Term
| What are the three main functions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
1) maintain homeostasis (keep controlled conditions within limits that maintain life)
2) perceptions, behaviors, memories, and all voluntary movement
3) innervate |
|
|
Term
| What are the two divisions of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) |
|
|
Term
| What does the CNS consist of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the CNS responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Thoughts, emotions and memories. |
|
|
Term
| What is the CNS the origin of? |
|
Definition
| Impulses that stimulate muscles to contract and glands to secrete. |
|
|
Term
| What does the PNS consist of? |
|
Definition
| All nervous tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord (spinal nerves, cranial nerves, named nerves, ganglia and sensory receptors). |
|
|
Term
| What are the three divisions of the PNS? |
|
Definition
| Somatic Nervous System (SNS), Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Enteric Nervous System (ENS). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brings sensory information from special sensory receptors in the head, body wall and limbs to the CNS and brings voluntary motor commands from the CNS to the skeletal muscle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Brings sensory information from the organs (viscera) to the CNS and brings involuntary motor commands from the CNS to the smooth (involuntary) muscle of the organs. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Its sensory neurons monitor chemical changes within the GI tract and the stretching of its wall via the enteric plexus. Motor neurons govern contraction of the smooth muscle of the GI tract, secretions of the digestive organs, and activity of the endocrine cells (hormone production). |
|
|
Term
| What does the enteric plexus do? |
|
Definition
| It allows the sensory neurons to monitor chemical changes in the GI tract and the stretching of its walls. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single cell responsible for sensing, thinking, remembering, controlling muscle activity and regulating glandular secretions. |
|
|
Term
| What type of neuron is afferent, receives information from stimulus in the PNS and brings it to the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of neuron is efferent and carries motor commands from CNS to PNS to effector cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of neuron analyzes and stores sensory information and makes decisions on how to react to it, the type that most neurons in the body are. |
|
Definition
| Interneurons (association neurons) |
|
|
Term
| What fills the space left by injured neurons that do not regenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is found inbetween neurons that protects, supports, and nourishes them and makes up half the volume of the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the Neuroglia cells of the CNS? |
|
Definition
| Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the neuroglia of the PNS? |
|
Definition
| Schwann cells, and satellite cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A tumor of the neuroglia. Usually malignant and grow rapidly, very aggressive. |
|
|
Term
| What is any process coming off the cell body called? |
|
Definition
| Nerve Fiber (dendrites and axons). |
|
|
Term
| What is the control center of the neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are Nissl Bodies found and what are they responsible for? |
|
Definition
| They are found in the cell body and they are responsible for protein synthesis, growth of the neuron and also aids in regeneration of the axon in the PNS. |
|
|
Term
| What are dendrites responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Receiving information (input). |
|
|
Term
| What is the one axon in each cell body responsible for? |
|
Definition
| Sending information to another neuron (output). |
|
|
Term
| What is the cone shaped elevation that connects the axon to the cell body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st part of the axon called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the junction between the axon hillock and the initial segment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are impulses initiated in most neurons then sent along the axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the swelling at the end of the axon terminal that contributes to the synapse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of communication between two neurons or a neuron and an effector cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an effector cell? |
|
Definition
| A cell that is being targeted by a nerve impulse. |
|
|
Term
| What are the small sacs containing neurotransmitter found inside the synaptic end bulb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
| A chemical that carries an impulse from one neuron to another or from one neuron to an effector cell. |
|
|
Term
| What is the axon collateral? |
|
Definition
| The side branch of an axon. |
|
|
Term
| What is the fine process at the end of an axon collateral or axon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| A fat and protein sheath covering the axon produced by neuroglia. |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
| To insulate the axon and speed the impulse conduction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of neuroglia that produces myelin in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of exposed axon between Schwann cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unit of neuroglia that produces myelin in the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the coating of Schwann that covers and protects the myelin sheath of neurons in the PNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps regenerate an injury in the myelin sheath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Neurons of what division of the nervous system have no neurolemma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of the spinal cord or brain that is comprised of myelinated processes of neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of spinal cord or brain comprised of unmyelinated processes of neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a multipolar neuron? |
|
Definition
| Many processes branching from the cell body. |
|
|
Term
| What is a bipolar neuron? |
|
Definition
| Two processes branching from the cell body. |
|
|
Term
| What is the one process that branches off the cell body and gives way to the axon and the dendrites? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an anaxonic neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ability to change based on experience? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what condition can damage to dendrites and myelinated axons be repaired in the PNS? |
|
Definition
| If the cell body remains intact, the schwann cells remain active and scar tissue does not grow too rapidly. |
|
|
Term
| Why is there little to no repair in the CNS tissue despite the condition of the cell body? |
|
Definition
| Because of the absence of the neurolemma. |
|
|
Term
| What is neurogenesis and where does it occur? |
|
Definition
| The creation or birth of new neurons in the CNS. |
|
|
Term
| What stimulates the formation and regeneration of CNS neurons and astrocytes (neuroglia) in the hippocampus? |
