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neoplasia II
cmbm exam V
59
Chemistry
Graduate
02/16/2010

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Term
is there a link between chronic inflammation and cancer? viruses?
Definition
yes
Term
what tumors are associated with h. pylori?
Definition
stomach adenocarcinoma or B-cell lymphoma
Term
what tumors are associated with EBV?
Definition
hodgkin lymphoma, nasopharyngeal cancer, non-hodgkin lymphoma, primary CNS lymphoma and burkitt's lymphoma
Term
what tumors are associated with HPV?
Definition
cervical, analgenital and oropharyngeal carcinomas
Term
what tumors are associated with hepatitis B or C?
Definition
hepatocellular carcinoma and NHL is associated only with hep C
Term
what tumors are associated with HIV/AIDS?
Definition
non hodgkin lymphoma, kaposi sarcoma
Term
what are prenepoplastic disorders associated with endometrial carcinomas?
Definition
hyperplasia or dysplasias
Term
what is a prenepoplastic disorder associated with gastric carcinomas?
Definition
chronic atrophic gastritis
Term
what is a prenepoplastic disorder associated with colon carcinomas?
Definition
ulcerative colitis
Term
what is a prenepoplastic disorder associated with squamous cell carcinomas?
Definition
leukoplakia
Term
what is a prenepoplastic disorder associated with colon cancer?
Definition
colonic adenomas
Term
what is a change in mucosa of esophagus called? what causes this?
Definition
barrett’s esophagus which is a result of metaplasia (which is likely due to GERD)
Term
what initially causes cancer?
Definition
non-lethal genetic damage that kills most cells, but surviving cells can become neoplastic and whose clones can give rise to tumor cells. problems with protooncogenes, antioncogenes, apoptosis genes, and DNA repair genes can occur simlutaneously or independently of non-lethal genetic damage leading to carcinogenesis (a multistep process)
Term
what are three common gene types that when mutated, lead to cancer?
Definition
activation of growth-promoting genes, alteration of apoptosis regulation genes, and inactivation of cancer suppressor genes
Term
what does heterogeneity mean in the context of a developing malignant tumor?
Definition
when neoplasias develop heterogeneity, this means a whole population of cells with different abilities to divide, to multiply, to metastasize develop and many of which can be aggressive
Term
what are oncogenes?
Definition
these encode oncoproteins which are devoid of regulatory elements, examples include: GFs, signal transduction proteins, nuclear regulatory proteins, cyclins
Term
what gene, if overexpressed, is associated with PDGF causing an astrocytoma?
Definition
sis
Term
what gene, if overexpressed, is associated with FGF causing an osteosarcoma?
Definition
hst-1
Term
what gene, if overexpressed, is associated with FGF causing stomach/bladder/breast carcinomas?
Definition
Int-2
Term
what gene, if overexpressed, is associated with EGF receptors causing a glioma?
Definition
erb B-1
Term
what gene, if amplified, is associated with EGF receptors causing breast/ovarian/gastric cancer?
Definition
erb B-2
Term
what gene, if subject to a point mutation, is associated with medullary carcinomas of the thyroid?
Definition
ret (a growth factor)
Term
what might point mutations in the gene for ras, a signal transduction protein associated with GTP binding lead to?
Definition
various carcinomas
Term
what might translocation of the gene for abl, a tyrosine kinase signal transduction protein, lead to?
Definition
leukemias (CML, ALL)
Term
what does the myc gene encode? what happens if there is a translocation involving it?
Definition
myc encodes transcriptional activators and a translocation involving it can lead to burkitt's lymphoma - which is linked to EBV and HIV. it is very fast growing; characterized by a “starry sky appearance” microscopically, w/ the sky being the lymphocytes – quickly proliferating lymphocytes, stars are macrophages which destroy dying and dead lymphocytes
Term
what cancers might result from amplification of N-myc, a gene that encodes transcriptional activators?
Definition
neuroblastomas and small cell cancer of the lung
Term
if there is an amplification in the gene for cyclin D, what cancers may result?
