Shared Flashcard Set

Details

NCE/Comps Study Cards
Study cards for NCE and Comps exam (counseling)
101
Psychology
Graduate
03/29/2013

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Most experts would agree that the peak period of competition between the various schools of counseling and therapy was during...
Definition
The late 1960s.
Term
Name the theorist and theory. Individual is good and moves toward growth and self-actualization.
Definition
Rogers (Person-Centered)
Term
Name the theorist and theory. Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script.
Definition
Berne (Transactional Analysis)
Term
Name the theorist and theory. Deterministic; people are controlled by biological instincts are unsocialized, irrational; driven by unconscious forces such as sex and aggression.
Definition
Freud (Psychoanalysis)
Term
Name the theorist and theory. People have a cultural/biological propensity to think in a disturbed manner but can be taught to use their capacity to react differently.
Definition
Ellis (REBT)
Term
Name the theory and theorist. People are not bad or good. People have the capacity to govern life effectively as "whole". People are part of their environment and must be viewed as such.
Definition
Perls (Gestalt)
Term
Name the theory and theorist. Individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwhile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs.
Definition
Glasser (Reality Therapy)
Term
Name the theory and theorist. Man is basically good; much of behavior is determined via birth order.
Definition
Alder (Individual Psychology)
Term
Name the theory and theorist. Man strives for individuation or a sense of self-fulfillment.
Definition
Jung (Analytic Psychology)
Term
Name the theory and theorist. Humans are like other animals: mechanistic and controlled via environmental stimuli and reinforcement contingencies; not good or bad; no self-determination or freedom.
Definition
Skinner (Behavior Modification)
Term
Name the theorist and theory. Person produces and is a product of conditioning.
Definition
Bandura (Neobehavioristic)
Term
Name the theory and theorist. Existential view is that humans are good, rational, and retain freedom of choice.
Definition
Frankl (Logotherapy)
Term
Name the theory and theorist. Through education and scientific data, man can become himself. Humans are born with potential for good or evil. Others are needed to help unleash positive potential. Man is mainly rational, not intuitive.
Definition
Williamson (Trait-Factor)
Term
Who is the 19th century pioneer credited with recognizing that mental retardation was related to developmental deficiencies rather than mental illness?
Definition
Jean Esquirol
Term
Parents of a minor client demand to be informed by the counselor about what the client is talking about during counseling sessions. In this situation, the first thing a counselor should do is:
Definition
Explain the importance of confidentiality to the parents, and if they still insist, try to seek release from the child before disclosing any information to the parents.
Term
A teacher provides positive reinforcement every two times Katherine waits until she is called on to answer a question. What type of reinforcement schedule is the teacher using?
Definition
Fixed ratio
Term
A counselor wants to explore the relationship between three types of counseling interventions and client satisfaction. Which of the following would represent a confounding variable?
A. Time of day: all interventions occur at 10:00 a.m.
B. Client issue: each intervention addresses a different client problem.
C. Medication use: Clients under study for each intervention are heterogeneous with respect to medications.
Environmental factors: Clients vary in their experiences to trauma.
Definition
B. Client issue
Term
A child who has a documented learning disability but is doing well in all of his or her classes would most likely:
A. Qualify for special education services under IDEA but not accommodations under Section 504.
B. Not qualify for special education services under IDEA but would qualify for accommodations under Section 504.
C. Not qualify for special education services under IDEA or accommodations under Section 504.
d. Qualify for special education services under IDEA and accommodations under section 504.
Definition
C. Not qualify for special education services under IDEA or accommodations under Section 504.
Term
An individual who enjoys acting would be demonstrating a manifest interest by:
a. Stating out loud, "I enjoy acting."
b. Applying to a school that specialized in the performing arts.
c. Performing the lead role in a school play.
d. Talking to a career counselor about career options in theater.
Definition
c. Performing the lead role in a school play.
Term
Name and define the three types of career interests.
