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Sociology
n/a
162
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/27/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
dentrites
Definition
recieve info from other neurons
Term
neurons
Definition
are directional electrical pulses travel down them down in only one direction
Term
cell body (soma)
Definition
receives info from dentrites
Term
the nucleus contains what???
Definition
dna
Term
axon hilock
Definition
measure stimulation of a neuron if suffieciently excited will fire
Term
all or nothing law
Definition
if it fires it fires completely down no partial firing
Term
vessicles contain
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
psychology
Definition
the scientific study of behavior and mental process
Term

birth of psychology

Father of psychology

Definition

1879

William wundt

Term

structuralism

introspection

William Wundt

Definition

breaking conscious experiences into its basic sensations

evaluating an object using you senses

Term

functualism

William James

Definition

focuses on how an object of phemomenon is used 

 

Term

psychodynamic perspective 

sigmund freud

Definition

looks at the role that internal conflicts those of the unconscious have on the behaviors and mental processes we exhibit

 

lead to treatment of pschycological disorders

 

also the oldest

Term
behavioral perspective 
Definition

looks at the role of learning and the influence of external environment

what role do punishment and rewards play on behaviors

Term
Humanistic Perspective
Definition

looks at the value of a person's potenital for growth and stress the choices are determined by their unique perspective 

Emphasis the value of free will and who are or will be

Term
behavioral perspective 
Definition

looks at the role of learning the influence of external environment

what role do punishments and rewards have

 

Term

Biological Perspective 

(physiological)

Definition

assumes that behavior and mental process are based on biological processes 

looks at effects that neurons/brain function genetics and hormones and chemicals  have on behavios and mental process

Term
Cognitive Perspective
Definition

looks at the mechanisms by which people process info how how mental process imfluence behavior

how ppl, think perceive and remember

Term
Sociocultural perspective 
Definition

looks at the importance of social and cultural inflence on thought and behavior

why do we conform to society and our peers

Term
Science
Definition

a way of knowing charcterized by the attempt to apply objective and empirical methods when seraching for the cause of events

-Goodwin

Term
Empirical 
Definition
reliances of collecting observations (data)
Term
Objectivity
Definition
deals with verifiability looks at what you did and how you got there
Term

Non scientific ways of knowing

 

Definition

Method of authority- an authoritive figure says it so, so it must be so

Method of tenacity- holding a belief despite evidence that is the contrary hold strong

Priori Method- what came before

some that is beleived without prior research or study

Pseudoscientific 

false science self help items pass themselves as scientifc when really just psuedopsychology

 

Term

Empirical Reasearch

 

Definition

Descriptive reaserch 

correlational research

experimental reasearch

Term

steps in critical thinking

 

Definition

1. what am i asked to believe

2. what evidence is available to support the assertion theory or belief

3 are there alternative ways to interepreting the data 

4 what additional evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives

5 what conclusions are most reasonable , given evidence what conclusions can you draw

Term

Naturalistic behavior

 

Definition

the observation of behavior without trying to change it

ex. one way mirrors

videotaping in environment 

hiding in blinds-telescope status

participant - Bosehen (1973) checked himself in to a hospital to observe .

 

Term
Experimental research
Definition
the only research that leads to causal caustion
Term
Brocas area
Definition

speech production

if damaged speech is hesistant and repetive

Term
advantages for observational research
Definition

good starting point for generating ideas and theories

darwin theory of evolution

Term
disadvantages of observational research
Definition

influenced by observer bias

ethical concern

participants dont know they are participating in study

cannot draw causal conclusion

Term

case study 

(clinical method)

Definition
detailed examination of an existing situation dealing with a unique indivdual or group or event
Term
freud based his theories of personality on...
Definition
case studies 
Term
feral means
Definition
wild child
Term
two cases of feral and wild children
Definition

genie 1957

victor 1800

Term
feral child "who"
Definition

victor

never learned a spoken language

Term
wild child "who"
Definition

genie

abused and neglected mother took to hospital when 13 1/2

syntax was never normal complete sentence

Term
advantages of case studies
Definition

only way to learn about unique rare events

in depth study lots of details

ex. freud

Term
survey methods
Definition

asking questions in order to understand psychological issues

face to face most effective- interviews

Term
correalation research
Definition

a relationship between two variables

names comes from co-relations (more then one)

Term
variable
Definition
something that is allowed to vary...take on other values
Term
Experimental research
Definition

method that leads to causal conclusions

shows the effect of a independent variable on a dependent variable

Term
independent variable 
Definition
one that is manipulated by an experimenter
Term
dependent variable 
Definition
one that is measured to show the influence of the independent variable
Term