|
Definition
| Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF). |
|
|
Term
| What are the three reasons for poor nervous regeneration in the CNS? |
|
Definition
1. No neurolemma created by the oligodendrocytes when forming the CNS myelin sheath
2. Absence of schwann cells makes tube regeneration impossible.
3. Astrocytes proliferate rapidly creating scar tissue and making a physical barrier to new neurons. |
|
|
Term
| What do the nerves in the PNS have that make a damaged axon have a good chance of repairing itself? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps to repair in the PNS? |
|
Definition
1. Nissl bodies break down and spread through cell body.
2. Axon distal to the injury degnerates and breaks down leaving the neurolemma intact. (Wallerian Degeneration)
3. Proximal part of injured axon up to the Node of Ranvier breaks down. (Retrograde degeneration)
4. Schwann cells multiply and grow together creating a regeneration tube.
5. Regeneration tube guides the axon through re-growth across the injured area and into the space previously occupied by the distal axon. |
|
|
Term
| What is the conscious or subconscious awareness of external or internal stimuli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the type of reaction generated by the sensation determined by? |
|
Definition
| The nerve impulse's ultimate CNS destination. |
|
|
Term
| The ultimate CNS destination of the Spinal Cord controls the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ultimate CNS destination of the Lower Brain stem controls the : |
|
Definition
| heart rate, breathing rate |
|
|
Term
| The ultimate CNS destination of the Thalamus of the brain controls the: |
|
Definition
| touch, pain, hearing taste, and crudeness of location. |
|
|
Term
| The ultimate CNS destination of the Cerebral cortex controls the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of meaning of sensations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What must happen in order for there to be the perception of a sensation? |
|
Definition
| It must reach the thalamus and cerebral cortex. |
|
|
Term
| What are sensory modalities? |
|
Definition
| Types of sensation, such as hearing, touch, pain adn vision. |
|
|
Term
| Each sensory neuron carries information for how many modalities? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of general senses? |
|
Definition
| Somatic senses and visceral senses. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two classes of sensory modalities? |
|
Definition
| General senses and special senses. |
|
|
Term
| What are the somatic senses? |
|
Definition
| Tactile, thermal, pain and proprioception. |
|
|
Term
| What are the visceral senses? |
|
Definition
| The monitoring of conditions within the internal organs. |
|
|
Term
| What are the special senses? |
|
Definition
| Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium. |
|
|
Term
| What is a specialized cell or dendrite of a sensory neuron that monitors a particular condition in the internal or external environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the area of skin or tissue innervated by one sensory receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each sensory receptor responds to how many types of stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four steps of sensation? |
|
Definition
1. Stimulation of the sensory receptor. (Within the receptive field)
2. Transduction of the stimulus. (Receptor converts stimulus to graded potential)
3. Generation of Impulses. (Graded potential creates an impulse that travels towards CNS)
4. Integration of Sensor Input. (Specific CNS region receives and interprets impulse) |
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory neurons that propagate nerve impulses from the PNS to the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the type of sensory receptor structure that consists of bare dendrites with no structural specialization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure of the sensory receptors deals with pain, thermal, tickle, itch and some touch sensations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of structure of the sensory receptors consists of dendrites enclosed in a connective tissue capsule? |
|
Definition
| Encapsulated nerve endings. |
|
|
Term
| What type of structure in sensory receptors consists of a synapse with first order neurons? |
|
Definition
| Separate Cells, that deal with the special senses. |
|
|
Term
| What is the type of potential that is produced by free nerve endings, encapsulated nerve endings, and olfactory receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of potential is produced by the special cells and is responsible for vision, hearing, taste and balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of sensory receptor is found at or near the surface of the body and responsible for stimuli originating outside the body and provide information about the outside environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sensory receptors are located in the blood vessels, visceral organs, and nervous system that provide information about internal environment and conditions which are not consciously perceived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptors that are located in muscles, tendons, joints and the inner ear that are responsible for knowing body position and movement as well as muscle length and tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptors that detect mechanical pressure and stretching (i.e. touch, pressure, vibration, propioreception, hearing and balance.)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptors that detect changes in temperature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the types of sensory receptors that detect physical or chemical damage resulting in the perception of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptors that detect light striking the retina? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptors that detect chemicals in the mouth, nose and body fluids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is adaptation in sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
| The decrease in amplitude of generator or receptor potentials during a maintained constant stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the frequency of nerve impulses in a first order neuron during a prolonged stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sensory receptors adapt very quickly and are specialized for detecting changes in a particular stimulus? |
