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Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during... |
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Name the theorist and theory. Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization. |
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Name the theorist and theory. Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script. |
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Berne (Transactional Analysis) |
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Name the theorist and theory. Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression. |
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Name the theorist and theory. People have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently. |
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Name the theory and theorist. People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole". People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such. |
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Name the theory and theorist. Individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs. |
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Glasser (Reality Therapy) |
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Name the theory and theorist. Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order. |
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Alder (Individual Psychology) |
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Name the theory and theorist. Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment. |
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Jung (Analytic Psychology) |
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Name the theory and theorist. Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom. |
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Skinner (Behavior Modification) |
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Name the theorist and theory. Person produces and is a product of conditioning. |
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Bandura (Neobehavioristic) |
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Name the theory and theorist. Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice. |
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Name the theory and theorist. Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive. |
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Williamson (Trait-Factor) |
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Who is the 19th century pioneer credited with recognizing that mental retardation was related to developmental deficiencies rather than mental illness? |
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Parents of a minor client demand to be informed by the counselor about what the client is talking about during counseling sessions. In this situation, the first thing a counselor should do is: |
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Explain the importance of confidentiality to the parents, and if they still insist, try to seek release from the child before disclosing any information to the parents. |
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Term
A teacher provides positive reinforcement every two times Katherine waits until she is called on to answer a question. What type of reinforcement schedule is the teacher using? |
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A counselor wants to explore the relationship between three types of counseling interventions and client satisfaction. Which of the following would represent a confounding variable? A. Time of day: all interventions occur at 10:00 a.m. B. Client issue: each intervention addresses a different client problem. C. Medication use: Clients under study for each intervention are heterogeneous with respect to medications. Environmental factors: Clients vary in their experiences to trauma. |
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A child who has a documented learning disability but is doing well in all of his or her classes would most likely: A. Qualify for special education services under IDEA but not accommodations under Section 504. B. Not qualify for special education services under IDEA but would qualify for accommodations under Section 504. C. Not qualify for special education services under IDEA or accommodations under Section 504. d. Qualify for special education services under IDEA and accommodations under section 504. |
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C. Not qualify for special education services under IDEA or accommodations under Section 504. |
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An individual who enjoys acting would be demonstrating a manifest interest by: a. Stating out loud, "I enjoy acting." b. Applying to a school that specialized in the performing arts. c. Performing the lead role in a school play. d. Talking to a career counselor about career options in theater. |
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Definition
c. Performing the lead role in a school play. |
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Term
Name and define the three types of career interests. |
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Definition
Expressed interests- verbally reported Manifest interests- activities in which people engage Tested interests- an individual's knowledge of a specific topic or interest measured on an objective test |
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Burnout can lead to: a. Physical Exhaustion b. An increased sense of personal accomplishment c. Emotional Exhaustion D. Social Withdrawal |
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A type of work-related strain stemming from repeated exposure to stressful circumstances that results in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Burnout has been empirically linked to severe mental, behavioral, and physical symptoms. |
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Jenny want to examine two scores for a group of adolescents in an after-school program based on pretest and posttest data. Which analysis is most appropriate? Independent or dependent t-test |
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Which of the following factors is NOT related to career salience? A. Participation: spending time and energy in a work role B. Commitment: an emotional attachment to the work role C. Interest: engaging in meaningful vocational activities D. Value expectation: the satisfaction gained from the vocational decisions and actions one makes throughout the course of one's lifespan |
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Definition
C. Interest: engaging in meaningful vocational activities |
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Term
