Shared Flashcard Set

Details

N360
Test 1
95
Computer Science
Undergraduate 3
09/14/2011

Additional Computer Science Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Nursing informatics is defined as _______________.
Definition
The integration of nursing science, computer science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge and wisdom into nursing practice
Term
An example of how nursing informatics affects nursing practice is the use of _________________.
Definition
Computer-generated nursing care plans and critical pathways.
Term
A client's race, weight, marital, or employment status are examples of ___________
Definition
Data.
Term
In the role of knowledge builder, what characteristics do nurses display?
Definition
The nurse aggregates clinical data and shows patterns across patients that serves to create new knowledge or can be interpreted within the context of existing nursing knowledge.
Term
How does computer literacy differ from information literacy?
Definition
Computer literacy refers to a familiarity with the use of personal computers while information literacy is the ability to recognize when information is needed as well as the skills to find, evaluate, and use needed information effectively.
Term
How does nursing informatics affect all nurses?
Definition
All nurses deal with data.
Term
An electronic version of the client data found in the traditional paper record is the ____________.
Definition
Electronic medical record
Term
A benefit of the electronic medical record is __________.
Definition
Improved access to information
Term
The __________ is a nurse who has received educational preparation to conduct informatics research and generate informatics theory who has a broad vision of what can be attained using information technology.
Definition
Informatics Nursing Specialist
Term
In today's rapidly changing health care delivery system, nursing informatics is a/an _________.
Definition
necessity
Term
A computer system consists of the following components ___________.
Definition
Hardware, software, data, procedures, and users
Term
The __________ performs actual calculations and is often called the "brain" of the computer.
Definition
Central processing unit (CPU)
Term
Computer hardware is comprised of many different parts, but the main elements are ____________.
Definition
Input devices, the central processing unit, secondary storage, and output devices.
Term
A combination of hardware and software that allows communication and electronic transfer of information between computers is a _____________.
Definition
Network
Term
Which of the following commercial software products are examples of operating system software and application software, respectively?
Definition
Microsoft Vista and Microsoft Word
Term
Which of the following statements about how computers work is NOT true?
Definition
The BIOS (basic input/output system) determines how rapidly instructions are handled on the computer.
Term
What is the smallest unit of data that can be handled by the computer?
Definition
Bit
Term
________ is the scientific study of work and space, including details that affect worker productivity and worker health.
Definition
Ergonomics
Term
As a school nurse, you must regularly send letters home to parents concerning students. Specifically, what type of program would you use to create the letters?
Definition
Application software
Term
What should you consider when selecting a computer system based on needs and expectations?
Definition
Storage capacity and program execution time.
Budget and the number of workers who need access at any one time.
Applications required, backup options, and maintenance.
Term
The ability to collect, store, and retrieve correct, complete, and current data so that they are available to authorized users when needed is called ________.
Definition
Data integrity
Term
The process of controlling the storage, retrieval, and use of data in order to optimize accuracy and utility while safeguarding integrity is called __________.
Definition
Data management
Term
Which of the following best describes Knowledge discovery in data bases?
Definition
It offers the potential to generate nursing knowledge by creating models from the data in the database.
Term
A nurse is collecting data during the admission and assessment of a visually impaired client. What data verification technique(s) should the nurse use to ensure data accuracy?
Definition
Verbal confirmation
Term
Data storage measures should provide safe, accessible storage to authorized persons through a plan that considers ___________.
Definition
Provider, client and third-party payer needs
Physical threats to information and media
Performance requirements
Term
Which of the following issues should be considered when planning for data retrieval?
Definition
Environmental conditions and physical hazards
Control of persons who may access computer equipment and data
Backup of data
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of quality information?
Definition
Most details are complete and clear
Term
A technique using software that looks for hidden patterns and relationships in large groups of data is ________.
Definition
Data mining
Term
How is data mining used in healthcare?
Definition
It is used to identify standardized treatments for specific diseases.
Term
A procedure that uses software to improve the quality of data to ensure that it is accurate enough for use in data mining and warehousing is __________.
Definition
Data cleansing
Term
The ability to exchange information through the use of computer equipment and software is _______.
Definition
Electronic communication
Term
A worldwide network that connects millions of computers together is _________.
Definition
The Internet
Term
__________ is an information service that provides access to Internet resources by content instead of file name.
Definition
The World Wide Web
Term
What is a major feature of the World Wide Web that makes it simple to learn and use?
Definition
Graphical user interface (GUI)
Term
Which of the following is a service of the Internet?
Definition
File transfer
E-mail
Instant messaging
Term
Which of the following statements is true?
Definition
Search engines use automated programs that search the web.
Term
Online resources should be evaluated according to which of the following criteria?
Definition
Accuracy
Comprehensiveness of information
Date of issue
Term
Nurses may use the World Wide Web to learn more about ________.
Definition
Undergraduate, graduate, and doctoral nursing programs
Disease-specific information and recommended treatment modalities
Nursing informatics
Term
Which of the following statements best describes consumer health informatics?
Definition
It is the use of electronic information and communication to improve medical outcomes and the health care decision-making process from the patient/consumer perspective.
Term
____________ uses Internet technology to provide health care organizations with mechanisms of safe and quick exchange of information with other business entities.
Definition
E-business
Term
Data
Definition
Recorded facts about people, objects, or events
Words, numbers, symbols, sounds, or images
Term
Information
Definition
Interpreted data
Data arranged in some sort of order so that it has meaning
Term
Knowledge
Definition
Synthesis of information from multiple sources to produce a single concept
Term
Wisdom
Definition
Applied knowledge
Use of knowledge to manage and solve problems
Term
Informatics
Definition
The art and science of turning data into information