|
Definition
| Rapidly Adapting Receptors (Phasic). |
|
|
Term
| What type of sensory receptors adapt slowly and continue to trigger nerve impulses throughout a stimulus? |
|
Definition
| Slowly Adapting Receptors (Tonic). |
|
|
Term
| Do phasic or tonic receptors deal with pressure, touch and smell? |
|
Definition
| Phasic (Rapidly Adapting). |
|
|
Term
| Do phasic or tonic receptors deal with pain, body position and chemical composition of the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of sensations deal with stimulation to the sensory receptors of the skin and subcutaneous layer, mucous membranes of the mouth, vagina, anus, muscles, tendons, joints and inner ear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What modalities do the somatic sensations have? |
|
Definition
| Tactile, thermal, nociception and proprioception. |
|
|
Term
| What modalities do the tactile sensations have? |
|
Definition
| Touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of touch of the tactile sensations? |
|
Definition
| Crude touch and discriminative touch. |
|
|
Term
| What is the sense that something has contacted the skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sense that gives specific information such as exact point touched, shape, size and texture? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the rapidly adapting touch receptors of discriminative touch located in the dermal papillae of hairless skin such as the finger tips and palms of the hand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the rapidly adapting touch receptors found in hairy skin wrapped around the hair follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the slowly adapting touch receptors that are a free nerve ending, discriminative touch mechanoreceptors found in the fingers, lips and external genitalia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the slowly adapting touch receptors, encapsulated deep in the dermis, in the ligaments and tendons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pressure received by? |
|
Definition
| Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles. |
|
|
Term
| What are the rapidly adapting receptors found in the dermis underlying mucous membranes, around joints, tendons, muscles, periosteum, mammary glands, external genitalia, pancreas and urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the rapidly adapting receptors found in the dermis underlying mucous membranes, around joints, tendons, muscles, periosteum, mammary glands, external genitalia, pancreas and urinary bladder? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is received as rapidly repetitive sensory signals from tactile receptors using both Meissner and Pacinian corpuscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the stimulation of free nerve endings by certain chemicals such as bradykinin and often the result of an inflammatory response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the only sensation one can not elicit oneself? It is mediated by free nerve endings and Pacinian Corpuscles. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what temperatures are cold receptors activated? |
|
Definition
| 10 to 40 degrees centigrade. |
|
|
Term
| At what temperatures are warm receptors activated? |
|
Definition
| Between 32 and 48 degrees centigrade. |
|
|
Term
| Below 20 degrees centigrade what kind of receptors receive temperature and what is the result? |
|
Definition
| Nociceptors receive the signal and results in pain. |
|
|
Term
| What protects human by signaling the presence of noxious, tissue-damaging conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do nociceptors sense? |
|
Definition
| They sense tissue damage or noxious stimuli, not pain. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Free nerve endings in every tissue of the body except the brain. |
|
|
Term
| Intense thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli activates what kind of sensory receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can pain continue even after the stimulus has been removed? |
|
Definition
| Because nociceptors are very slow adapting and the chemicals that stimulate them linger, causing pain to continue. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five types of pain? |
|
Definition
| Fast, slow, superficial somatic, deep somatic and visceral. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A-delta fibers (medium-diameter, myelinated axons) |
|
|
Term
| Chronic, burning, aching or throbbing pain in skin, deep tissues or internal organs would characterize what type of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute, sharp or pricking pain not felt in deeper tissues of the body characterizes what type of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain arising from the nociceptors of the skin characterizes what type of pain? |
|
Definition
| Superficial somatic pain. |
|
|
Term
| Pain arising from the nociceptors in the skeletal muscles, joints, tendons and fascia characterizes what type of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pain that arises from nociceptors in the visceral organs characterizes what type of pain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is pain that is not precisely localized to the area of injury or stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What makes referred pain possible? |
|
Definition
| The site of stimulus and the area where referred pain is felt are innervated by the same segments of the spinal cord. |
|
|
Term
| The sensation where a person can perceive touch, itch, vibration, or pain as coming from an amputated limb is called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is phantom limb sensation possible? |
|
Definition
| Because the cerebral cortex interprets stimulus from the proximal axon of a neuron that used to go to the limb as still coming from that limb and neurons in the brain that previously received sensory impulses from the limb are still active. |
|
|
Term
| What type of sensation tells us about the body's position and movement in space? |
|
Definition
| Proprioceptive sensations. |
|
|
Term