Define career salience and name the components |
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The significance or importance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. The components are an individual's participation, commitment, and value expectations. |
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Term
In the classical test theory equation, X= T + e, e represents the: a. reliability of a test b. reliability of a person's test score across several test administrations c. amount of error present during test administration d. observed test score |
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Definition
c. amount of error present during test administration |
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If an individual's mean score after multiple test administrations is 84 and the SEM is 5, what can be said about the distribution of his observed scores: a. 95% of the time his observed scores will fall between 89 and 79. b. 68% of the time his observed scores will fall between 89 and 79. c. 68% of the time his observed scores will fall between 91 and 74. d. There is not enough information provided to make a determination. |
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Definition
b. 68% of the time his observed scores will fall between 89 and 79. |
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Term
What percentage of test scores will fall between +/- 1 SEM and +/- 2 SEM? |
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Bartering with a client may be reasonable under the following circumstances EXCEPT: a. if the exchange is fair b. if it is suggested by the client c. if it is an accepted convention in the community d. if the counselor thinks it is in the client's best interest |
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d. if the counselor thinks it is in the client's best interest |
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Term
Carlita would like to study domestic violence intervention in a community. She decides to interview survivors and their families, the mayor, local medical and mental health professionals, and a city council member. Which research tradition is most closely aligned with her design? a. Grounded theory b. Phenomenology c. Ethnography d. Biography |
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A qualitative research tradition in which the researcher describes and provides interpretation about the culture of a group or system. |
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A qualitative approach used for the purpose of generating theory that is grounded in data from participants; perspectives for a particular phenomenon. |
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Definition
A qualitative approach used to discover or describe the meaning or essence of participants' lived experiences with the goal of understanding individual and collective human experiences for various phenomena. |
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According to _________, dreams have hidden symbolism: a. Perls b. Freud c. Jung d. All of the above |
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Term
An inventory that uses a Likert-type scale is likely to yield, ______ data: a. interval b. ordinal c. nominal d. ratio |
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Term
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Definition
Classifies and assigns rank-order to data (e.g. Likert-type scales) |
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Which of the following research paradigms references reliability and validity considerations? a. Positivism b. Post-positivism c. Critical d. Constructivism |
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Which career decision making theory rests on the assumption that stress significantly contributes to the quality of the decision that is made - that is high levels of stress can lead to a "defective" career decision? a. Tiedeman and O'Hara's theory of career decision making b. Gelatt's decision making model c. Janis and Mann's conflict model of decision making d. Social learning theory |
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Definition
c. Janis and Mann's conflict model of decision making |
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Term
The word gestalt can be defined as: a. a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. b. an adaptive pattern of behavior c. the individual parts that make up each individual d. all of the above |
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Definition
a. a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts. |
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Term
One of the five stages of prejudice is ______, which indicates that a person shares harmful views of a group with persons who have similar views but has not taken action. a. avoidance b. assimilation c. antilocution d. discrimination |
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A counselor uses an assessment tool to evaluate a client whose cultural background is not represented in the test's norms. The counselor: a. should not have used that assessment to evaluate the client b. was justified in using the assessment if the client consented c. should be careful when reporting the results to the client and be sure to frame the results in the proper perspective d. should not report the assessment to the client |
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Definition
c. should be careful when reporting the results to the client and be sure to frame the results in the proper perspective |
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Term
Name three cultural characteristics common within the African American community: |
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Definition
harmony with nature, respect for the family, and egalitarian gender roles |
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Term
Most elementary school students are in the ______ stage of psychosocial development. a. identity vs. role confusion b. initiative vs. guilt c. industry vs. inferiority d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt |
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Definition
c. industry vs. inferiority |
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________ contains 3 instruments that measure interest, abilities, and values and can be administered individually or together. a. the California Occupational Preference Survey (COPS) b. Kuder Career Search c. Kiersey Temperament Sorter II d. Career Thoughts Inventory |
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Definition
a. the California Occupational Preference Survey (COPS) |
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Term
