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Neoplasia Lecture 1
Changes in cell size & number
24
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
02/10/2017

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Term
With tissue atrophy, there are (fewer/smaller) cells
Definition
both! atrophy can mean fewer cells or smaller cells
Term
Metaplasia
Definition
normal cells in an abnormal location
Term
aplasia
Definition
loss of cells
Term
What does "megaly" imply?
Definition
tissue/organ is enlarged
Term
What is agenesis?
Definition
failure to form an organ / produce the cells

e.g. born with only 1 kidney
Term
What is differentiation? give an example
Definition
cells developing more specialized functions

e.g. pluripotent cells -> myeloeblast -> neutrophils OR eosinophils
Term
Differentiated cells have (more/less) proliferative capacity
Definition
less
Term
What factors regulate cell number & size?
Definition
Hormones (endocrine signalling)
Local growth factors (paracrine signalling)
Tissue demand (workload, nerve stimulation etc)
Term
How does nuclear receptor signaling work? give an example of a hormone that may do this
Definition
-ligand binds to nuclear receptor in the cytoplasm
-transporter brings complex into nucleus
-complex binds to transcriptional response elements
-gene expression is altered

e.g. estrogen binding to estrogen response element in nucleus to promote gene expression
Term
Failure of an orifice to develop
Definition
atresia
Term
Dysplasia
Definition
proliferation of cells in a disorganized, abnormal pattern
Term
Neoplasia
Definition
new pattern, excessive & poorly controlled cell growth with abnormal differentiation
Term
How is gene expression generally regulated?
Definition
-growth factor binds to membrane receptor
-signal transducer proteins are activated
-internal messengers activated transcription factors
-transcription factors alter gene expression (e.g. up/downregulate)
Term
Name 3 examples of systemic/endocrine growth factors & cytokines
Definition
EPO
Insulin
TSH
TNG
IL-6
Epidermal Growth Factor
Term
Name 3 examples of local/paracrine growth factors & cytokines
Definition
Fibroblast GF
Keratinocyte GF
Hepatocyte GF
Epidermal GF
TNF
IL-6
Term
How does erythropoietin work to increase blood oxygen?
Definition
1. Kidneys detect decrease in O2 concentration in blood
2. Promote EPO release
3. Receptors for EPO in bone marrow
4. Reponsee = increased RBC production
5. [O2] restored
Term
What effect does hypoxia have on VEGF?
Definition
Normal: HIF-1alpha is oxygenated, becomes labile, is degraded

Low O2: HIF-1alpha not oxygenated
-HIF gene expression upregulated
-EPO & VEGF production increased
-EPO promotes erythropoiesis
-VEGF promootes angiogenesis
-increased blood delivery & O2 carrying capacity
-oxygenation of HIF-1alpha restored
Term
Give an example of adaptive hypertrophy
Definition
Cardiac muscle cells can't replicate
Loss/damage to some cells will cause the others to enlarge (hyertrophy) to try and compensate

e.g. left ventricle may become hyertrophic if the aorta is partially obstructed, as it has to work harder to eject blood
Term
Give an example of hormone-induced hyperplasia & explain how it happens
Definition
1. High dietary phosphorous & low calcium
2. Imbalance causes hyperplatic parathyroid gland cells
3. PTH secretion increases
4. Bone resorption increases

Other options: Iodine deficiency -> thyroid gland compensation
Term
Hyperkeratosis
Definition
hyperplasia of the keratinized layer of the epidermis
Term
Give an example of hormone-induced atrophy
Definition
Shunts diverting blood from portal vein to the vena cava
-liver won't be stimulate by insulin, glucagon etc. bc these originate in the pancreas
-will see atrophy of the liver as it isn't being stimulated by the hormones
Term
What is the difference between primary & secondary hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?
Definition
Primary: enlarged for no reason other than it just grew. Impairs heart function

Secondary: enlarged to compensate for other pressures being put on the system. e.g. renal failure = high BP = heart has to work harder = enlarged cells
Term
Give an example of physiologic-induced atrophy
Definition
Nerve damage = lack of neuronal stimulation to muscle = myocytes will shrink/become fewer in number
Term
What are the requirements for a tissue do be able to return to normal?
Definition
-epithelium must be mitotically active
-connective tissue framework must be intact
-adequate vascular supply
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