| What is the perception of body movements? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The degree of muscle contraction, position of joints, tension of tendons and ligaments, and orientation of the head relative to the ground during movement all contribute to what sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the proprioceptors within the skeletal muscle that detect sudden or prolonged stretch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the proprioceptors that are found at the musculotendinous junction that protect against excessive tension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do the muscle spindles do to stop muscle damage? |
|
Definition
| Send a message to the spinal cord which sends a motor response to involuntarily contract the muscle to stop stretching. |
|
|
Term
| What are the proprioceptors found in ligaments and joint capsules that adjust reflex inhibition of the adjacent muscles when excessive strain is placed on a joint? |
|
Definition
| Joint Kinesthetic Receptors. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of electrical signals in neurons? |
|
Definition
| Action potentials and graded potentials. |
|
|
Term
| What are action potentials? |
|
Definition
| Communication over short and long distances. |
|
|
Term
| What are graded potentials? |
|
Definition
| Communication over short distances only. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in charge on the inside of the membrane versus the charge on the outside of the membrane creating a voltage difference across the membrane that acts as potential energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do graded and action potentials take place? |
|
Definition
| Because ion channels in the membrane open and close allowing charged ions to pass through. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two main types of ion channels? |
|
Definition
| Leakage channels and gated channels. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of gated channels? |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels and mechanically-gated ion channels. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of ion channel opens in response to a chance in membrane potential and are used in action potentials? |
|
Definition
| Voltage-gated ion channels. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of ion channel opens and closes in response to specific chemical stimuli and is found in auditory receptors in the ears, monitor stomach stretching and as touch receptors in the skin? |
|
Definition
| Mechanically-gated ion channels. |
|
|
Term
| How is resting membrane potential created? |
|
Definition
| Through an equal buildup of anions inside the cell membrane and cations outside the cell membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What is potential energy measured in and what does it average at? |
|
Definition
| It is measured in millivolts and averages at -70mV. |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the cell maintains the normal membrane potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is called when due to the opening of ion channels in the cell's membrane, positive ions are allowed to enter the cytoplasm and make the potential less negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when due to opening of ion channels in the cell's membrane, negative ions are allowed to enter the cytoplasm and make the potential more negative? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two factors maintain the resting membrane potential? |
|
Definition
| The unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane (Na+ and Cl- on outside of cell and K+ on inside). And, the membrane being 50-100 times more permeable to K+ than to Na+. |
|
|
Term
| What are the steps of an action potential? |
|
Definition
| Resting state, depolarization (threshold), repolarization and refractory period. |
|
|
Term
| When Na+ channels allow Na+ to rush into a cell what does it cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When K+ channels allow K+ to rush out of a cell what does it cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do impulses travel from one body part to another? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is continuous conduction? |
|
Definition
| Unmyelinated axons conducting impulses by depolarizing each adjacent portion of the axon. |
|
|
Term
| What is saltatory conduction? |
|
Definition
| When in myelinated axons, only the nodes of ranvier need to be depolarized and the impulse appears to leap across the membrane from node to node very quickly. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two determinants of the speed of nerve impulse propagation? |
|
Definition
| 1. Diameter of axon 2. myelination. |
|
|
Term
| What fiber has the largest diameter axons, are myelinated, and a small refractory period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fiber has the 2nd largest diameter axons, is myelinated, and has a small refractory period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which fiber has the smallest axon diameter, is unmyelinated, and has a long refractory period? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the intensity of a stimulus determined by? |
|
Definition
| The frequency of impulses and number of neurons stimulated, not by the strength of stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| What carries the electrical impulse across the synapse from the neuron to the second neuron or effector cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are gap junctions seen? |
|
Definition
| visceral smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and developing embryos. |
|
|
Term
| What are the advantages to an electrical synapse? |
|
Definition
| Faster communication, synchronization of group fibers, and with a two-way transmission it can move back and forth. |
|
|
Term
| What is the method by which one neuron transfers its action potential to another neuron or its target cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the synapse depolarizes the effector cell but less than threshold and causes the post-synaptic membrane to become more excitable since it is closer to threshold than normal? |
|
Definition
| EPSP (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential) |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the synapse hyperpolarizes the efector cell and causes the post-synaptic membrane to become less excitable since it is farther from threshold than normal? |
|
Definition
