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Nematoda Parasitology - Trichostrongyloidea
227.303
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Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
03/28/2012

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Term
List the 4 Superfamilies that belong to the Order Strongylida.
Definition

Trichostrongyloidea

Strongyloidea

Ancylostomatoidea

Metastrongyloidea

Term

To which Superfamily do the following Families belong?

Ancylostomatidae

Angiostrongylidae

Amidostomatidae

Chabertiidae

Dictyocaulidae

Filaroididae

Metastrongylidae

Molineidae

Ornithostrongylidae

Protostrongylidae

Strongylidae

Syngamidae

Trichostrongylidae

Definition

Trichostrongyloidea: Trichostrongylidae, Ornithostrongylidae, Dictyocaulidae, Amidostomatidae, Molineidae.

 

Strongyloidea: Strongylidae, Chabertiidae, Syngamidae.

 

Ancylostomatoidea: Ancylostomatidae.

 

Metastrongyloidea: Metastrongylidae, Protostrongylidae, Filaroididae, Angiostrongylidae.

Term

To which Family do the following Genus's belong?

Aelurostrongylus

Agriostomum

Amidostomum

Ancylostoma

Bunostomum

Cooperia

Dictyocaulus

Elaphostrongylus

Filaroides

Gaigeria

Globocephalus

Haemonchus

Hyostrongylus

Metastrongylus

Muellerius

Necator

Nematodirus

Ollulanus

Ornithostrongylus

Ostertagia/Telodorsagia

Protostrongylus

Stephanurus

Syngamus

Trichostrongylus

Uncinaria

Varestrongylus

 

 

Definition

Trichostrongylidae: Haemonchus, Ostertagia/Telodorsagia, Trichostrongylus, Hyostrongylus, Cooperia.

 

Ornithostrongylidae: Ornithostrongylus.

 

Dictyocaulidae: Dictyocaulus.

 

Amidostromatidae: Amidostomum.

 

Molineidae: Nematodirus, Ollulanus.

 

Syngamidae: Stephanurus, Syngamus.

 

Ancylostomatidae: Ancylostoma, Agriostomum, Bunostomum, Uncinaria, Necator, Gaigeria, Globocephalus.

 

Metastrongylidae: Metastrongylus.

 

Protostrongylidae: Muellerius, Elaphostrongylus, Varestrongylus, Protostrongylus.

 

Filaroididae: Filaroides.

 

Angiostrongylidae: Aelurostrongylus.

 

Term

To which Family do the following Subfamilies belong?

Chabertiinae

Cyathostominae

Oesophagostominae

Strongylinae

 

Definition

Strongylidae: Strongylinae, Cyathostominae.

 

Chabertiidae: Oesophagostominae, Chabertiinae.

Term

To which Subfamily do the following Genus's belong?

Chabertia

Craterostomum

Cyathostomum

Cylicocyclus

Cylicodontophorus

Cylicostephanus

Gyalocephalus

Oesophagodontus

Oesophagostomum

Poteriostomum

Strongylus

Triodontophorus

Definition

Strongylinae: Strongylus, Triodontophorus, Oesophagodontus, Craterostomum.

 

Cyathostominae: Cyathostomum, Cylicodontophorus, Cylicocyclus, Cylicostephanus, Poteriostomum, Gyalocephalus.

 

Oesophagostominae: Oesophagostomum.

 

Chabertiinae: Chabertia.

 

 

