Term
| The nerve cell body encompassing the nucleus and perikaryon is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Basophilic granules observed in the perikaryon of neurons are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Nissl bodies are representative of what organelle in neurons? |
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Definition
| Highly developed arrays of rough ER |
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Term
| What makes Nissl bodies basophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| A process that occurs in the perikaryon in response to neuronal damage resulting in perikaryon swelling and displacement of Nissl bodies and the the nucleus is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an observed change due to injury induced chromatolysis? |
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Definition
| Rearrangement of the cytoskeleton |
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Term
| The cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus in the soma is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Undigested byproducts of lysosomal activity observed in the perikaryon that accumulate with age are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neurofibrillar tanges in perikaryons are commonly observed in brain perparations from individuals with what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Extension of neurons that receive neural stimuli and transmit the input to the perikaryon are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelle (aside from nuclei) are found in the perikaryon but not in dendrites? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the neuron transmits stimuli to another cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| The short conical region of the perikaryon from which the axon arises is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The portion of the neuron plasmalemma surrounding the axon is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cytoplasm within the axon is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: Nissl bodies are absent from the axoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| What organelles are found in the axoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the basis for the categorization of neurons? |
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Definition
| Number of processes emenating from the perikaryon |
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Term
| A neuron with multiple dendrites and typically one axon is categorized as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A neuron with one axon and one dendrite is categorized as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A neuron that has a single process arises from the perikaryon that at some point branches into an axon and a dendrite is categorized as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common type of neuron? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurons are usually associated with highly specialized sensory organs? |
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Definition
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Term
| What neurons are typically found in spinal ganglia and many cranial ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anterograde flow transports in what direction in neurons? |
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Definition
| Perikaryon to the axon terminal |
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Term
| Slow anterograde flow transports what substances? |
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Definition
| Enzymes, tubulin, neurofilament subunits |
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Term
| Fast anterograde flow transports what subtances? |
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Definition
| Synaptic vesicles and enzymes involved in neurotransmitter production, mitochondria |
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Term
| Final production of most (but not all) neurotansmitters occurs where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Retrograde transport moves substances in what direction in neurons? |
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Definition
| From the axon terminus tot he cell body |
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Term
| What sort of pathogens can take advantage of retrograde transport? |
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Definition
| Neurotropic toxins and viruses |
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Term
| Horseradish peroxidase (hrp) is an enxymes used to make what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What carries Horseradish peroxidase (hrp) from the axon terminus to the perikaryon, allowing identification of the cell body? |
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Definition
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Term
| The positive end of axonal microtubules are directed toward which end of the neruon? |
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Definition
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Term
The negative end of axonal microtubules are directed toward which end of the neruon?
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Definition
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Term
| What is the microtubule associated motor protein responsible for fast anterograde axoplasmic transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What microtubule associated motor protein is responsible for retrograde axoplasmic transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which axonal ending delivers the impulse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the new impulse generated in the cell adjacent to the presynaptic terminal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the unidirectional synapse in which nervous impulses are trnasmitted via release of chemical neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of synapse functions by connected gap junction at the pre and postsynaptic terminals? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of synapse has an axon-dendrite synapse? |
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Definition
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Term
What type of synapse has an axon-cell body synapse?
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Definition
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Term
What type of synapse has an axon-axon synapse?
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Definition
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Term
| Supportive cells for neurons are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the largest neuroglial cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are protoplasmic astrocytes found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are fibrous astrocytes found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Longer processes with fewer branches are characteristic of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| A prominent nucleus and numerous short branching processes emenating from a large cell body is characteristic of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Tumors arising from glial cells are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the general functions of astrocytes? |
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Definition
| Uptake of ions and byproducts, scar tissue formation, neuron metabolic needs, contributes to the blood brain barrier |
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Term
| Where are oligodendrocytes present? |
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Definition
| Both gray and white matter? |
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Term
| Myelin sheathes surrounding axons of the CNS are formed by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the name of the small phagocytic cells in the CNS containing a triangular nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary function of microglial cells is to do what? |
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Definition
| Remove debris from damaged cells in the CNS |
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Term
| Microglial cells develop from what? |
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Definition
| Phagocytic cells of the bone marrow |
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Term
| Cuboidal/low columnar cells lining cavities in the CNS such as the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The choroid plexus is derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the primary function of the choroid plexus? |
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Definition
| Secretion of cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| Some ependymal cells can be ciliated in order to assist in what function? |
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Definition
| Movement of cerebrospinal fluid |
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Term
| Where are schwann cells located? |
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Definition
| Peripheral nervous system |
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Term
| What forms a multi-layered myelin sheath around axons in the PNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characteristic feature surrounds Schwanna cells and extends over the axon at the nodes of Ranvier but are absent in oligodendrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What envelops myelin sheathes in the PNS but not the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelin sheathes are formed from what part of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Myelin is composed primarily of what compound? |