| IPSP (Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential) |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when an EPSP is enough to reach threshold and fire an action potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when an action potential is fired by a neurotransmitter from several presynaptic endbulbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when an action potential is fired by a build up of neurotransmitter released from one presynaptic end bulb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What will happen if the neurotransmitter is not removed from the synaptic cleft when the action potentials stop? |
|
Definition
| They will continue to stimulate the receptors on the postsynaptic membrane, resulting in overstimulation (if an excitatory neurotransmitter) or over inhibition (if an inhibitory neurotransmitter). |
|
|
Term
| What are the three methods of removal of a neurotransmitter from the postsynaptic cleft? |
|
Definition
1. Diffusion into the ECF
2. Enzymatic degradation
3. Re-uptake by presynaptic membrane |
|
|
Term
| What is an agent that enhances synaptic transmission or mimics the natural effect of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an agent that blocks the action of a neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two classes that neurotransmitters can be divided into? |
|
Definition
| Small-molecule neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three kinds of small-molecule neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
| Acetylcholine (ACh), Amino Acids and Biogenic Amines. |
|
|
Term
| This neurotransmistter is released by PNS neurons and some CNS neurons, it can be inhibitory or excitatory, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This amino acid is mostly used as the building block of proteins, but is also used as a neurotransmitter, what is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens when ACh (acetylcholine) is excitatory? |
|
Definition
| It goes to neuromuscular junction to create muscular contractions. |
|
|
Term
| What happens when ACh (acetylcholine) is inhibitory? |
|
Definition
| It slows the heart rate via the vagus nerve. |
|
|
Term
| What makes ACh (acetylcholine) inactive how does it do this? |
|
Definition
| The enzyme acetylcholine esterase breaks it down into acetate and choline. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two excitatory amino acids? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two inhibitory amino acids? |
|
Definition
| GABA (gamma aminobutyric acid) and glycine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common inhibitory transmitter in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four biogenic amines? |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine and seratonin. |
|
|
Term
| What are the biogenic amines used for waking up, dreaming and regulating mood that are released by the adrenal gland and also known as adrenaline? |
|
Definition
| Norepinephrine and epinephrine. |
|
|
Term
| What is the biogenic amine that is involved in emotional responses and skeletal muscle tone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the biogenic amine that is found in the brain and is thought to be involved in sensory perception, temperature regulation, mood control and induction of sleep? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three neuropeptides with strong analgesic properties? |
|
Definition
| Enkaphalin, endorphin and dynorphin. |
|
|
Term
| What is the neuropeptide that transmits pain-related impulses from the PNS to the CNS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neuropeptide suppresses the release of substance P? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the spinal cord located? What surrounds and protects it? |
|
Definition
| It is located in the vertebral canal surrounded by the vertebrae. |
|
|
Term
| The vertebrae, spinal meninges, vertebral ligaments and cerebrospinal fluid all do what for the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the three-layer connective tissue protective covering of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the superficial layer of the spinal meninges made of dense irregular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the middle layer of the spinal meninges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the arachnoid mater and the dura mater called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the innermost layer of the spinal meninges that is made of a thin transparent layer of CT that adheres to the brain and spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which of the layers of the spinal meninges is avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are blood vessels sheathed by as they supply the spinal cord with oxygen and nutrients? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the triangular-shaped membranous extensions of the pia mater suspending the spinal cord within the dural sheath? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protects the spinal cord from shock and sudden displacement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the spinal cord run? |
|
Definition
| From the medulla oblongata to the superior border of the 2nd lumbar vertebra. |
|
|
Term
| Where are the two enlargements in the length of the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| Cervical enlargement from C4 to T1 and Lumbar enlargement from T9 to T12. |
|
|
Term
| What is the conical tapering of the spinal cord at it's most inferior aspect (around the L1/L2 level)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the extension of the pia mater that arises from the conus medullaris and continues to the coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the bilateral paths of communication between the spinal cord and the nerves innervating specific regions of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each spinal nerve is connected to the spinal cord by what? |
|
Definition
| Two bundles of axons called roots. |
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves are there? |
|
Definition
| 8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal. |
|
|
Term
| Where do sensory impulses enter the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| On neurons in the dorsal roots. |
|
|
Term
| What is the swelling in the dorsal nerve root that contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do motor impulses leave the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
| On axons in the ventral roots. |
|
|
Term