Term
Define Ectoparasite.
Definition
Parasite living on the integument (outside) of the host.
Term
Define Endoparasite.
Definition
Parasite living in the organs or tissue (inside) of the host.
Term
Define Host.
Definition
The larger partner in a parasitic association.
Term
Define Definitive Host.
Definition
The host in or on which the parasite reaches sexual maturity or undergoes sexual reproduction.
Term
Define Intermediate Host.
Definition
A host (usually) essential to the parasite's life cycle in which it undergoes development to juvenile, but not mature stages.
Term
Define Paratenic Host.
Definition
A host optional to the parasite's life cycle in which juvenile stages may persist but do not develop.
Term
Define Transport Host.
Definition
A host optional to the parasite's life cycle in which juvenile stages may be temporarily carried.
Term
Define Direct Life Cycle.
Definition
A cycle which is completed without participation of an intermediate host.
Term
Define Indirect Life Cycle.
Definition
A cycle which is completed with the participation of an intermediate host.
Term
Define Obligate Parasite.
Definition
One whose life cycle cannot be completed without a parasitic phase at some stage or other.
Term
Define Facultative Parasite.
Definition
One whose life cycle can be completed without a parasitic phase but which may optionally include a parasitic phase under some circumstances.
Term
Define Aberrant Parasite.
Definition
One which migrates to or develops in the wrong part of the host's body.
Term
Define Abnormal Host.
Definition
A host infected with a parasite normally found in another host species.
Term
Define Larviparous.
Definition
Parasites producing live larvae rather than eggs.
Term
Define Oviparous.
Definition
Parasites producing eggs.
Term
Define Biotic Potential.
Definition
The reproductive capacity of the parasite.
Term
Define Prepatent Period.
Definition
The time elapsing between the initiation of infection of a definitive host and the appearance of the products of reproduction of the parasite.
Term
Define Infective Stage.
Definition
The specific stage of the life cycle of a parasite that is able to initiate an infection in a definitive or intermediate host.
Term
Define Free-living Stage.
Definition
A stage in the life cycle of a parasite which exists free in the general environment - not in a host animal.
Term
Give the suffixes for:
Phylum
Class
Order
Superfamily
Family
Subfamily
Genus
Definition
-A
-A
-IDA
-OIDEA
-IDAE
-INAE
various, often -A or -US
Term
How many stages in the life cycle of all nematodes?
Definition
6
Term
Intermediate hosts are usually infected with which larval stage?
Definition
L1
Term
Definitive hosts are usually infected with which larval stage/s?
Definition
L1, L2, L3.
Term
Describe hepatic-tracheal migration.
Definition
After ingestion, from the intestine in the blood stream to the liver, thence in the blood to the lungs, breaking out into the alveoli, ascending the airways to the trachea, pharynx and swallowed into the alimentary tract.
Term
Describe lymphatic-pulmonary migration.
Definition
After ingestion, from the intestine in the lymph stream to the mesenteric lymph nodes, to the thoracic duct, to the blood stream, to the heart and thence to the lungs. Pathway usually stops here.
Term
Where in the body are parasites of the order Strongylida found?
Definition
Mainly in the digestive and respiratory system.
Term
Describe males of the Order Strongylida.
Definition
Have a copulatory bursa and two spicules.
Term
Describe females of the Order Strongylida.
Definition
Have obvious ovijector apparatus.
Term
Describe eggs of the Order Strongylida.
Definition
Simple, non-operculate, thin-shelled, smooth, ellipsoidal to ovoidal. May contain morula or L1 when laid.
Term
Which stage is the infective stage with all members of the Order Strongylida.
Definition
[L3]
Term
Members of the Order Strongylida use which routes of infection?
Definition
Ingestion or Skin Penetration.
Term
What is the optimum temperature for development for members of the Order Strongylida?
Definition
25-27 degrees celcius.
Term
What is the optimum temperature for survival for members of the Order Strongylida?
Definition
Approximately 10 degrees celcius.
Term
What is the first event that occurs after ingestion of the [L3]?
Definition
Exsheathment due to chemical stimuli which triggers production of an enzyme which attacks the sheath.
Term
How many days after ingestion does the L3 moult to the L4.
Definition
2-3 days.
Term
How many days after ingestion does the L4 moult to the adult stage?
Definition
About 10 days.
Term
The production of eggs in the faces marks the end of the ..... and the infection is now....
Definition
Prepatent period.
Patent.
Term
Trichostrongyloids are the most common parasites of which group of animals?
Definition
Rumainants.
Term
Describe the morphology of Trichostrongyloids.
Definition
Slender Nematodes, most less than 3cm long.
Simple mouth, buccal capsule if present is very small, not decorated and with no teeth.
Cephalic or cervical dilations of the cuticle may or may not be present.
Females have ovijector apparatus.
Males have copulatory bursa and two spicules, normally short and stout.
Term
Describe the Life Cycle of Trichostrongyloids.
Definition
Direct.
Typical of order, non-migratory,
One genus (Dictyocaulus) is atypical.
Infection always by ingestion.
Adults live in abomasum or SI (except Dictyocaulus).
Live in mucus layer, and generally ingest mucus (except Haemonchus).
PPP = 2-4 weeks.
Eggs typical.
Term
Which Trichostrongylid Adults are found in the abomasum of ruminants?
Definition
Haemonchus, Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus.
Term
Which Trichostrongylid Adults are found in the SI of ruminants?
Definition
Trichostrongylus, Cooperia.
Term
Which other Strongylids are found in the SI of ruminants?
Definition
Bunostomum (Superfamily Ancylostomatoidea), Strongyloids, Nematodirus (Family Molineidae, Superfamily Trichostrongyloidea).
Term
Which Trichostrongyloid is commonly found in the stomach of the horse?
Definition
T. axei.
Term
Which Trichostrongyloid is commonly found in the stomach of the pig?
Definition
Hyostrongylus rubidus.
Term
What is the source of nutrients for parasites of the Genus Haemonchus and which adaptation allows this?
Definition
Blood.

Buccal Lancet.
Term
Name two species of Haemonchus and the animals which they parasitise?
Definition
H. contortus (Sheep and Goat)
H. placei (Cattle) - not in NZ
Term
Name the two major morph types of Ostertagia Genus.
Definition
O. ostertagi
T. circumcincta
Term
Name the three species of Trichostrongylus and which animals they parasitise.
Definition
T. axei (Ruminants and Horse)
T. vitrinus (Sheep and Goat)
T. columbriformis (Sheep and Goat)
Term
Name the species of Hyostrongylus and the animal it is found in.
Definition
H. rubidus (Pig).
Term
Name the 4 species of Cooperia that occur in NZ.
Definition
C. curticei
C. oncophora
C. mcmasteri
C. punctata
Term
Name the Trichostrongyloid Family that is the important lungworms of ruminants and horses.
Definition
Dictyocaulidae (only one genus, Dictyocaulus).
Term
Describe worms of the Genus Dictyocaulus.
Definition
Long, up to 10cm and slender.
Found in bronchioles, bronchi and sometimes trachea.
Term
What is odd about the L2 and L3 of the Dictyocaulus Genus?
Definition
Neither feeds, the L3 is enclosed in the cuticles of both L1 and L2.
Term
What is atypical about Nematodirus (Family Molineidae) and how?
Definition
Life-cycle.
Development of [L3] occurs in the egg. The [L3] hatches and then infects the host by the oral route.

Also the egg is about twice as large as the others and development takes a longer time.
Term
Which animal would you find Ollulanus tricuspis in and what organ?
Definition
Stomach of the cat. 10% of NZ cats.
Term
What is atypical about Ollulanus tricuspis?
Definition
Life cycle. Female is larviparous giving birth to [L3]. Transmission is only by vomiting of larvae and adult from stomach and ingestion by another cat. Larvae do not survive passage through GIT and cannot be found in faecal samples.
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