Definition
Expressed interests- verbally reported
Manifest interests- activities in which people engage
Tested interests- an individual's knowledge of a specific topic or interest measured on an objective test
Term
Burnout can lead to:
a. Physical Exhaustion
b. An increased sense of personal accomplishment
c. Emotional Exhaustion
D. Social Withdrawal
Definition
c. Emotional Exhaustion
Term
Define burnout.
Definition
A type of work-related strain stemming from repeated exposure to stressful circumstances that results in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. Burnout has been empirically linked to severe mental, behavioral, and physical symptoms.
Term
Jenny want to examine two scores for a group of adolescents in an after-school program based on pretest and posttest data. Which analysis is most appropriate?
Independent or dependent t-test
Definition
Dependent t-test
Term
Which of the following factors is NOT related to career salience?
A. Participation: spending time and energy in a work role
B. Commitment: an emotional attachment to the work role
C. Interest: engaging in meaningful vocational activities
D. Value expectation: the satisfaction gained from the vocational decisions and actions one makes throughout the course of one's lifespan
Definition
C. Interest: engaging in meaningful vocational activities
Term
Define career salience and name the components
Definition
The significance or importance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. The components are an individual's participation, commitment, and value expectations.
Term
In the classical test theory equation, X= T + e, e represents the:
a. reliability of a test
b. reliability of a person's test score across several test administrations
c. amount of error present during test administration
d. observed test score
Definition
c. amount of error present during test administration
Term
If an individual's mean score after multiple test administrations is 84 and the SEM is 5, what can be said about the distribution of his observed scores:
a. 95% of the time his observed scores will fall between 89 and 79.
b. 68% of the time his observed scores will fall between 89 and 79.
c. 68% of the time his observed scores will fall between 91 and 74.
d. There is not enough information provided to make a determination.
Definition
b. 68% of the time his observed scores will fall between 89 and 79.
Term
What percentage of test scores will fall between +/- 1 SEM and +/- 2 SEM?
Definition
68% 1 SEM
95% 2 SEM
Term
Bartering with a client may be reasonable under the following circumstances EXCEPT: a. if the exchange is fair b. if it is suggested by the client c. if it is an accepted convention in the community d. if the counselor thinks it is in the client's best interest
Definition
d. if the counselor thinks it is in the client's best interest 
Term
Carlita would like to study domestic violence intervention in a community. She decides to interview survivors and their families, the mayor, local medical and mental health professionals, and a city council member. Which research tradition is most closely aligned with her design?
a. Grounded theory
b. Phenomenology
c. Ethnography
d. Biography
Definition
c. Ethnography
Term
Define ethnography.
Definition
A qualitative research tradition in which the researcher describes and provides interpretation about the culture of a group or system.
Term
Define grounded theory.
Definition
A qualitative approach used for the purpose of generating theory that is grounded in data from participants; perspectives for a particular phenomenon.
Term
Define phenomenology.
Definition
A qualitative approach used to discover or describe the meaning or essence of participants' lived experiences with the goal of understanding individual and collective human experiences for various phenomena.
Term
According to _________, dreams have hidden symbolism:
a. Perls
b. Freud
c. Jung
d. All of the above
Definition
b. Freud
Term
An inventory that uses a Likert-type scale is likely to yield, ______ data:
a. interval
b. ordinal
c. nominal
d. ratio
Definition
b. ordinal
Term
Define an ordinal scale.
Definition
Classifies and assigns rank-order to data (e.g. Likert-type scales)
Term
Which of the following research paradigms references reliability and validity considerations?
a. Positivism
b. Post-positivism
c. Critical
d. Constructivism
Definition
b. Post-positivism
Term
Which career decision making theory rests on the assumption that stress significantly contributes to the quality of the decision that is made - that is high levels of stress can lead to a "defective" career decision?
a. Tiedeman and O'Hara's theory of career decision making
b. Gelatt's decision making model
c. Janis and Mann's conflict model of decision making
d. Social learning theory
Definition
c. Janis and Mann's conflict model of decision making
Term
The word gestalt can be defined as:
a. a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.
b. an adaptive pattern of behavior
c. the individual parts that make up each individual
d. all of the above
Definition
a. a whole that is greater than the sum of its parts.