| Where are white matter and gray matter located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the unmyelinated nerve tissue that forms a butterfly-shape in the center of the spinal cord with its 'wings' reaching the superficial corners of the cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the myelinated and unmyelinated nerve tissues that surrounds the gray matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three sections that the gray matter is divided up into? |
|
Definition
| Ventral gray horns, dorsal gray horns, and lateral gray horns. |
|
|
Term
| What is the section where the gray matter extends toward the anterior aspects of the spinal cord that contains motor neurons that will carry the impulses that contract skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the section where the gray matter extends toward the posterior aspects of the spinal cord that contain sensory nuclei? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the small extensions of gray matter laterally that do not reach the superficial aspect of the spinal cord that contain motor neurons that carry impulses from the autonomic nervous system that regulate smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three sections that white matter is divided into bilaterally? |
|
Definition
| Anterior white columns, posterior white columns and lateral white columns. |
|
|
Term
| What are the columns of white matter that contain bundles of axons with common origin or destination that carry similar information called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the ascending tracks of white matter that conduct nerve impulses towards the brain (ascending) called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the columns of white matter that conduct nerve impulses from the brain down the spinal cord (descending) called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three ways that the tracts along the spinal cord white matter can be named? |
|
Definition
1. Position in the cord's white matter.
2. Where it begins and ends.
3. The direction of nerve impulse propagation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the rule regarding the naming of tracts? |
|
Definition
| The position of the dendrites and cell bodies comes first and the position of the axon terminals comes last in the name of the tract. |
|
|
Term
| Which route on the spinal cord carries impulses sensing pain, temperature, deep pressure and crude touch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which route on the spinal cord carries impulses sensing proprioception, discriminative touch, two point discrimination, pressure and vibration? |
|
Definition
| Posterior (Dorsal) Columns. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two primary routes with with sensory information from receptors travel to the brain? |
|
Definition
| Spinothalamic tracts and posterior columns. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two ways that motor output travels from the brain down the spinal cord descendingly? |
|
Definition
| Direct and indirect pathways. |
|
|
Term
| This motor output that travels from the brain down the spinal cord carries nerve impulses from the cerebral cortex down the spinal cord to initiate precise voluntary movements of skeletal muscle, which is it? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three tracts of the direct pathways? |
|
Definition
| Lateral corticospinal, anterior corticospinal, and corticobulbar tracts. |
|
|
Term
| Which motor output travels from the brain down the spinal cord and carries nerve impulses from the brain/brainstem down the spinal cord to program automatic movements, help coordinate body movements with visual stimuli, maintain skeletal muscle tone and posture and plays a role in equilibrium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three indirect pathways tracts? |
|
Definition
| Rubrospinal, tectospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts. |
|
|
Term
| What are fast, predictable, automatic responses to changes in the environment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which reflex originates in the brain stem and travels through the cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which reflexes involve contraction of the skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which reflexes involves responses of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands and are not perceived? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway that a nerve impulse takes to create a reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five functional components of a reflex arc? |
|
Definition
| Sensory receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, and effector. |
|
|
Term
| What is a single sensory neuron creating a synapse with a single motor neuron in the integrating center known as? |
|
Definition
| A monosynaptic reflex arc. |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the integrating center requires one or more interneurons to carry the impulse from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron within the gray matter? |
|
Definition
| Polysynaptic reflex arc. (More common) |
|
|
Term
| What carries the motor command initiated by the integrating center out of the CNS to the part of the body needed to respond to the stimulus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the action of the effector? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the effector cell is a skeletal muscle what is its action called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the effector cell is smooth muscle, cardiac muscle or a gland what is its action called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What responds to a specific stimulus and initiates a nerve impulse if the stimulus is strong enough? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What propagates the nerve impulse initiated by a receptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the section of gray matter in the CNS that allows the sensory neuron and the motor neuron to communicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why can reflexes gives us useful information on the state of the nervous system? |
|
Definition
| Because they are very predictable. |
|
|
Term
| What is the monosynaptic reflex designed to do? |
|
Definition
| Protect the muscle from over stretching. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps to a stretch reflex? |
|
Definition
1. Muscle stretch stimulates muscle spindles.
2. Muscle spindle generates nerve impulse that travels along somatic sensory neuron through dorsal root into dorsal horn of spinal cord.
