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Neuro A & P Review
Week 1
97
Nursing
Graduate
01/16/2016

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Brain Facts
Definition

Weighs 1.5 Kg

 

100 Billion neurons

 

Recieves 20% CO 

Term
CBF
Definition

750 ml/min

 

54 ml/100 gm/min

 

Activity below 15 ml/100 gm/min will cause brain activity to cease 

Term
CPP
Definition
80-90 mmHg
Term
ICP
Definition

1-10 mmHg

 

Pressures > 20 mmHg requires treatment 

Term
CSF
Definition
150 ml/0.35 ml per min / 500 ml per day
Term
Autoregulation
Definition
Remains intact when CPP is between 50-150 range in normotensive adults
Term
PaCO2 effect on CBF
Definition

Causes linear change in CBF 20-60 mmHg

 

4% change in CBF for each 1 mmHg change in PaCO2

Term
PaO2 effect on CBF
Definition
Litte effect on CBF in the range of 50-300 mmHg
Term
Brain Temperature
Definition

Decreases CBF and CMRO2

 

5% for each 1 degree C change 

Term
Neurlation of the Spinal Cord
Definition

Process of formation of the neural tube from the ectoderm

 

Neural plate--> starts to fold in 3rd week after fertilization--> cells alongside the tube escape union and form the neural crest

Term
Spinal Nerve Formation
Definition

Alar Plate= dorsal part of the neural tube; sensory

 

Basal Plate= ventral part of the neural tube; motor 

Term
Spinal Arch Formation
Definition

Week 5 post conception arches form that protect the spinal cord

 

Neural arches are at first seperate and later fuse midline to form the vertebral spines

 

Failure to unite results in spina bifida 

Term
Brain Development
Definition

Prosencephalon= forebrain

 

Mesencephalon= midbrain

 

Rhombencephalon= hidbrain 

Term
Alar plate Development
Definition
Alar plate of the proencephalon expands on each side to form telencephalon--> cerebral hemispheres
Term
Basal Plate development
Definition
Basal plate stays in place as the diencephalon--> the optic outgrowth is the forerunner of the rential and optic nerve
Term
Proencephalon
Definition

Telencephalon--> Cerebral cortex & Corpus Striatum 

 

Diencephalon--> Thalamus & Hypothalamus

Term
Mesencephalon
Definition
Midbrain
Term
Rhombencephalon
Definition

Metencephalon--> pons & cerebellum 

 

Myelencephalon--> medulla oblongata 

Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
Development at 6 weeks post fertilization
Term
Brainstem
Definition

Medulla

 

Pons

 

Midbrain

 

Reticular Formation

 

(Responsible for all basic vital life functions) 

Term
Medulla
Definition

Pathway for ascending and descending nerve tracts

 

Center for HR, breathing, Swallowing, vomiting 

 

Pyramids are descending tracts involved in conscious control of skeletal muscle 

 

Inferior portion of the pyraminds decussates to control the opposite side of the body

Term
Pons
Definition

 contains ascending and descending nerve tracts

 

Relay between cerebrum & cerebellum 

 

Reflex centers sleep & respiratory centers which work with the medulla 

Term
Midbrain
Definition

contains ascending and descending nerve tracts

 

Visual reflex center; part of auditory pathway 

Term
Reticular Formation
Definition

Scattered throughout the brainstem and controls cycic activity

 

Sleep wake cycles 

Term
Cerebellum
Definition

Control of muscle movement, tone, balance

 

Regulates intentional movement

 

Involved in learning motor skills 

 

3 large tracts: Superior, Middle, Inferior peduncle 

 

2 hemispheres divided by a primary fissure into anterior and posterior lobes 

 

2nd largest structure of the brain 

Term
Olives
Definition

2 prominent enlargements protruding from the anterior surface of the medulla

 

Functions in balance, coordination, and modulation of sound from the inner ear 

Term
Midbrain
Definition

Smallest region of the brainstem 

 

Contains ascending and descending nerve tracts, visual reflex center, part of a auditory pathway

 

Contains Corpora Quadrigemina --> each mound is called a colliculus 

 

2 Superior involved in visual

2 Inferior involved in hearing and recieving their input from the skin and cerebrum 

Term
Reticular Activating System
Definition
Keeps the cerebrum in a state of alert consciousness: acts as a monitor for afferent impulses and aids in maintanence of muscle tone
Term
Superior Peduncle
Definition