Term
One of the five stages of prejudice is ______, which indicates that a person shares harmful views of a group with persons who have similar views but has not taken action.
a. avoidance
b. assimilation
c. antilocution
d. discrimination
Definition
c. antilocution
Term
A counselor uses an assessment tool to evaluate a client whose cultural background is not represented in the test's norms. The counselor:
a. should not have used that assessment to evaluate the client
b. was justified in using the assessment if the client consented
c. should be careful when reporting the results to the client and be sure to frame the results in the proper perspective
d. should not report the assessment to the client
Definition
c. should be careful when reporting the results to the client and be sure to frame the results in the proper perspective
Term
Name three cultural characteristics common within the African American community:
Definition
harmony with nature, respect for the family, and egalitarian gender roles
Term
Most elementary school students are in the ______ stage of psychosocial development.
a. identity vs. role confusion
b. initiative vs. guilt
c. industry vs. inferiority
d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Definition
c. industry vs. inferiority
Term
________ contains 3 instruments that measure interest, abilities, and values and can be administered individually or together.
a. the California Occupational Preference Survey (COPS)
b. Kuder Career Search
c. Kiersey Temperament Sorter II
d. Career Thoughts Inventory
Definition
a. the California Occupational Preference Survey (COPS)
Term
A college counselor is interested in conducting a study on college administrators' attitudes toward Greek organizations. He conducts focus groups with several administrators and asks other administrators to complete rating scales regarding their satisfaction with these organizations. This is an example of _____ research.
a. concurrent
b. action
c. sequential exploratory
d. sequential explanatory
Definition
a. concurrent
Term
A man thinks something is wrong with him because he is more interested in spending time with his family and friends than excelling in his career. He says that he is embarrassed about his lack of ambition because he knows men are supposed to be the family breadwinners. Narrative therapists would describe his self-narrative as:
a. multilayered
b. thin
c. superficial
d. thick
Definition
b. thin
Term
Which of the following may indicate that an individual is not appropriate for group work?
a. Troublesome attention seeking behavior
b. Interpersonal problems
c. Inadequate social skills
d. All of the above
Definition
a. Troublesome attention seeking behavior
Term
Which of the following is NOT a fully accurate statement about family rules?
a. Family rules help set expectations for family members
b. Family rules provide families with predictability
c. Family rules provide a basis for family interactions
d. Family rules are stated overtly
Definition
d. Family rules are stated overtly
Term
A counselor who receives a legal document asking her to provide information about a client to the court has most likely been given a:
a. court order
b. search warrant
c. subpoena
d. summons
Definition
c. subpoena
Term
Heightened awareness of and interest in multicultural issues in counseling emerged in the:
a. 1950s
b. 1960s
c. 1970s
d. 1980s
Definition
c. 1970s
Term
The ________ is NOT a diagnostic aptitude test.
a. Key Math Diagnostic Test
b. Test of Adult Basic Education
c. Wide Range Achievement Test
d. Metropolitan Achievement Test
Definition
d. Metropolitan Achievement Test
Term
To help clients increase their level of differentiation, Bowen recommends:
a. Back home visits
b. creating a genogram
c. unbalancing
d. learning how to communicate congruently
Definition
a. Back home visits
Term
Whites who claim to be "color blind" would be best characterized by which of Helms' racial identity statuses?
a. Disintegration
b. Reintegration
c. Autonomy
d. Contact
Definition
d. Contact
Term
The highest level of Kohlberg's stage theory of moral development is:
a. Law and order
b. Universal ethical principles
c. Social/moral contract and systems of laws
d. None of the above
Definition
b. Universal ethical principles
Term
Experiential family counseling is most reminiscent of:
a. Gestalt therapy
b. narrative therapy
c. Adlerian psychology
d. humanistic counseling
Definition
d. humanistic counseling
Term
Which one of the following assessments describes the personality traits of nonpathological, well-adjusted individuals?
a. California Psychological Inventory (CPI)
b. Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
c. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
d. None of the above
Definition
a. CPI
Term
Children in the Head Start program show a significant improvement in academic skills. Regarding threats to internal validity, the success of Head Start might be most affected by:
a. diffusion of treatment
b. testing
c. instrumentation
d. statistical regression
Definition
d. statistical regression
Term
Eligibility for services under IDEA lasts from birth until what age?