3. Synapse created between sensory and motor neuron in integrating center (gray matter)
4. If strong enough, synapse's EPSP initiates an impulse along motor neuron through peripheral nerves to appropriate muscle.
5. ACh is released at the Neuromuscular junction creating muscle action potentials in the stretched muscle causing it to contract and counteract stretching. |
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the muscle of the stretch reflex is contracting and the muscle that opposes that muscles relaxes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is it called when the motor impulse leaving the spinal cord is on the same side that the sensory impulse enters on? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is muscle tone regulated by? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does muscle keep its normal tone? |
|
Definition
| The brain allows muscle spindles to variably activate keeping a light level of contraction in the muscles that give it its normal tone. |
|
|
Term
| What controls muscle tension by relaxing the muscle to protect from injury caused by overtension? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of reflex arc is the tendon reflex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps of the tendon reflex? |
|
Definition
1. Tension on muscle stimulates the tendon organ sensory receptor.
2. Nerve impulses propagate along a sensory neuron in the dorsal root of the spinal nerve and into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
3. Sensory neuron synapses in the spinal cord's gray matter with an inhibitory interneuron which synapses with a motor neuron.
4. Neurotransmitter inhibits the motor neuron to that muscle generating fewer nerve impulses (IPSP).
5. Overtensed muscle relaxes and tension is relieved. |
|
|
Term
| What is the polysynaptic reflex that is designed to protect you from a potentially harmful stimulus? |
|
Definition
| Flexor or withdrawal reflex. |
|
|
Term
| What type of reflex is the flexor/withdrawal reflex? |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral polysynaptic. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps to the flexor/withdrawal reflex? |
|
Definition
1. Nociceptors stimulated by tack.
2. Nerve impulse propagates to spinal cord.
3. Sensory neuron activates interneurons that extend to many spinal cord segments.
4. Interneurons activate many motor neurons from many different spinal cord segments generating nerve impulses along peripheral nerves toward the muscles.
5. ACh released into synapse of the NMJ stimulating the muscles of the thigh to contract pulling leg away from tack. |
|
|
Term
| When the muscle stimulated is controlled by a different spinal segment than the sensory area stimulated what type of reflex arc is it considered? |
|
Definition
| Intersegmental reflex arc. |
|
|
Term
| The crossed extensor reflex is what kind of reflex? |
|
Definition
| Polysynaptic, contralateral reflex arc. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five steps to the crossed extensor reflex arc? |
|
Definition
1. Tack stimulates nociceptor in right foot.
2. Nerve impulses travel to spinal cord.
3. in spinal cord, sensory neuron activates several interneurons that cross the anterior and posterior gray commisures at several spinal cord levels above and below the initial stimulation.
4. Interneurons synapse and excite motor neurons on the left side generating nerve impulses toward the periphery of the body.