A college counselor is interested in conducting a study on college administrators' attitudes toward Greek organizations. He conducts focus groups with several administrators and asks other administrators to complete rating scales regarding their satisfaction with these organizations. This is an example of _____ research. a. concurrent b. action c. sequential exploratory d. sequential explanatory |
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A man thinks something is wrong with him because he is more interested in spending time with his family and friends than excelling in his career. He says that he is embarrassed about his lack of ambition because he knows men are supposed to be the family breadwinners. Narrative therapists would describe his self-narrative as: a. multilayered b. thin c. superficial d. thick |
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Which of the following may indicate that an individual is not appropriate for group work? a. Troublesome attention seeking behavior b. Interpersonal problems c. Inadequate social skills d. All of the above |
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Definition
a. Troublesome attention seeking behavior |
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Term
Which of the following is NOT a fully accurate statement about family rules? a. Family rules help set expectations for family members b. Family rules provide families with predictability c. Family rules provide a basis for family interactions d. Family rules are stated overtly |
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Definition
d. Family rules are stated overtly |
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Term
A counselor who receives a legal document asking her to provide information about a client to the court has most likely been given a: a. court order b. search warrant c. subpoena d. summons |
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Heightened awareness of and interest in multicultural issues in counseling emerged in the: a. 1950s b. 1960s c. 1970s d. 1980s |
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The ________ is NOT a diagnostic aptitude test. a. Key Math Diagnostic Test b. Test of Adult Basic Education c. Wide Range Achievement Test d. Metropolitan Achievement Test |
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Definition
d. Metropolitan Achievement Test |
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Term
To help clients increase their level of differentiation, Bowen recommends: a. Back home visits b. creating a genogram c. unbalancing d. learning how to communicate congruently |
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Term
Whites who claim to be "color blind" would be best characterized by which of Helms' racial identity statuses? a. Disintegration b. Reintegration c. Autonomy d. Contact |
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Definition
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Term
The highest level of Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development is: a. Law and order b. Universal ethical principles c. Social/moral contract and systems of laws d. None of the above |
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b. Universal ethical principles |
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Term
Experiential family counseling is most reminiscent of: a. Gestalt therapy b. narrative therapy c. Adlerian psychology d. humanistic counseling |
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Definition
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Which one of the following assessments describes the personality traits of nonpathological, well-adjusted individuals? a. California Psychological Inventory (CPI) b. Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory d. None of the above |
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Term
Children in the Head Start program show a significant improvement in academic skills. Regarding threats to internal validity, the success of Head Start might be most affected by: a. diffusion of treatment b. testing c. instrumentation d. statistical regression |
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Definition
d. statistical regression |
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Term
Eligibility for services under IDEA lasts from birth until what age? |
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Term
The most harmful parenting style is: a. authoritative b. permissive c. authoritarian d. uninvolved |
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Term
A counselor is interested in measuring the success of a program on clients over time. As a select group of clients are studied, the way success is measured becomes more restrictive. What type of single subject research design does this best describe? a. A-B-C b. Changing criterion c. Between series d. Parametric |
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A group leader notices an instance of resistance in a group member but finds that it does not hinder group process. The leader should: a. interpret it b. ignore it c. ask the group to discuss the behavior d. meet individually with the group member to explore the resistant behavior |
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If a counselor suspects that a minor client is being abused, she should make a report to child protective services within _____ hours of first having reason to suspect: a. 24 hours b. 48 hours c. 72 hours d. 96 hours |
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Definition
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Term
__________ refers to the systematic process for identifying gaps between "what is" and "what should be": a. program planning b. program evaluation c. needs assessment d. program design |
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Definition
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Term
________ is not a component of trustworthiness. a. Credibility b. Dependability c. Reliability d. Transferability |
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Definition
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Term
Name the four components of trustworthiness. |
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Definition
Credibility Transferability Dependability Confirmability |
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Term
Making hypotheses is a central component of which type of family counseling? a. Structural family counseling b. Strategic family therapy c. Milan systemtic family counseling d. Bowen family systems therapy |
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Definition
c. Milan systemtic family counseling |
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Term
An interaction between a boss who is operating from an adult ego state and an employee who is operating from a natural child ego state is an example of a(n) ________ transaction. a. complementary b. covert c. ulterior d. crossed |