Definition
21
Term
The most harmful parenting style is:
a. authoritative
b. permissive
c. authoritarian
d. uninvolved
Definition
d. uninvolved
Term
A counselor is interested in measuring the success of a program on clients over time. As a select group of clients are studied, the way success is measured becomes more restrictive. What type of single subject research design does this best describe?
a. A-B-C
b. Changing criterion
c. Between series
d. Parametric
Definition
b. Changing criterion
Term
A group leader notices an instance of resistance in a group member but finds that it does not hinder group process. The leader should:
a. interpret it
b. ignore it
c. ask the group to discuss the behavior
d. meet individually with the group member to explore the resistant behavior
Definition
b. ignore it
Term
If a counselor suspects that a minor client is being abused, she should make a report to child protective services within _____ hours of first having reason to suspect:
a. 24 hours
b. 48 hours
c. 72 hours
d. 96 hours
Definition
c. 72 hours
Term
__________ refers to the systematic process for identifying gaps between "what is" and "what should be":
a. program planning
b. program evaluation
c. needs assessment
d. program design
Definition
c. needs assessment
Term
________ is not a component of trustworthiness.
a. Credibility
b. Dependability
c. Reliability
d. Transferability
Definition
c. Reliability
Term
Name the four components of trustworthiness.
Definition
Credibility
Transferability
Dependability
Confirmability
Term
Making hypotheses is a central component of which type of family counseling?
a. Structural family counseling
b. Strategic family therapy
c. Milan systemtic family counseling
d. Bowen family systems therapy
Definition
c. Milan systemtic family counseling
Term
An interaction between a boss who is operating from an adult ego state and an employee who is operating from a natural child ego state is an example of a(n) ________ transaction.
a. complementary
b. covert
c. ulterior
d. crossed
Definition
d. crossed
Term
A counselor who works at a community agency notices an unethical practice that commonly occurs at her place of work. She informs her supervisor, but her supervisor fails to rectify the problem, so the counselor files a complaint with an ethics committee. When the supervisor finds out, she fires the counselor. In this situation, the supervisor behaved in:
a. an ethical manner; the counselor should not have accepted employment there if she did not agree with the practices.
b. an ethical manner; the counselor betrayed the supervisor's trust and went above her authority.
c. an unethical manner; the counselor should not have been fired for trying to resolve an ethical concern in an appropriate manner
d. a legal manner but not an ethical one
Definition
c. an unethical manner; the counselor should not have been fired for trying to resolve an ethical concern in an appropriate manner
Term
2. According to Erickson, when an individual fails to develop a strong sense of identity, the
individual will have troubles with the development of:
a. autonomy
b. initiative
c. intimacy
d. integrity
Definition
c. intimacy
Term
4. Jacob’s father tells Jacob to clean his room. When Jacob asks why, his father responds,
“Because I said so.” The father’s response is most representative of which parenting style?
a. Uninvolved
b. Authoritarian
c. Authoritative
d. Permissive
Definition
b. Authoritarian
Term
7. Cody does what his parents say because he doesn’t want to lose his television privileges.
This is an example of what level in Kohlberg’s theory of moral development?
a. Integrity versus despair
b. Preconventional
c. Conventional
d. Postconventional
Definition
b. Preconventional
Term
10. Henry, a 72-year-old widower, reminisces with his daughter about his life. He talks
about his successes and regrets. This is an example of Erikson’s:
a. intimacy stage
b. generativity stage
c. industry stage
d. ego integrity stage
Definition
d. Ego integrity stage
Term
13. Which of the following statements is true when considering cultural and familial
influences on self-esteem?
a. Chinese and Japanese children have higher self-esteem than North American children,
mainly because their cultures have higher academic standards for achievement.
b. Boys tend to have lower self-esteem than girls.
c. African American children tend to have lower self-esteem than Caucasian children.
d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high selfesteem.