Firing a neron

resting potential 

Definition
polarized @ -70mv
Term

firing a neron

Threshold

Definition
-65mV
Term

firing a neron

action potential (spike)

neron deplorizes

Definition

"the spike"

+30 mV thousanths of a volt

 

Term

firing a neuron

refractory period

Definition
hyperpolarized -80 mV can fire again but only if highly excited 
Term
cerebral cortex 
Definition
outter layer surface of the brain
Term

cerebral cortex

four lobes

Definition

frontal

parietal

occipital

temporal

Term
central sulcus
Definition
a cleft separating the frontal from the parietal lobes of the brain
Term
sylvian fissure
Definition
 one extending laterally between the temporal and frontal lobes, and turning posteriorly between the temporal and parietal lobes.
Term
occipital lobe 
Definition
visual center
Term
temporal lobe
Definition
auditory sounds
Term
parietal lobe
Definition

somatosensory

sensory center

exp. touch heat cold pressure

Term
contralateral 
Definition
opposite side
Term
larger the area...
Definition
the more sensitive it is
Term
motor center
Definition

involuntary movement of body parts

in frontal lobe

sensory homunclus

foot

toes

hand,face,upper lower lip,tongue,pharynx,intrabdominal

Term
broca's area
Definition

speech production frontal lobe left hemisphere

toes,ankle,hand,vocalization, lips, eyelid, eyeball,

Term
wernickes area
Definition

in temporal lobe of left hemisphere near visual and auditory cortex

speech comprehension

 

Term
if wernickes area is damaged...
Definition

the person has a problem understanding written and spoken speech

speech is fluent, sounds real but has no real meaning

Term
if broca's area is damaged...
Definition

speech is hesitant and repetitve 

one will speak in as few words as possible

Term
split brain patients...
Definition

have 300 million nerve fibers of the corpus collosum severed...no communication between both hemispheres

to help with seizures

Term
split brain study done by whom...
Definition

Roger Sperry @cal tech

won noble prize for Physiology or Mediciene

 

Term

EEG

 

Definition
records fluctuates in brain activity
Term

CT Scan

computer tomography

Definition

shows cross sectional of brain aka cat scan

uses a computer to analyze rotating series of x rays 

creates a 3D image of the brain

 

Term

MRI

Magnetic resonance imaging)

Definition

rotating scanner detects various patterns od magnetic change in molecules of the brain

3-D picture more detailed 

Term

fMRI

functional MRI

Definition

is a faster version that allows a researcher to observe in cognitive function

what details are changing awhile is performing an activity.

Term

PET SCAN

position emission tomography

Definition

measures brain activity 

brain activity in form of glucose

patients are given a mild radioactive form of glucose and then it is scanned

Term

sensation

five senses

Definition

visual 

auditory

taste

smell

touch

Term
taste aka
Definition
gustatory sense
Term
smell aka
Definition
olfactory
Term
touch aka
Definition
tactile, temp, pain, vibration
Term

2 other senses

1/2

Vestibular

Definition
 tells about the postion of head in space sense of balance
Term

2 other senses

2/2

Kinesthesia

Definition
the sense that tells you where your body parts are
Term

 visual perception

 

Definition

the interpretation of sensory info

what we perceive is not always present

Term

visual perception

1/2

depth

Definition

 

binocular and monocular

bi-two eyes 

mono-one eye

 

 

Term
monocular depth
Definition

interposition (occulsion)

closer objects block the view of father ones

Term
binocular cue
Definition

the bigger difference in two images the closer the object

eyes see from slightly different positions

Term
converge
Definition
inward
Term
accomadation
Definition
lens of eyes bulge
Term
farther object from sight the eye...
Definition
lens flattens and eyes diverge
Term
linear perspective 
Definition
nApparently parallel lines appear to converge as they approach the horizon
Term

Areil perspective

atmosphere persepctive

Definition
oThe farther away an object is, the more air and particles you have to look through
nTherefore, objects that are farther away seem less sharp
Term
motion parllax
Definition
nAs you move, objects that are farther away appear to move more slowly than those near by
Term
picture plane
Definition
nItem below the horizon, farther objects are higher
nItems above the horizon, farther objects are lower
Term
texture gradients
Definition
nFarther objects tend to be packed together
nAlso rougher surface for closer objects
nTakes into account linear perspective and relative size
Term
Gestalt Principles
Definition

perceiving a form grouping of feature and objects

law of Prafnanz followed good form and we group object togther and in simplest form