Definition
breast CA, esphageal CA, and some lymphomas
Term
mutations in rb (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kinds of cancer?
Definition
increased frequency of retinoblastoma
Term
mutations in p53 (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kinds of cancer?
Definition
colon, breast, lung and some sarcomas
Term
mutations in WT (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kind of tumor?
Definition
wilm's tumor
Term
mutations in EWS (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kind of tumor?
Definition
ewing's sarcoma
Term
mutations in brca-1 & 2 (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kinds of cancer?
Definition
breast cancer
Term
mutations in DCC (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kinds of cancer?
Definition
colon and gastric cancer
Term
mutations in NF1 (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kinds of cancer?
Definition
schwannoma, neurogenic sarcomas
Term
mutations in NF2 (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kinds of cancer?
Definition
schwannoma, meningiomas
Term
mutations in APC (a cancer suppressor gene) can lead to what kinds of cancer?
Definition
colon, gastric, and pancreatic cancers
Term
what 2 genes regulate apoptosis?
Definition
bcl-2 and p53
Term
what do mutations in bcl-2 lead to?
Definition
overexpression of bcl-2 OVERprotects lymphomas from apoptosis, allowing them to survive longer than they are supposed to = follicular lymphomas
Term
what does p53 do?
Definition
p53 triggers apoptosis
Term
can some chemotherapeutic agents induce apotosis in cancer cells?
Definition
yes
Term
what are 2 disorders associated with mutations in DNA repair genes?
Definition
hereditary nonpolyposis colon carcinoma and xeroderma pigmentosum (increased skin CA risk)
Term
what are 2 examples of balanced chromosomal translocations that result in specific cancers?
Definition
CML results from 9->22 (philadelphia chromosome) and burkitt's lymphoma results from 8->14 (associated with the myc protein, EBV and starry sky appearance)
Term
what kinds of tumors are more commonly caused by chromocomal deletions?
Definition
nonhematopoietic (not arising from bone marrow elements) tumors such as retinoblastoma (chr 13)
Term
what kind of cancer is associated with overamplification?
Definition
breast CA is associated with over amplification of Erb B-2
Term
what are some things that influnence cell growth?
Definition
cell kinetics, angiogenesis, and tumor progression/heterogeneity
Term
what are kinetics of tumor cell growth comprised of?
Definition
the doubling time of tumor cells (tumor cells are triggered into the cell cycle more readily), the growth fraction (the proportion of cells in the replicative pool & can divide), and cell production & loss (how much cell production exceeds loss)
Term
what does bcl-2 do?
Definition
induce cell accumulation
Term
what does bax do?
Definition
produces apoptosis (bax can be upregulated by p53)
Term
what size can tumors not grow past w/out being vascularized?
Definition
1-2 mm
Term
what growth factors powerfully stimulate tumor angiogenesis?
Definition
FGF, VEGF
Term
can angiogenesis aid in tumor metastatis?
Definition
yes
Term
what are the steps of metastasis?
Definition
invade ECM, detach from primary tumor, attach to matrix, degrade matrix, disseminate through vasculature, embolize w/WBC or travel solo
Term
what are direct and indirectly acting chemical carcinogens?
Definition
direct-acting agents cause cancer and do not require metabolic conversion. indirect acting agents require conversion (aromatic hydrocarbons, cigarette smoke, aromatic amines/azodyes). both will result in gene mutations
Term
what are some examples of radiation carcinogenesis?
Definition
UV rays can cause melanoma, BCC (not likely to metastasize), & SCC due to chromosome breakage, translocation and point mutations
Term
what are some examples of virus induced cancer?
Definition
Term
what cancers are associated with HSV?
Definition
kaposi's (HHV-8), primary effusion lymphoma
Term
what has RNA oncogenic virus been linked to?
Definition
human T cell leukemia virus has been linked to leukemia...duh
Term
can cancer can be considered a STD by true definition?
Definition
yes
Term
exposure to what does malignant mesolelioma have a strong association with?
Definition
asbestos exposure
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