Multidisciplinary scientific endeavor of analyzing, formalizing, and modeling how nurses collect and manage data, process data into information and knowledge, and make evidence-based decisions for patient care

Use of computer technology to support nursing, including clinical practice, administration, education, and research
Term
Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform (TIGER)


Vision
Definition
Allow informatics tools, principles, theories, and practices to be used by nurses to make healthcare safer, effective, efficient, patient-centered, timely, and equitable
Interweave enabling technologies transparently into nursing practice and education, making information technology the stethoscope for the 21st century
Term
Careers in Nursing Informatics
Basic
Definition
Use IT to support clinical and administrative work processes
Access records and charts electronically
Term
Careers in Nursing Informatics
Experienced
Definition
Use IT to support quality improvements in specialty area
Use of evidence-based databases
Work with IT staff to implement system improvements
Term
Careers in Nursing Informatics
Expert (Informatics Nurse Specialist)
Definition
Organization-wide system integration
Informatics research
Train others in data-driven decision making
Term
Informatics and Patient Safety
Definition
Patient identification

Order entry systems

E-prescribing

Medication administration

Decision support software
Term
Impact of IT on Healthcare
Definition
Workflow changes

Evidence-based practice

Consumer demand for quality, affordable healthcare

Employee productivity

Transparency and online report cards

Remote clinical monitoring

Research
Term
What Makes Healthcare Information Systems Unique?
Definition
Transaction intensive industry


Lives and physical well-being are on the line


Complex mix of administrative and clinical systems


Historically underfunded


Privacy and confidentiality laws
Term
HIMSS -
Definition
Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society
Term
AHIMA -
Definition
American Health Information Management Association
Term
ANIA -
Definition
American Nursing Informatics Association
Term
ANI -
Definition
Alliance for Nursing informatics
Term
AMIA -
Definition
American Medical Informatics Association
Term
Five Components of an Information System
Definition
Hardware

Software

Data

Procedures

Users
Term
Centralized Computer Hardware
Definition
Supercomputer
Mainframe/minicomputer
Server
Term
Supercomputer
Definition
Most powerful and expensive type of computer
Solve complex scientific problems requiring lots of calculations and large volumes of data
Term
Mainframe/minicomputer
Definition
Multi-user computers used to process high volume of transactions
Capable of supporting hundreds to over 10,000 simultaneous users
Run enterprise application SW and web-based apps
Term
Server
Definition
Scalability
In small work environments, one server does it all
Servers given specific tasks in large environments - file server, print server, web server, mail server, application server, etc.
Term
Decentralized Computer Hardware
Definition
Workstation on Wheels (WOW)
Handheld – tablet, PDA, smartphone
Term
Workstation on Wheels (WOW)
Definition
Brings computing to the bedside
Increases patient contact time
Fewer errors in transcribing information
Faster access to relevant information
Some patients don’t like them
Term
Handheld – tablet, PDA, smartphone
Definition
Quick and easy access to information
Number of apps increasing rapidly
Some hospitals have policies that limit use
Term
Operating System Software
Definition
Interface between computer HW and application SW

Manages I/O devices, data storage, memory, multi-tasking, security, networking, etc.

