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Neoplasm
nomenclature
35
Medical
Graduate
11/21/2011

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

adenoma

Definition

benign neoplasm

 

origin: glandular epithelium

Term

 

 

Papilloma

Definition

benign neoplasm

 

finger-like architecture growing into surface epithelia

Term

 

 

Carcinoma

Definition

malignant neoplasm

 

origin: epithelia

Term

 

 

squamous cell carcinoma

Definition

malignant 

origin: stratified squamous epithelia

example from: skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina

squamous metaplasia from bronchi

squamocolumnar junction of uterine cervix

marked by production of keratin

Term

 

 

transitional cell carcinoma

Definition

malignant

from transitional cell epithelium of urinary tract

Term

 

 

adenocarcinoma

Definition

malignant

 

origin: glandular epithelia of

GI mucosa, endothelium, pancreas

 

most common type of cancer

 

associated with desmoplasia:

tumor induced proliferation of non-neoplastic fibrous connective tissue

Term

 

bone

benign/malignant

Definition

 

osteoma/osteosarcoma

Term

 

skeletal muscle

benign/malignant

Definition

 

rhabdomyoma/rhabdomyosarcoma

Term

 

smooth mucle

benign/malignant

Definition

 

leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma

Term

 

blood vessels

benign/malignant

Definition

 

angioma/angiosarcoma

Term

 

cartilage

benign/malignant

Definition

 

chondroma/chondrosarcoma

Term

 

Fatty tissue

benign/malignant

Definition

 

lipoma/liposarcoma

Term

 

neoplasm of

melanocytes

benign/malignant

Definition

 

benign: nevus

malignant: melanoma

Term

 

neoplasm of

neural tissue,brain,meninges

benign/malignant

Definition

benign: meningima grade I, glioma grade I, Schwannoma, neurofibroma

 

malignant: meningioma grade IV, glioma grade IV (glioblastoma), medulloblastoma, neurofibrosarcoma

Term

 

neoplasm of germ cells

(epithelium of testes & ovaries)

benign/malignant

Definition

 

benign: Leydig cell adenoma, mature teratoma, dermoid tumor

 

malignant: seminoma, embryonal carcinoma, immature teratoma

Term

 

teratoma

Definition

 

neoplasm derived from all three germ cell layers

 

may contain structures

such as skin, bone, cartilage, teeth, and intestinal epithelium

 

malignant usually in testis

benign usually in ovaries

Term

 

Lymphoma

Definition

 

malignant tumor in lymphoid tissues

Term

 

Leukemia

Definition

 

malignant proliferation in hematopoeitic cells

Term

 

neoplasm in salivary gland

benign/malignant

Definition

benign: pleomorphic adenoma

(mixed tumor contains both epithelial and mesenchymal

components)

 

malignant: mucoepidermoid carcinoma

Term

 

 

mass

Definition

a space-occupying process

 

it may be due to a neoplasm or to a non-neoplastic

process

 

An abscess or a hematoma may cause a mass

Term

 

 

tumor

Definition

 

a neoplasm or an uncontrolled growth

 

Term

 

cancer

Definition

 

malignant neoplasm

Term

 

 

Hamartoma

Definition

not a neoplasm

 

malformation or a growth made up of an abnormal

mixture of cells and tissues normally found in the area of the body where the growth occurs

 

e.g. Hamartoma of the lung containing cartilage, bronchi and blood vessels in an abnormal arrangement

Term

 

 

Choristoma

Definition

not a neoplasm

 

congenital anomaly presenting as a mass formed by

normal tissue in an abnormal location (heterotopic tissue)

 

e.g. Heterotopic pancreatic tissue in

the duodenal submucosa or gastric wall

Term

 

 

Cyst

benign/malignant

Definition

tumor containing a lumen filled with fluid

The lumen is lined by an epithelium

 

benign: Cystadenoma lined by a glandular epithelium

malignant: Cystadenocarcinoma lined by a malignant epithelium

 

Benign cysts are much more frequent than malignant cyst therefore the term cyst usually implies benign cyst

Term

 

 

pseudocyst

Definition

 

mass including a fluid-filled lumen

NOT lined by an epithelium

Term

 

 

pseudotumor

Definition

 

space-occupying lesion mimicking clinically a tumor

Term

 

 

carcinoid tumors

Definition

 

tumors of the diffuse endocrine system

 

cannot be always classified as clearly benign or malignant

Term

 

 

granulosa cell tumors

 

Definition

sex-cord tumors of the ovaries

 

cannot be always classified as clearly benign or malignant

Term

 

 

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors

Definition

cannot be always classified as clearly benign or malignant

 

Usually these tumors follow a benign course but in some people they may show malignant behavior

 

Several criteria such as size and number of mitosis are used to determine their behavior but without absolute reliability

Term

 

 

neoplasia

Definition

uncontrolled disorderly proliferation of cells

 

can be benign or malignant

 

a tumor or a growth at the expense of function and vitality of normal tissue without benefit to the host

 

largely independent of host control mechanisms

Term

 

 

monoclonality

Definition

denotes origin from a single precursor cell

 

Most neoplasms are monoclonal

 

polyclonal proliferations are almost always nonneoplastic

Term

 

 

Dysplasia

Definition

 

precursor of malignancy usually seen in epithelia

 

morphologic manifestations include disorderly maturation and spatial arrangement of cells

 

marked variability in nuclear size and shape (pleomorphism)

 

increased often abnormal mitosis

 

e.g. dysplasia occurring in squamous epithelium of the cervix

 

Dysplasia affecting the full thickness of epithelium is termed carcinoma in situ

 

Dysplasia may be reversible

 

Term

 

 

Genetic alterations

Definition

 Neoplams usually display genetic and/or chromosomal abnormalities

 

Some neoplasms carry specific mutations or chromosomal abnormalities

Term

 

 

anaplastic

Definition
  • very poorly differentiated or undifferentiated tumor cells
  • show 
    • pleomorphism (different sizes and shapes of cells)
    • hyperchromatism (dark-staining nuclei)
    • increased nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio
    • abnormal mitoses
    • cellular dyspolarity
    • often prominent nucleoli
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