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Neuro Exam 1
100s!!!
43
Physiology
Graduate
10/28/2015

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Term
The difference between a homeostatic and homeodynamic system is...
Definition
In the homeodynamic system, the set point changes in response to open loop input.
Term
In a negative feedback system,
Definition
Effectors that cause an increase in the level of the variable are inhibited when the level of the variable rises above the set point
Term
Which of the following most completely describes the concept of the Psycho-Neuro-Endocrine-Immune systems?
Definition
The nervous, endocrine, and immune systems are all sensory structures and regulate each other's functions
Term
Which of the following is an effector?
Definition
muscle, endocrine gland, and digestive tract
Term
A major decrease of receptors for a primary messenger, causes a cell to...
Definition
require higher concentration of the primary messenger to respond to it
Term
Which of the following has a higher concentration inside the cell than in the extra cellular fluid?
Definition
K+
Term
Which of the following increases the rate of diffusion?
Definition
Increased surface area for diffusion
Term
The Nearnst equation can be used to calculate...
Definition
the voltage across the cell membrane that is needed to balance the force of the concentration gradient for a single ion
Term
Which of the following predicts the voltage across a cell membrane at any point in time, as the permeability for several different ions change?
Definition
The Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
Term
Which of the following processes requires a protein?
Definition
Facilitated diffusion
Term
Which of the following processes requires energy?
Definition
Active transport
Term
Which of the following occurs if a 300 mOsmolar cell is placed in a solution of a 400 mOsmolar Sucrose? (the cell is not permeable to sucrose)
Definition
water leaves the cell and the cell shrinks
Term
A solution that does not move water across a cell membrane is called?
Definition
Isotonic
Term
What would best describe the following conditions; a 300 mOsmolar cell is placed in a solution of 200 mOsmolar solution of Sucrose?
Definition
Hypotonic and hypo-osmotic
Term
Which of the following occurs if a 300 mOsmolar cell is place in a solution of 300 mOsmolar Urea? (the cell membrane is permeable to urea and there's a little urea in the cell)
Definition
water will move into the cell
Term
Which of the following has the highest osmotic pressure?
Definition
An Osmolar solution made with 1 gram molecular weight of CaCl2
Term
Which of the following can cross the cell membrane without going through an ion channel or relying on a carrier protein?
Definition
non polar molecules
Term
Which of the following molecules can only be transported across the cell membrane?
Definition
small polar molecules
Term
The Na+/K+ pump is an example of
Definition
primary active counter transport
Term
The simultaneous transport of glucose and Na+, that depends on the Na+ concentration gradient, the is maintained by the Na+/K+ pump is an example of...
Definition
secondary active co transport
Term
Which of the following does not have transport maximum?
Definition
Passive diffusion
Term
In a resting cell membrane, voltage gated Na+ channels are
Definition
closed but openable
Term
As a cell membrane becomes increasingly negative on the inside (changes from -70 to -90) it is said to be
Definition
hyperpolarized
Term
The Na+/K+ pump does what?
Definition
moves 3 Na+ out of the cell for every 2 K+ it moves out
Term
Which of the following causes the opening of a voltage gated Na+ channel?
Definition
depolarization of the cell membrane to threshold potential
Term
Neuromodulators do what?
Definition
modify a neuron's response to a neurotransmitter
Term
At rest the EMF across the cell membrane is
Definition
negative on the inside with respect to the outside
Term
Excitatory post synaptic potentials are a result of opening
Definition
Na+ channels
Term
Electrical potential changes along dendrites are conducted by
Definition
decremental conduction of local current flow
Term
Action potentials occur on the
Definition
axon
Term
Graded potential do what?
Definition
can generate action potentials
are proportional to the strength of the stimulus
last longer than action potentials
Term
Where are local currents transmitted by non decremental conduction?
Definition
inside the soma
Term
During the majority of the absolute refractory period of an action potential, voltage gated Na+ channels are
Definition
closed and inactivated
(fuck if I know)
Term
Voltage gated K+ channels open when the cell membrane
Definition
after the depolarization phase of the action potential and before repolarization phase
Term
During the relative refractory period of the action potential, the cell membrane is
Definition
hyperpolarized
Term
A threshold stimulus can only induce an action potential when the membrane is
Definition
at resting potential
Term
Which of the following determines the maximum frequency of an action potential a neuron can experience?
Definition
the length of time the absolute refractory period of its action potential last
Term
What is the relationship b/t the size of the graded potential on the soma and the action potentials on the axon?
Definition
the bigger the size of the graded potentials, the higher the frequency of action potentials it can induce
Term
During relative refractory period what happens?
Definition
the size of the stimulus needed to induce a new action potential earlier in time than a smaller graded potential
Term
Why don't action potentials normally travel backwards along the axon?
Definition
the region of the axon closest to the soma is in its absolute refractory period when the next closest region is experiencing an action potential
Term
Myelinated neurons...
Definition
have voltage gated Na+ channels only at the axon hillock and the nodes of Ranvier
Term
True or False: conduction of action potentials along an axon depends on local current flow
Definition
false
Term
What increases the possibility of opening voltage gated Na+ channels and causing action potentials on an axon?
Definition
mechanical pressure on a nerve
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