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Must Know Sheet Flashcards
155
Social Studies
8th Grade
04/19/2012

Additional Social Studies Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Samuel Adams
Definition

Boston patriot who opposed British taxation in the colonies and beliebved tha the colonial government was capable of self-rule without intrusionby the Brtish monarchy. Adams established the Comittees of Correspondence and was a leader in organized opposition to the Stamp Act, protests waged by the Sons of Liberty, and Boston Masscare. He participated in the Continental Congress and supported the Constitution subject to addition of the Bill of Rights.

Term
John C. Calhoun
Definition

*From South Carolina

* 1828, led fight against protective tarrifs which hurt the south economically

* Created the Doctrine of Nulllification which said the state could decide whether a law was constitutional later know as the Nullification Crisis

Term
Henry Clay
Definition

* Known as Great Compromiser

* Helped create Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850 which outlawed slavery from the north of Missouri's south border

* Helped end the Nullification Crisis by suggesting to lower the tarrifs

Term
Jefferson Davis
Definition
* first and only president of the Confederate states when C.S.A existed
Term
Fredrick Douglass
Definition

* leading the African American abolonist during 1800s

* Former Slave

* Famous speaker and writer

* Valued advisor of Lincoln during the Civil War

Term
William Lloyd Garrison
Definition
* Abolitionist that published the Liberator newspaper
Term
Benjamin Franklin
Definition

* Philadelphia Patriot

* Scientist

* Artist created the Join or Die picture

* Served in the Continental Congress

* Helped write the Declaration of Independence and   Constitution

* Negotiated a treaty with France after Saratoga

Term
Robert Fulton
Definition
* created the first practical steamboat, the Clermont
Term
King George III
Definition
* King of England during the American Revolution
Term
Ulysses S. Grant
Definition

* Led Union victory over Confederates in the Civil War

* 18th president, 1868

Term
Alexander Hamilton
Definition

* Revolutionary War Vetern

* authored some Federalist Papers

* Secertary of Treasury under Washington

* Federalist party leader

* Free enterprise system became American economy based

* devised a financial system ehich stabilized the national economy after the American Revolution and restrutured national debt so it is functioned as a political asser rather than lability

Term
Patrick Henry
Definition

* Patriot from Virginia

* Strong supporter of the Colonial Army

* Influential in getting support for the Patriot cause from Virgina 

*Said," Is life so dear or peace so sweet as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death."

*Opposed ratification due to potential limits to the state rights

Term
Thomas Jefferson
Definition

* Writer of Declaration of Independence

* Secretary of State under Washington

* Vice President under John Adams

* 3rd president

* Made Louisiana Purchase

* Democratic Republican Party was founded on his ideas

Term
Andrew Jackson
Definition

*7th president

*Hero of Battle of New Orleans (War of 1812)

*Began new style of American politics(Jacksonian Democracy) formed basis of Democratic Party

* Ordered Trail of Tears

* Supported power to national government

Term
Robert E. Lee
Definition

* Appointed commander of the Confederate army in 1862 during the Civil War

* Despite his skill, he was forced to surrender to Ulyssess S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, VA in 1865

 

Term
Abraham Lincoln
Definition

* 16th president

* 1st Republican President

* President during the Civil War

* Delivered very famous speeches like Gettysburg address

* Passed Emancipation Proclamation

 

Term
James Madison
Definition

* Participated in Continental Congress

* considered the father of the constitution

* One of the 3 authors of the Federalist Papers

* author of Bill of Rights

Term
Horace Mann
Definition

* Father of public education

*Believed all childern had the right to free education

Term
John Marshall
Definition

* One of the most influential Supreme Court justices

* Helped establish the idea of judical review which made the Supreme Court the powerful institution that it is today

 

Term
James Monroe
Definition

* 5th president

* From Virginia 

* Wrote Monroe Doctrine very imortant in American foreign politics

* Warned Europe not to interfere with any nation in the Americas (Western Hemisphere)

Term
Thomas Paine
Definition

* Wrote Common Sense and The Crisis

* Urged Americans to support the Patriot cause during the American Revolution

Term
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Definition

* Author of Declaration of the Rights of Women

* Spent her life seeking equal rights for women

* She and Lucretia Mott organized the first Women's rights convention at Seneca Falls, NY

Term
Sojourner Truth
Definition

*former slave who fought for women's rights and abolition

Term
Harriet Tubman
Definition

* Former slave conductor of the Underground Railroad (which helped slaves escape to Canda)

Term

George Washington

 

Definition

* Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army

*President of Constitutional Convention

* 1st president

* helped create a strong central government

Term
Daniel Webster
Definition

* Representative and senator in the U.S congress

* Known for debates against Hayne and Calhoun on topics about states rights and nullification

* Supported Compromise of 1850 to preserve the Union

Term
Abigail Adams
Definition

*wife of John Adams

* Known for stance on women's rightd in letters to her husband

* abilities as farm and financial manager

Term
John Adams
Definition

* 2nd president

* Representative in 1st and 3nd Continental Congresses

* debated ratification of the Constitution

* Ambassador to England

* Served 8 years as vice president to Washington before his election as president

* Aliens and Sedition Acts & XYZ Affair during his presidency 

Term
  Wentworth Cheswell
Definition

* Educated African American 

* Patriot leader

* Messenger for the Commitee of Safety and undertook the same task as Paul Revere, making an all night ride to warn citizens of imminent British invasion

Term
Mercy Otis Warren
Definition

* Patriot writer that supported independence and convinced the others ub massachussets to become Patriots

* 1st woman historian of the American Revolution

* Only woman to publish books, plays, and poetry

 