Definition
d. An authoritative parenting style usually allows children to have especially high selfesteem.
Term
16. In the original studies, Milgram and his colleagues found that people were more likely to
disobey under all of the following circumstances EXCEPT when __________.
a. the victim was in an adjoining room so the “teacher” heard every sound the victim made
b. two experimenters had conflicting demands about the continuation of the experiment
c. the person ordering them to continue was an ordinary man, apparently another volunteer
d. the subject worked with peers who refused to go further in the procedure
Definition
a. the victim was in an adjoining room so the “teacher” heard every sound the victim made
Term
17. In the Stanford prison simulation, male college students agreed to participate in an
experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and
guards. The researchers found that __________.
a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying
emotional and physical ailments
b. a small percentage of the guards became tyrannical and abusive in order to maintain the
social structure of the prison
c. the “tough but fair” guards urged the tyrannical guards to lighten up on the prisoners
d. all of the prisoners and the guards became harsh and abusive
Definition
a. within a short time the prisoners became distressed and panicky, with accompanying
emotional and physical ailments
Term
23. When working with individuals from different cultures, the effective counselor may not:
a. use language similar to the client’s
b. maintain good eye contact at all times
c. be cognizant of the context
d. honor religious beliefs
Definition
b. maintain good eye contact at all times
Term
47. Paradoxical intention, implosive therapy, and thought stopping are all techniques used
by _____________ counselors.
a. Psychoanalytic
b. Behavioral
c. TA
d. Reality therapy
Definition
b. Behavioral
Term
48. Stress inoculation is a concept introduced by:
a. John Krumboltz
b. Joseph Wolpe
c. Albert Bandura
d. Donald Meichenbaum
Definition
d. Donald Meichenbaum
Term
54. In order to elicit a conditioned response, the neutral stimulus that will become the
conditioned stimulus must _________________ the unconditioned stimulus.
a. follow
b. precede
c. occur at the same time as
d. randomly occur sometime near
Definition
b. precede
Term
57. A(n) _____________ schedule of reinforcement is the most difficult to extinguish.
a. intermittent
b. consistent
c. systematic
d. ratio
Definition
a. intermittent
Term
65. All of the following are characteristics of an open group EXCEPT:
a. Members can join and leave at any time.
b. The number of sessions is undetermined.
c. There is good cohesion.
d. Group meetings are usually held in a hospital setting.
Definition
c. There is good cohesion.
Term
68. During the working stage of the group, the leader’s role is to:
a. establish a trusting climate
b. provide a role model
c. deal with feelings
d. support risks
Definition
d. support risks
Term
73. A group has co-leaders. That is, there are two trained counselors who are facilitating the
group together. All of the following are advantages of co-leadership groups EXCEPT:
a. More support and attention are provided to group participants.
b. There is less time spent observing participants.
c. Effective modeling of appropriate behavior is provided to the participants.
d. Participants often view co-leaders as parents.
Definition
b. There is less time spent observing participants.