Term
figure
Definition
is the object we focus on the highlighted event
Term
ground
Definition
refers to the contrasting background
Term
Gestalt terminolgy we 
Definition
we can switch what is figure and what is ground
Term
proximity
Definition
items that are close together tend to be grouped together
Term
similarity
Definition
items that are similar in style tend to be grouped together
Term
closure
Definition
we tend to complete(close) items that are not complete
Term
good continuation
Definition
we tend to perceive smooth or flowing forms rather than disrupted forms
Term
common fate
Definition
we tend to see objects that move at the same time speed and in the same direction as being together
Term
levels of consciousness
Definition

high awareness

middle awareness

low awareness

Term
high awareness
Definition

fully engrossed at the task at hand

focuses awarenes

Term
low awarenss
Definition

sleeping

unconscious lowest level of awareness fdue to head injury

Term
middle awareness
Definition

aware but minimal attention required

day dreaming

Term
EEG
Definition
electroencephogram
Term
EMG
Definition

electromyograph

measure musle activity

Term
EOG
Definition

electrooculograph

measure eye activity

Term
EKG
Definition

Electrocardiograph

measure heart activity

Term

EEG Patterns in waking

beta waves

Definition

 

low amplitude 15 cycles per second

produced when person is alert

 

Term

EEG when sleeping 

alpha waves

Definition

moderate

8 to 12 cycles/sec

relaxed with eyes closed

Term
Stage 1 sleep
Definition

last about 5 min 

very relaxed eyes are closed

easily awakened

Term

stage sleep 1

theta waves

Definition
larger amplitude and about 4-7 cylces/sec
Term

Hypnogogic sleep

(hallucinations)

Definition

very visual images

falling floating sudden jerking motion

Term
hypnic jerk
Definition
sudden jerking motion
Term

stage 2

sleep

Definition

first stage of true sleep last approx 20 min

lose tension muscle

Term

stage 3

sleep

Definition

transition stage

heart and body temp decrease

20-50% waves are delta

higher amplitude but slower waves

Term
stage 4 sleep
Definition

50% or more brain waves are delta 

deepest sleep

 

Term
sleep pattern should be...
Definition
after stage 4 go back to 3 then stage 2 and then a new stage called Rem
Term
Rem
Definition
rapid eye movement
Term
rem sleep stage
Definition

increase in blood pressure, respiration, muscle controlling the eyes 

and muslce in body are paralyzed

Term
paradoxial sleep
Definition
 sleep that appears to be deep but that is characterized by a brain wave pattern similar to that of wakefulness, rapid eye movements, and heavier breathing
Term
dreaming occurs
Definition

in REM stage

78% remember

and 14 & from non rem stages

Term
manifest content
Definition
what is remembred from the dreamand what happened
Term
latent content
Definition
what the underlying content and meaning of the dream
Term
dreams are 
Definition

reminding ourselves the important things we have ignored during the day

feel it is a planning time or a problem solving time

Term

you do what as you get older

and animals as well

Definition
sleep less and dream less
Term
newborns sleep
Definition
13 to 16 hrs of which REM Sleep
Term
other's feel dreams
Definition

dreams are just spontaneous neural firings of the brain

 

Term
freud though dreams were...
Definition
wish full fullfillment a window to the unconscious through dream analysis can determine the unconscious influnces
Term
Ebbinghaus
Definition
psychology "having a long past but short history"
Term
aristotle, socrates, and plato
Definition
believed how we sense and perceive using memory and solve problems
Term
neurons
Definition
ndirectional—electrical pulses travel down them in only one direction
Term
dentrites
Definition
n—Receive information from other neurons
Term
cell body (soma)
Definition
nReceives information from dendrites
Term
axon hillock
Definition
n—measures stimulation of neuron; if sufficiently excited, neuron fires
Term
all or nothing law
Definition
n—If it fires, it fires completely down axon (no partial firing)
Term
mylelin sheath
Definition
nAdvantage of having this, electrical stimulation skips from Node of Ranvier to Node of Ranvier
nSpeeds up the firing of the neuron
Term
      Acetylcholine (Ach)
Definition
One of the first neurotransmitters to be discovered
Elicits contractions of skeletal muscles
Also associated with memory formation
Term
Botulism
Definition
paralysis- death
Term
Black Widow Spider’s Venom—causes 
Definition
muscle spasms
Term
Curare—substance used in poison darts; it blocks receptors for Ach causing …
Definition
paralysis death 
Term
ways we know how about the brain
Definition
brain injuries, abnormal stimulation, medical equipment
Term
abnormal stimulation
Definition
Local anesthesia for patient, then electrically stimulate areas of the brain
Term
blindsight
Definition
phenomenon in which people who are perceptually blind in a certain area of their visual field demonstrate some response to visual stimuli
Term
vessicles contain
Definition
neurotransmitters
Term
medulla
Definition
blood pressure heart rate breathing
Term
cerebellum
Definition
balance and fine motor skills
Term
[image]
Definition
neuron
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