=somesthetic cortex

contralateral side of body

Term
broca area
Definition

say words

 

infaract here severe aphasia

Term
wernicke's area
Definition

make sense w/speech

 

infaract here complete word salad

Term
basal ganglia
Definition

mostly regulate INHIBITORY motor impulses

 

NT: dopamine (-), GABA (-)

 

balance of agonist and antagonist muscles

 

know bc huntingtons (chorea) and Parkinsons (rigidity)

know bc with these diesases there is lose of inhibition which shows muscular side effects

Term
thalamus
Definition

on top of brainstem, relay system

 

all sensory info (except olfactory) must go through thalamus then to cortex

Term
hypothalamus
Definition
controls temp, thirst, appetite, RAS, pituatory hormone release
Term
Limbic system
Definition

cingulate gyri functions w limbic system

 

emotions and behaviors associated w emotions

Term

brainstem

 

midbrain

Definition

tectum, tegmentum, cerebral peduncles

(auditory and visual info relay)

descending cortical motor tracts

 

control movement

(substantia nigra)

Term

brainstem

 

ponds and medulla

Definition

maintains ALL unconcious activity

 

regulation of BP, breathing, equilibrium, feeding reflexes

Term

brainstem

 

reticular activating system

Definition

all through medulla, pons, midbrain

excitatory and inhibitory effects

determines overall level of CNS activity

wakefulness, sleep, attention

turns on cortex

 

small lesion here results in coma

Term
cerebellum
Definition

cordination of fine skeletal muscle activities

ex: posture, equilibrium, typing, running

 

spinocerebellar pathways are the fastest in the body

 

w/o could still move but very uncordinated, unbalanced

"drunk test" test cerebellum

Term
meninges of brain in order (starting @ skin)
Definition

dura

|

arachnoid

|

pia (connected to brain)

Term
In adult SCI ends?
Definition
L1-L2
Term

spinal cord meninges (membrane)

 

start at the cord

Definition

pia

|

arachnoid

|

dura

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