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A counselor who works at a community agency notices an unethical practice that commonly occurs at her place of work. She informs her supervisor, but her supervisor fails to rectify the problem, so the counselor files a complaint with an ethics committee. When the supervisor finds out, she fires the counselor. In this situation, the supervisor behaved in: a. an ethical manner; the counselor should not have accepted employment there if she did not agree with the practices. b. an ethical manner; the counselor betrayed the supervisor's trust and went above her authority. c. an unethical manner; the counselor should not have been fired for trying to resolve an ethical concern in an appropriate manner d. a legal manner but not an ethical one |
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Definition
c. an unethical manner; the counselor should not have been fired for trying to resolve an ethical concern in an appropriate manner |
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Term
2. According to Erickson, when an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the individual will have troubles with the development of: a. autonomy b. initiative c. intimacy d. integrity |
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4. Jacob’s father tells Jacob to clean his room. When Jacob asks why, his father responds, “Because I said so.” The father’s response is most representative of which parenting style? a. Uninvolved b. Authoritarian c. Authoritative d. Permissive |
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7. Cody does what his parents say because he doesn’t want to lose his television privileges. This is an example of what level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development? a. Integrity versus despair b. Preconventional c. Conventional d. Postconventional |
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10. Henry, a 72-year-old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson’s: a. intimacy stage b. generativity stage c. industry stage d. ego integrity stage |
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13. Which of the following statements is true when considering cultural and familial influences on self-esteem? a. Chinese and Japanese children have higher self-esteem than North American children, mainly because their cultures have higher academic standards for achievement. b. Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls. c. African American children tend to have lower self-esteem than Caucasian children. d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high selfesteem. |
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Definition
d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high selfesteem. |
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Term
16. In the original studies, Milgram and his colleagues found that people were more likely to disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when __________. a. the victim was in an adjoining room so the “teacher” heard every sound the victim made b. two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the experiment c. the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man, apparently another volunteer d. the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure |
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Definition
a. the victim was in an adjoining room so the “teacher” heard every sound the victim made |
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Term
17. In the Stanford prison simulation, male college students agreed to participate in an experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The researchers found that __________. a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying emotional and physical ailments b. a small percentage of the guards became tyrannical and abusive in order to maintain the social structure of the prison c. the “tough but fair” guards urged the tyrannical guards to lighten up on the prisoners d. all of the prisoners and the guards became harsh and abusive |
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Definition
a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying emotional and physical ailments |
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Term
23. When working with individuals from different cultures, the effective counselor may not: a. use language similar to the client’s b. maintain good eye contact at all times c. be cognizant of the context d. honor religious beliefs |
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Definition
b. maintain good eye contact at all times |
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Term
47. Paradoxical intention, implosive therapy, and thought stopping are all techniques used by _____________ counselors. a. Psychoanalytic b. Behavioral c. TA d. Reality therapy |
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Term
48. Stress inoculation is a concept introduced by: a. John Krumboltz b. Joseph Wolpe c. Albert Bandura d. Donald Meichenbaum |
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Definition
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Term
54. In order to elicit a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus that will become the conditioned stimulus must _________________ the unconditioned stimulus. a. follow b. precede c. occur at the same time as d. randomly occur sometime near |
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57. A(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement is the most difficult to extinguish. a. intermittent b. consistent c. systematic d. ratio |
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65. All of the following are characteristics of an open group EXCEPT: a. Members can join and leave at any time. b. The number of sessions is undetermined. c. There is good cohesion. d. Group meetings are usually held in a hospital setting. |
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Definition
c. There is good cohesion. |
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Term
68. During the working stage of the group, the leader’s role is to: a. establish a trusting climate b. provide a role model c. deal with feelings d. support risks |
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Definition
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73. A group has co-leaders. That is, there are two trained counselors who are facilitating the group together. All of the following are advantages of co-leadership groups EXCEPT: a. More support and attention are provided to group participants. b. There is less time spent observing participants. c. Effective modeling of appropriate behavior is provided to the participants. d. Participants often view co-leaders as parents. |