Connects the cerebellum to the midbrain 

 

Term
Middle Peduncle
Definition
Connects the cerebellum to pons
Term
Inferior Peduncle
Definition
Connects cerebellum to the medulla
Term
Diencephalon
Definition
Thalamus, Subthalamus, Epithalamus, and Hypothalamus
Term
Thalamus
Definition

Major sensory relay center 

 

Influences mood and movement 

 

Largest part of diencephalon

 

Provides crude awareness 

 

Two thalami face one another across the slot-like 3rd ventricle 

 

Separated from the lentiform nucleus by the internal capsule 

 

Largest part of diencephalon 

Term
Subthalamus
Definition
Contains nerve tracts and nuclei
Term
Epithalmus
Definition

Contain nuceli responding to olfactory stimulation and contains pineal body 

 

Pineal body plays role in controlling onset of puberty

 

May influence sleep wake cycle and other biorhythms 

 

Posterior portion of diencephalon, thin roof over 3rd venticle

 

Inside lining of the roof lies the choroid plexus- CSF production 

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

Major control center for maintaining homeostasis and regulating nerve function

 

"temp control" 

 

Smallest portion of diencephalon, located below the thalamus

 

Forms the floor of the 3rd ventricle

Term
Internal Capsule
Definition

Contains the corticospinal tract/pyramidal tract which originates in the cortex

 

CST is the most important pathway in the CNS 

 

Mediates voluntary movement

 

Extends the entire vertical length of the CNS which makes it vulnerable to disease/trauma in the cerebral hemisphere or brainstem on one side and to spinal cord disease or trauma on the other side 

Term
Cerebrum
Definition

Hemispheres are divided by a longitudinal fissure, connected by the corpus callosum 

 

characterized by numerous folds and grooves 

 

80% of brain's mass

 

Higher mental function takes place: conscious perception, thought and conscious motor activity, can override most other systems

Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition

Located in the inferior cerebrum

 

Control of muscle activity and posture

 

Largely inhibit unintentional movement when at rest 

Term
Limbic System
Definition

Located in cerebrum and diencephalon 

 

Autonomic reponse to smell, emotion, mood, memory, and other such function 

Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition

Inferior aspect of the diencephalon 

 

Attached to the hypothalamus via infundibulum

 

Supported by the sella turcia

 

Circle of Willis surrounds it providing it with a rich blood supply 

 

Divided into anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis) 

Term

Midbrain

 

 

Definition

Short section of brain stem between diencephalon and pons

 

Aquduct of Sylvius (connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles) 

 

Corpora quadrigemina

 

Cerebral peduncles

 

Red nucleus

 

Substania nigra 

Term
Midbrain Functions
Definition

Superior Colliculi- visual hand eye coordination

 

Inferior Colliculi- auditory reflexes

 

Cerebral Peduncles- reflex coordination motor fibers 

Term
Surface Features
Definition

Surface of brain is composed of sulci and gyri which increase the surface area of the brain

 

Sulci: inward furrows

 

Deepest sulci: lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) and central sulcus (Rolandic fissure) combo divides the hermisphere into 4 lobes 

 

Gyri: outward ridges of the brain surface 

Term
Lobes of the Cerbral Cortex
Definition

Frontal 

 

Parietal

 

Occipital 

 

Temporal 

 

5th Lobe Limbic Lobe 

Term
Limbic Lobe
Definition

Medial portion of the hemisphere and contains the hippocampus, fornix, and amygdala 

 

Function includes regulation of emotion, empathy, self awareness and assitance in motor control. Also pain judged by a degree

Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition
Important in voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression and the sense of smell and mood
Term
Parietal Lobe
Definition
The major center for the reception and evaluation of most sensory information except for smell, hearing, and vision
Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition
Functions in the reception and intergration of visual input. NOt distinct on where it begins and ends
Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition

Receives and evaluates input for smell and hearing and plays an important role in memory. Separated from the rest of the cerebrum by a lateral fissure

 

Anterior and inferior portions are referred to as the "pyschic cortex" and is assocaited with brain functions as abstract thought and judgment 

Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition

The gray matter on the outer surface of the cerebrum is the cortex and clusters of gray matter deep inside the brain are nuclei 