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Definition
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Term
| Spaced breaks in the myelin sheath that expose a small portion of axons in the PNS and mark the discontinuity between two adjacent Schwann cells are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The myelin-wrapped portions of an axon between nodes of Ranvier are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Light, angled disruptions in the internodal segments of myelin sheaths representing the area in which some Schwann cell or oligodendrocyte cytoplasm is trapped is referred to as what? |
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Definition
| Schmidt-Lantermann clefts |
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Term
| Impulse conduction resulting from the insulating properties of the myelin sheath is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Action potentions are only propagated at the nodes of Ranvier, hopping from node to node, providing what advantages to AP conduction? |
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Definition
| Less energy consumed, dramatically increased conduction velocity |
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Term
| What chronic CNS disease manifests as discrete patches of demyelinated axons developing throughout the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| The CNS includes what parts of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or false: The CNS contains supporting connective tissue stroma |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes white matter white? |
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Definition
| Large amount of myelinated fibers |
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Term
| What makes gray matter gray? |
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Definition
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Term
| A mass of interwining axons, dendrites, and glial cell extensions in gray matter occupying the space between neurons and glial cells is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Clusters of gray matter surrounded by white matter is known as what in the CNS? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the orientation of white and gray matter in the brain? |
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Definition
| Gray in the cortex of cerebrum and cerebellum, white in the central region |
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Term
| What is the orientation of white and gray matter in the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Gray matter in the deep portion where it forms a characteristic "H" or "butterfly" shape, white in the periphery |
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Term
| What is contained within ventral horns of the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| Large perikaryons of multipolar neurons |
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Term
| The vestige of the embryonic neural tube lumen that resides in the center of the "H" crossbar of gray matter in the spinal cord is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the order of the meninges from outermost to innermost? |
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Definition
| Dura mater, Arachnoid, Pia mater |
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Term
| What spans the subarachnoid space and gives the arachnoid its spiderweb-like appearance? |
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Definition
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Term
| The area between the dura mater and arachnoid that can be separated due to hemorrhaging is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cavities in the brain that form a continuous channel for flow of cerebrospinal fluid is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cerebrospinal fluid secreting structure composed of ependymal cells resides in each of four dialted ventricles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What ions are found in cerebrospinal fluid? |
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Definition
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Term
| Small specialized projections of the arachnoid that extend into the dura mater, providing a means for cerebrospinal fluid reabsorption into the venous blood are referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| All portions of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord are collectively referred to as what? |
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Definition
| Peripheral Nervous System |
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Term
| Efferent motor neurons carry motor impulsues to an effector organ and originate from where? |
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Definition
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Term
| Efferent neurons that initiate skeletal muscle contraction without synapsing with intermediate neurons are classified as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Effector neurons that enter an autonomic ganglion that synapse with a second neuron which in turn innervates an effector are categorized as what? |
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Definition
| Indirect efferent neurons |
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Term
| What are the three distinct layers of connective tissue surrounding a peripheral nerve? |
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Definition
| Epineurium, Perineurium, Endoneurium |
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Term
| The outermost layer of connective tissue made mostly of collagen that protects peripheral nerves by limiting the degree to which they can be stretched is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The secondmost deep layer of connective tissue covering peripheral nerves that delineate bundles of nerve fibers into fascicles is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| The perineurium and endoneurium both contribute to what protective barrier that protexts peripheral nerve fibers from exposure to blood-borne toxins? |
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Definition
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Term
| The innermost layer of connective tissue surrounding individual peripheral axons that is bound internally by the basement membrane of Schwann cells and externally by tight junctions of the perineurium is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What types of nerves are associated with sensory ganglia? |
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Definition
| Several cranial nerves and all spinal nerves located near points where the nerves enter the CNS |
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Term
| What ganglia receive afferent impulses that are relayed to the CNS for processing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Sensory ganglia associated strictly with spinal nerves are known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Small neuroglial cells associated with pseudounipolar perikaryon in dorsal root ganglia are called what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What specialized fibroblasts lay down a collagenous capsule that surrounds each perikaryon and its associated satellite cell within dorsal root ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Postganglionic cell bodies of efferent neurons of the autonomic nervous system are found in what ganglia? |
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Definition
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Term
| The functional classification of nervous tissue that includes the motor system controlling glandular secretions and involuntary contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle is known as what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the neurotransmitter used in the synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic fibers in the autonomic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does the autonomic nervous system use direct or indirect effector neurons? |
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Definition
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Term
| The "fight or flight" response is initiated by what? |
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Definition
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What is the neurotransmitter released by the postganglionic sympathetic neuron? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is another name for the sympathetic system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system originate from? |
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Definition
| Thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord |
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|
Term
| What is the neurotransmitter released at postganglionic parasympathetic nerve endings? |
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Definition
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Term
| Ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system are found where? |
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Definition
| Near or within the effector organ |
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