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Definition
b. There is less time spent observing participants. |
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Term
84. Career choices as expressions of one’s personality are to ______________ as career choices as influenced by genetic endowment, environmental factors, and previous learning experiences are to _________________. a. Krumboltz; Holland b. Holland; Krumboltz c. Roe; Krumboltz d. Holland; Roe |
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98. Which of the following sources of information about tests would probably provide the best information about sources and trends in testing and assessment? a. Test critiques b. Journal articles c. Test manuals d. All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
107. Which of the following is the best approach to minimizing or eliminating test bias? a. Creating separate norm groups for different groups against whom the test is thought to be biased b. Having a panel of experts review the test items before standardizing the test c. Pre-screening examiners to be used in the standardization process for any possible prejudicial feelings d. Screening test items for possible bias |
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Definition
a. Creating separate norm groups for different groups against whom the test is thought to be |
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Term
108. Multiple-choice items like those found on the NCE tap skills primarily of: a. organization b. planning c. recognition d. recall |
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Definition
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Term
114. A counselor may decide to administer a number of personality tests in order to: a. better understand the client b. predict future performance c. evaluate the outcomes of counseling d. All of the above |
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Definition
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Term
120. When applying to graduate school, the admissions committee compares the candidate’s scores on the GRE with the candidate’s grade point average reported on the college transcripts. This is an example of: a. construct validity b. content validity c. criterion-related validity d. concurrent validity |
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Definition
c. criterion-related validity |
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Term
125. A researcher reports that p < .05 in his study. This means: a. There is a less than 5% probability that the results obtained are in error. b. There is a greater than 95% chance that the results obtained are accurate. c. There is a less than 5% probability that the results are accurate. d. There is a greater than 95% chance that the results obtained are in error. |
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Definition
b. There is a greater than 95% chance that the results obtained are accurate. |
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Term
128. One way to reduce Type I and Type II errors is to: a. increase sample size b. decrease sample size c. increase the level of significance d. decrease the level of significance |
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Definition
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129. If a researcher who found a negative correlation between the amount of TV viewing done by children and academic performance were to graph her results, she would use a: a. normal bell curve b. positively skewed curve c. scatterplot d. negatively skewed curve |
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Definition
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Term
168. Cases of ____________ lead to the most malpractice lawsuits for any mental health provider, including counselors and psychologists. a. dual relationships b. failure of duty to warn c. sexual misconduct d. breach of confidentiality |
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Term
173. The resolution of conflicts and breaking out of destructive habits are the primary goals of: a. family therapy b. existential therapy c. psychodynamic therapy d. couples therapy |
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Definition
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181. A behaviorist family counselor instructs the parents of a 12-year-old boy to tell their son that when he gets his homework done he can play his Xbox. This is an example of: a. positive reinforcement b. the Premack principle c. quid pro quo d. negative reinforcement |
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Definition
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Term
185. Satir is associated with: a. integrated family therapy b. conjoint family therapy c. family systems therapy d. strategic family therapy |
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Definition
b. conjoint family therapy |
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Term
186. All of the following are goals of Whitaker’s symbolic family therapy EXCEPT: a. boundary setting b. developing family nationalism c. maximizing languaging d. separating and rejoining |
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Definition
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197. The role of the therapist in strategic family therapy is to: a. find the myth that keeps a behavior going b. understand levels of communication c. focus on levels of organization d. All of the above |
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Definition
b. understand levels of communication |
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Term
199. One family structure that is on the rise in the United States is the: a. blended family b. multigenerational family c. single-parent family d. homosexual family |
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Definition
b. multigenerational family |
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Term
203. Using a normal bell curve, where would individuals with average ability fall? a. Between the 5th and 90th percentiles b. Between the 40th and 60th percentiles c. Between the 3rd and 6th stanines d. Between the 16th and 84th percentiles |
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Definition
d. Between the 16th and 84th percentiles |
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Term
205. You are a licensed counselor in private practice. In order to get reimbursed by insurance companies, you will need your: a. NPI number b. license number c. transcripts of your graduate work on file d. diploma from your graduate program |
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Definition
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