5. Neurons release ACh into the NMJs of the extensor muscles on the LEFT thigh causing it to straighten and prepare to bear weight to balance. |
|
|
Term
| What type of innervation occurs in both the crossed extensor and flexor/withdrawal reflexes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do spinal nerves and their branches do? |
|
Definition
| Serve all parts of the body and connect the CNS to the muscles, sensory receptors and glands. |
|
|
Term
| To which nervous system to spinal nerves belong? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are named and numbered for the vertebral level from which they emerge from the spinal cord? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All spinal nerves emerge from the intervertebral foramen (IVF) except which? Where does it emerge from? |
|
Definition
| The C1 nerve which emerges from between he atlas C1 and the occipital bone of the skull. |
|
|
Term
| What is a spinal nerve made up of ? |
|
Definition
| A dorsal and ventral root from the spinal cord and has both sensory and motor neurons- considered a mixed nerve. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One that contains both sensory and motor neurons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The connective tissue covering of the axon. |
|
|
Term
| What is a group of axons called? What are they surrounded by? |
|
Definition
| They are called a fascicle and are surrounded by perineurium. |
|
|
Term
| What is a group of fascicles bundled together along with blood vessels and fat and are surrounded by epineurium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the branches that spinal nerves divide into after exiting the IVF called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the deep muscles and skin of the posterior surface of the trunk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the muscles of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the trunk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges when it re-enters the IVF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervate components of the autonomic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a network of nerves made up of multiple nerve fibers from anterior rami and adjacent nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the four pairs of major plexuses? |
|
Definition
| Cervial, brachial, lumbar and sacral plexuses. |
|
|
Term
| What nerves emerge from the T2-T12 spinal nerves to travel in between the ribs and innervate structures in their immediate area? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plexus innervates the skin, muscles of the head, neck, superior part of the shoulders and chest, motor diaphragm via the phrenic nerve and motor to the deep muscles, levator scapulae and middle scalene muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plexus innervates the shoulder and upper limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The axillary emerging nerve innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Deltoid and teres muscles. |
|
|
Term
| The musculocutaneous nerve, emerging from the brachial plexus, innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and brachialis. |
|
|
Term
| The radial emerging nerve innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Triceps brachii and forearm extensors. |
|
|
Term
| The median emerging nerve innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Most of the forearm flexors. |
|
|
Term
| The ulnar emerging nerve innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Most hand muscles, and some forearm flexors. |
|
|
Term
| Which plexus innervates the anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals and part of the lower limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The femoral nerve emerging from the lumbar plexus innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The obturator nerves emerging from the lumbar plexus innervate what muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which plexus innervates the buttocks, perineum and lower limbs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sciatic nerve, emerging from the sacral plexus innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Hamstrings and adductor magnus. |
|
|
Term
| The tibial nerve, emerging from the sacral plexus, innervates what muscles? |
|
Definition
| Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris, popliteus, and some plantar flexors of the foot. |
|
|
Term
| What are the specific sections of skin innervated by sensory neurons that send information to one specific spinal nerve root? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What relays information from the somatic sensory receptors to the primary somatosensory area in the cerebral cortex and/or the cerebellum? |
|
Definition
| Somatic Sensory pathways. |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary somatosensory area of the brain known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurons conduct impulses from the somatic sensory receptors to the spinal cord or brainstem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurons conduct impulses from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neurons conduct impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cerebral cortex where conscious perception of the sensation results? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cerebral cortex controls what kind of body movements? |
|
Definition
| Precise, discrete muscular movements. |
|
|
Term
| The basal ganglia controls what body movements? |
|
Definition
| It establishes a normal level of muscle tone and integrates semivoluntary and automatic movements. |
|
|
Term
| What does the cerebellum do towards controlling body movements? |
|
Definition
| It assists cortex and basal ganglia in making body movements smooth and coordinated by maintaining balance and posture. |
|
|
Term
| What propagates motor command impulses from the brain to the skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are neurons within the brain and spinal cord gray matter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the motor neurons with pathways from the anterior horn of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What neurons travel down the spinal cord and synapse with an interneuron which then synapses with a lower motor neuron? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If there is a lesion of a lower motor neuron what type of paralysis is the result? |
|
Definition
| Ipsilateral flaccid paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| If there is a lesion of an upper motor neuron what type of paralysis is the result? |
|
Definition
| Contralateral spastic paralysis. |
|
|
Term
| Are astrocytes part of the peripheral nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the result if a neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes the post-synaptic membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chemicals that carry messages or impulses within the nervous system are called what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is C?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is D?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is E?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is F?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is G?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is H?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is I?
|
|
Definition
| Nucleus of a schwann cell. |
|
|
Term
What is J?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is B?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the arrow pointing to?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does this slide show?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is B?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is C?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is D?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is E?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is B?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is C?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is D?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is E?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reciprocal innervation of the tendon reflex in the quadriceps muscle group results in what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the C4 spinal nerve exit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is B?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is C?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is D?
|
|
Definition
| Dorsal horn of gray matter. |
|
|
Term
What is E?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is F?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is B?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is C?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is D?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is B?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is C?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is D?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is E?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is A?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is B?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is C?
|
|
Definition
| Superficial fibular nerve. |
|
|
Term
What is D?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is E?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is 2a?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is 2b?
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is 2c?
|
|
Definition
|
|