 

The thickness of the cortex isnt uniform and ranges from 2-3 layers in primative parts and 6 layers in more advanced regions 

Term
Cerebral Medulla
Definition

Consists of fiber tracts that connect areas of the cortex to other parts of the CNS 

 

White matter between cortex and nuclei

 

Contains association fibers, commissural fibers, projection fibers 

Term
Association Fibers
Definition

"Long and Short"

 

Connect areas of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere 

Term
Commissural Fibers
Definition

Transverse Fibers 

 

Connect one hemisphere to the other 

 

Corpus callosum is the largest group

Term
Projection Fibers
Definition

Efferent and afferent 

 

Between the cerebrum and other parts of the brain form internal capsule 

Term
Fornix
Definition
C-shaped bundle carries signals form hippocampus to the hypothalamus
Term
Hippocampus
Definition

Crucial for memory formation along with the amygdala.

 

Involved with retrieval of memory like recalling someone's name

 

Lesion in the temporal lobe that affects the hippocampus can prevent the brain from moving information from short-term to long term memory  

Term
Amygdala
Definition

The part of the brain that aids in the storage of past memories 

 

Involved with the emotional overtone of that memory

Term
Dura Mater
Definition
Tough fibrous layer tht is connected to the skull. It has two layers that can separate to form dural sinus and below dura is the subdural space...between dura and arachnoid mater
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition

Covers the subarachnoid space which contains the CSF that helps cushion the brain and cord 

 

Arachnoid space between arachnoid and pia mater 

Term
Pia Mater
Definition
Attaches directly to the brain
Term
Blood Supply to the Brain
Definition

Brain recieves blood from the internal carotids (anterior circulation) and verterbral arteries (posterior circulation)

 

Vertebral arteries form the basilar artery which divides at the pons into the two posterior cerebral arteries 

 

The basilar artery and in the internal carotids both contribute to the circle of willis 

 

Blood supply to the forebrain is derived from the 2 internal carotids and from the basilar 

 

Each interal carotid enters the SA space by way of the roof of the cavernous sinus 

Term
Middle Cerebral Artery
Definition

Continuation of the internal carotid

 

Recieves 60-80% of carotid BF

 

Supplies 2/3 of the lateral surface of the brain 

Term
Posterior Cerebral Artery
Definition

Terminal branches of the basilar artery

 

Generally supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries, however about 25% of population the internal carotid persists as the primary source of blood by way of large posterior communicating artery 

Term
Circle of Willis
Definition

Posterior Cerebral Arteries

 

Posterior Communicating Arteries

 

Internal Carotid Arteries

 

Anterior Communicating Arteries 

 

 

Term
Anterior Blood Flow to the Circle of Willis
Definition

Aorta

 

Brachiocephalic Trung 

 

Common Carotid

 

Internal Carotid

 

Circle of Willis 

Term
Posterior Blood Flow to the Circle of Willis
Definition

Aorta

 

Subclavian

 

Vertebral

 

Basilar 

Term
Deep Veins of the Brain
Definition

Drain the thalamus and choroid plexus

 

The 2 internal cerebral veins unite beneath the corpus callosum to form the great cerebral vein of Galen 

 

Drain out through jugular 

Term
Cerebral Blood Flow Facts
Definition

700-850 mL/min

 

Autoregulation: the capacity of a tissue to regulate its blood supply

 

Most rapid source of autoregulation is the intraluminal pressure within the arterioles 

 

2nd most rapid is hydrogen ion concentration in the CNS (CO2 causes dilation) 

Term
Blood Brain Barrier
Definition

Tight junctions around capillaries which are only permeable to lipid soluble and very small molecules 

 

Sodium is pumped in and potassium is pumped out

 

ECF that bathes neuron accounts for 15% of the brain's total volume 

Term
Blood-CSF Barrier
Definition

Resides in the specialized ependymal cells that line the ventricles/choroid plexus

 

Term
Chorodial Epithelium is different from ependymal epithelium:
Definition

Cillia repaced by microvilli

 

Cells are bonded by tight junctions

 

Epithelium contains numerous enzymes involved in transport of ions and metabolites 

Term
Spinal Cord
Definition

Starts at the foramen magnum 

 

Ascending fibers= afferent= sensory

 

Descending fibers= efferent= motor

 