Required on all computers – supercomputers to smartphones

Unique to each hardware platform
Term
Types of Application Software
Definition
General purpose software
Function-specific software
Utility software
Term
General purpose software
Definition
Fulfills a variety of needs for many people
Examples - web browser, word processor, spreadsheet, presentation, scheduling/organizing, etc.
Term
Function-specific software
Definition
Supports a single work process or function
Examples - electronic medical record (EMR), order entry, accounting, radiology, lab, pharmacy, etc.
Term
Utility software
Definition
Configure, optimize, and maintain computer’s SW and HW
Examples - anti-virus, spyware detector, diagnostics, data backup and recovery, etc.
Term
Computer Networking
Definition
Computers and devices connected together to exchange data
Local area network (LAN)
Wide area network (WAN)
Internet
Term
Local area network (LAN)
Definition
Single geographic location (up to ½ mile)
Enables sharing of software, data, hardware devices, and internet connections
Wired or wireless
Term
Wide area network (WAN)
Definition
Connects LANS, servers, and computers over long distances
Term
Internet
Definition
Network of networks – LANs, WANs
Distributed, i.e. no central host computer(s)
Term
Alternatives for Running Application Software
Definition
Conventional
Client-server
Term
Alternatives for Running Application Software: Conventional
Definition
Doesn’t require external software or data source to function
MS Word, Excel, Adobe Acrobat, Photoshop, etc.
Term
Alternatives for Running Application Software:Client-server
Definition
Software and/or data storage distributed between server and user’s computer (client)
Thin client
Web browser used to access SW and data files on server
E-commerce, Sakai, Gmail, web-based EMR
Thick client
SW installed on client with data files and/or additional SW on server
Generally have more features than thin client apps
MS Outlook, SharePoint, Google Earth, Epic
Term
Data integrity
Definition
Assurance that data is correct, complete, and up-to-date
Term
Data collection and entry
Definition
People – conscientious, thorough, well-trained, etc.
Software system checks - validation, duplicate record prevention, completeness, etc.
Term
Data management
Definition
Policies and procedures governing the collection, storage, retrieval, usage, and disposal of data
Means by which data integrity is achieved
Term
Characteristics of Quality Information
Definition
Timely
Accurate
Readily available
Unbiased
Comprehensive
Appropriate to user needs
Free from ambiguity
Reliable, regardless of who collects it
Convenient form for interpretation and use
Term
Consequences of Bad Data
Definition
Flawed decisions

Patient harm or death

Financial loss to healthcare organization, patient, or payer

Non-productive work to find and fix errors and omissions

GIGO
Term
Data Warehouse
Definition
Copy of operational database(s) used for data mining, analysis, and reporting
Term
Data cleansing
Definition
Clean up ‘dirty data’
ID and fix missing values, errors, outdated or irrelevant info
Requires software app and detail-oriented people
Term
Data transformation
Definition
Join data from multiple sources
Convert to common data structure
Term
Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery in Databases
Definition
Extraction of previously unknown and potentially useful information from databases

Identify patterns, relationships, and trends in aggregate data

Sift through large amounts of data hoping to find a ‘nugget’

Techniques range from simple correlation to factor analysis

Software helps, but mostly human curiosity and insight

KDD - evolved form of data mining using sophisticated statistical analysis techniques
Term
Internet
Definition
Global data communication system of interconnected computer networks - a network of networks

Millions of private and public, academic, business, and government networks

Originated in 1960s to enable US military agencies to exchange research data over a fault-tolerant, distributed computer network

Consists of hardware and software
Term
World Wide Web
Definition
One of the services communicated via the Internet

Collection of interconnected documents (hypertext pages) accessed through hyperlinks and URLs via a web browser

Invented in 1989 by English physicist Tim Berners-Lee

Enables the spread of information over the internet through an easy-to-use and flexible format
Term
Criteria for Evaluating Online Information
Definition
Trustworthiness - credentials of source, bias or sponsorship

Accuracy and comprehensiveness

Date(s) of issue/revision

Ease of navigation

Response time

Data security, viruses, malware, etc. (chapter 10)
Term
Electronic Mail
Definition
Easy to use

Basically free

Supports file attachments

Web-based thin client (Hotmail) or thick client (MS Outlook)

Issues with managing revisions
Term
Discussion Forum
Definition
aka discussion board, internet forum, bulletin board

Web-based software app

Information organized by topic (thread)

Registered members can post, anyone can view

Rules and policies govern content and postings

Some sites use moderators or administrators
Term
Wiki
Definition
Web-based software application

User-generated content

End result is a finished “product” rather than a discussion thread

Track history of changes and revisions

No approval needed to edit most wikis. Other users correct errors and control content
Term
Portal
Definition
User interface that provides single point of access
Entry point to content/search/navigation
“Front-end’ for an intranet/extranet
Most have decentralized content management
Term
Intranet
Definition
Private, secure network used by an organization to share information among employees
Term
Extranet
Definition
Similar to intranet but with limited access for patients, affiliates, and suppliers
Supporting users have an ad free experience!