Term
84. Career choices as expressions of one’s personality are to ______________ as career choices
as influenced by genetic endowment, environmental factors, and previous learning
experiences are to _________________.
a. Krumboltz; Holland
b. Holland; Krumboltz
c. Roe; Krumboltz
d. Holland; Roe
Definition
b. Holland; Krumboltz
Term
98. Which of the following sources of information about tests would probably provide the
best information about sources and trends in testing and assessment?
a. Test critiques
b. Journal articles
c. Test manuals
d. All of the above
Definition
d. All of the above
Term
107. Which of the following is the best approach to minimizing or eliminating test bias?
a. Creating separate norm groups for different groups against whom the test is thought to be
biased
b. Having a panel of experts review the test items before standardizing the test
c. Pre-screening examiners to be used in the standardization process for any possible
prejudicial feelings
d. Screening test items for possible bias
Definition
a. Creating separate norm groups for different groups against whom the test is thought to be
Term
108. Multiple-choice items like those found on the NCE tap skills primarily of:
a. organization
b. planning
c. recognition
d. recall
Definition
c. recognition
Term
114. A counselor may decide to administer a number of personality tests in order to:
a. better understand the client
b. predict future performance
c. evaluate the outcomes of counseling
d. All of the above
Definition
d. All of the above
Term
120. When applying to graduate school, the admissions committee compares the
candidate’s scores on the GRE with the candidate’s grade point average reported on the
college transcripts. This is an example of:
a. construct validity
b. content validity
c. criterion-related validity
d. concurrent validity
Definition
c. criterion-related validity
Term
125. A researcher reports that p < .05 in his study. This means:
a. There is a less than 5% probability that the results obtained are in error.
b. There is a greater than 95% chance that the results obtained are accurate.
c. There is a less than 5% probability that the results are accurate.
d. There is a greater than 95% chance that the results obtained are in error.
Definition
b. There is a greater than 95% chance that the results obtained are accurate.
Term
128. One way to reduce Type I and Type II errors is to:
a. increase sample size
b. decrease sample size
c. increase the level of significance
d. decrease the level of significance
Definition
a. increase sample size
Term
129. If a researcher who found a negative correlation between the amount of TV viewing
done by children and academic performance were to graph her results, she would use a:
a. normal bell curve
b. positively skewed curve
c. scatterplot
d. negatively skewed curve
Definition
c. scatterplot
Term
168. Cases of ____________ lead to the most malpractice lawsuits for any mental health
provider, including counselors and psychologists.
a. dual relationships
b. failure of duty to warn
c. sexual misconduct
d. breach of confidentiality
Definition
c. sexual misconduct
Term
173. The resolution of conflicts and breaking out of destructive habits are the primary goals
of:
a. family therapy
b. existential therapy
c. psychodynamic therapy
d. couples therapy
Definition
d. couples therapy
Term
181. A behaviorist family counselor instructs the parents of a 12-year-old boy to tell their
son that when he gets his homework done he can play his Xbox. This is an example of:
a. positive reinforcement
b. the Premack principle
c. quid pro quo
d. negative reinforcement
Definition
b. the Premack principle
Term
185. Satir is associated with:
a. integrated family therapy
b. conjoint family therapy
c. family systems therapy
d. strategic family therapy
Definition
b. conjoint family therapy
Term
186. All of the following are goals of Whitaker’s symbolic family therapy EXCEPT:
a. boundary setting
b. developing family nationalism
c. maximizing languaging
d. separating and rejoining
Definition
c. maximizing languaging
Term
197. The role of the therapist in strategic family therapy is to:
a. find the myth that keeps a behavior going
b. understand levels of communication
c. focus on levels of organization
d. All of the above
Definition
b. understand levels of communication
Term
199. One family structure that is on the rise in the United States is the:
a. blended family
b. multigenerational family
c. single-parent family
d. homosexual family
Definition
b. multigenerational family
Term
203. Using a normal bell curve, where would individuals with average ability fall?
a. Between the 5th and 90th percentiles
b. Between the 40th and 60th percentiles
c. Between the 3rd and 6th stanines
d. Between the 16th and 84th percentiles
Definition
d. Between the 16th and 84th percentiles
Term
205. You are a licensed counselor in private practice. In order to get reimbursed by
insurance companies, you will need your:
a. NPI number
b. license number
c. transcripts of your graduate work on file
d. diploma from your graduate program
Definition
a. NPI number
Supporting users have an ad free experience!