Spinal reflex arcs take sensory impulse into the cord and go right back out to the motor neuron and allows very quick action to take place 

 

Grey matter is on the inside and the white matter is on the outside 

Term
Spinal Anatomy
Definition

C1= atalas= holds head up

 

C2= axis= rotates head on it 

 

Cervial: C1-C7, 8 crainal nerves

 

Thoracic: T1-T12, 12 thoracic vertebrae

 

Lumbar: L1-L5, 5 lumbar vertebra

 

Sacral: S1-S5, 5 sacral vertebrae 

Term
Conus Medullaris
Definition
L1 the spinal cord narrows
Term
Conus Equinas
Definition
Nerves travel down below the fused sacral area
Term
Spinal Cord Blood Supply
Definition

2 verterbrals give off anterior and posterior spinal branches

 

Anterior branches fuse and form the anterior spinal artery 

 

Posterior spinal arteries descend along the line of attachment of the dorsal nerve roots on each side

 

Radiculospinal bracnhes from the verterbrals and from the intercostals 

 

Artery of Adamkiewicz is the largest radiculospinal artery 

Term
Artery of Adamkiewicz
Definition

Supplies the lower 2/3 of the anterior cord

 

Originated between T9-T11

 

Damage to this artery the patient is at risk for postoperative paraplegia with incontinence 

Term
Cord Veins
Definition

Anterior and Posterior Spinal Veins

 

Drain outward along the nerve roots

 

Obstruction to venous outflow will result in inflammaiton of the spinal cord eith progressive loss of function 

Term
Nerve Roots
Definition

32 nerve roots sheathed by the pia mater and float in CSF

 

33 vertebra house and protect the cord

 

Extradural veins have no valves and reflux of blood from the segmental veins territories 

 

Adult level of spinal cord ending (L1-L2) does not occur until 3 weeks post birth 

Term
Spinal Stenosis
Definition

Lumbosacral roots are often affected by lumbar spinal stenosis where the vertebral canal is narrowed d/t prolapsing disks or boney osteophytes 

 

95% of immediately above or below L5 

Term
Circulation of CSF
Definition

Choroid Plexus

 

Lateral Ventricles

 

Intraventricular Foramen of Monroe

 

Third Ventricle

 

Aquaduct of Sylvius

 

Fourth Ventricle

 

Foramen of Magendie & Luschka

 

Central Spinal Canal

 

SA Space

 

Reabsorbed by the arachnoid villi 

Term
Neurons
Definition

Functional and structural units of the nervous system

 

Generate and conducte electrical changes (nerve impulses)

 

Form a shell or cortex on the surface of the cerebral and cerebellar hemisphere

 

Nuclei are clusters of neurons buried within the white matter 

Term
Neuroglia
Definition

Nerve glue (connective tissue of the nervous system)

 

Provide nourishment and support for neurons 

 

Outnumber neurons 5:1

Term
Neuroglia
Definition

Schwann Cells

 

Oligodendrocytes

 

Astrocytes

 

Ependymal Cells

 

Satellite Cells 

Term
Schwann Cells
Definition

Form the myelin sheath around the peripheral axons

 

NOT found in CNS, only PNS 

Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
Form the myelin sheath around the axons of the CNS
Term
Microglia
Definition
Phagocytic cells of CNS
Term
Astrocytes
Definition
Regulate passage of molecules from the blood to the brain
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
Specialized cells that line the ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord
Term
Satellite Cells
Definition
Support neuron cell bodies and the ganglia of the PNS
Term
Axondendritic
Definition
Excitatory in their effect on target neurons
Term
Axosomatic
Definition
Mostly inhibitory in effect on target neurons
Term
Perikaryon
Definition
Cytoplasm aroung the nucleus/soma of the nerve cell
Term
Electrical Synapses
Definition

Tightly couples

 

No synaptic delay

 

Modulation is not possible

 

Function to ensure synchronus activity

Term
Unmyelinated Fibers
Definition

1 m/sec

 

All contain Na and K and produce action potential 

 

Conduction is slower

 

thicker the fiber the faster the conduction 

Term
Myelinated Fibers
Definition

100 m/sec

 

Myelin sheath provides insulation for the axon

 

Nodes of Ranvier cause intrerruption, saltatory conduction

 

Much faster rate 

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