Term
James Armistead
Definition

* African American spy during the American Revolution

* Served under General Lafayette

* Acted as a slave in Lord Cornwallis' camp

* Helped defeat the British at the surrender at Yorktown

Term
Bernardo de Galvez
Definition

* Spainard who sealed off the port of New Orleans so that the British could not utilize the Mississippi River, but allowed Americans access

* 1777, more than $70,000 had reached American troops

Term
Crispus Attucks
Definition

* 1st to die in the Revolution of Boston Massacre

* Was an escaped slave of African and Native American descent

 

Term
Haym Salomon
Definition

* Polish-bown Jewish immigrant to the Americans

* Was arrested by British as a spy in 1776

* Was pardoned and used by the British as an interpreter with their German troops

* Helped prisoners of the British escape and encouraged the German soldiers to desert

Term
Marquis de Lafayette 
Definition

* French aristocrat who played a leading role in the American and French Revolutions and ruled Paris after the French Revolution

* Respected the concepts of liberty and freedom and constitutional government

* Between 1776 and 1779 fought in the American Revolution, commanding forces as a major- general in the colonial army

Term
John Quincy Adams 
Definition

* 6th president

* Member of the Congress

and favored strong nationalism against states' rights and opposed the pro-slavery messages of John C. Calhoun

* Argued before the Supreme Court for slaves from the ship Amstiad, which multinied during the journey from Africa

 

Term
Daniel Webster
Definition

* representative and senator from New Hampshire and then Massachusetts in the U.S Congress

* served twice as a secretary of state and negotiated the Webster-Ashburton un 1842, which resolved border dispute with Canada

* was noted for his speaking ability and commitment to perserving the union states

Term
William Carney
Definition

* 1st African American to be awarded a Medal of Honor while serving with the 54th Massachusetts Regiment during the Civil War

* Held the flag at Fort Wagner

Term
Philip Bazaar
Definition

* Navy seaman who was awarded a Medal of Honor for his valor in the Battle for Fort Fisher of the American Civil War

 

Term
Hirman Rhodes Revels
Definition

*American clergyman and educator who became the first black citizen to be elected in the U.S Senate (1870-1871)during Reconstruction

* Performed Competently in office, advocating desegregation in schools and on the railroads

 

Term
George Mason
Definition

* From Virgina

* Writings influenced the new government

* Believed in restricting the governments powers and supported the rights of human rights

* Delegate at the Constitutional Convention, where he delivered 139 important speeche, but refused to sign the Constitution until the Bill of Rights were added

Term
Thomas Hooker
Definition

* Founder of the State of Conneticut 

* "Father of American Democracy"

* Conneticut adopted the Fundamental Orders sometimes called the first written constitution

Term
Charles de Montesquieu
Definition

*French political and social philosipher who defined the principle of speration of powers, calling for a system of checks and balances in a government

* Idead influenced the founding fathers, notably Thomas Jefferson

Term
John Locke
Definition

* writings on the nature of government influenced the founding fathers of the U.S

* English Philosopher who political theories were best summarized in his doctrine of natural rights: life, liberty, and property

* Governments develop at the consent of the governed and can be dissolved if the citizens believe that their government fails to act in their best interests

 

Term

William Blackstone

 

Definition

*British jurist, who gave the 1st university on English Common Law

* His Commentaries on the Laws became the basis of university legal education in England and North America

Term
William Penn
Definition

* established Pennsylvania as a refuge for Quakers and a place where they could create s government based on their own standards  

* aggressively advertised his land grant and attempted to treat Native Americans and squatters from other colonies residing in the grant fairly

* supported freedom of worship, welcomed immigrants, and did not require residents to serve in the milita

Term
Henry David Thoreau
Definition

* American essayist, poet, practical philosopher, and transcendentalist
* Most influential essay was "Civil Disobedience"(passive resistance)
* Supported abolitionism, lecturing, and writing against slavery

* his writings became the basis for Mahatma Ghandi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.


*

Term
John Paul Jones
Definition

* founder of U.S Army

* was daring and volatile and led raids on British vessels, during the American Revolution

* Commander of Bonhomme Richard and was famous for exclaiming, " I have not yet began to fight." when his ship was sinking

* Won the battle

Term
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson
Definition

* Graduate of U.S Military Academy at West Point, recognized as a hero in the Mexican War

* Brigadier General at the 1st Battle of the Bull Run where he got his nickname

Term
Susan B. Anthony
Definition

* Leader of the women's suffarage movement for 50 years to effort to attain equal rights for women

Term
John James Audubon
Definition

* Painter of birds anf other wildlife

* Began birds of America in 1820, which contained life-size color prints of 489 species and remains the most comprehensive presentation of birds in America

Term
Eli Whitney
Definition
Cotton Gin and interchangable parts
Term
Robert Fulton
Definition
Steamboat
Term
Samuel Morse
Definition
Telegraph
Term
John Deere
Definition
Steel Plow
Term
1607
Definition
Jamestown founded, first permenant settlement in N.A
Term
1620
Definition

Plymouth founded, pilgrams signed Mayflower Compact for a self governed government

Term
1776
Definition

Declaration of Independence signed and adopted. Written by Thomas Jefferson and listed charges against Britain and declared independence from Britain and name themselves U.S.A

Term
1787
Definition
Philadelphia Convention, Articles were abolished and the constitution and new government was established
Term
1803
Definition

Lousiana Purchase, Thomas Jefferson bought land from France for $15 million

Term
1861-1865
Definition
Civil war between south and north over states' rights and slavery
Term
1st amendment freedoms
Definition
freedom of speech, press, religion, petition, and assembly
Term
Federalist
Definition

wanted the Constitution ratified as it was originally written(Alexander Hamilton, Madison, and Adams)

Term
Anti-Federalist
Definition

would not sign the Constitution until the Bill of Rights were added (Jefferson, Sam Adams, Mason, and Henry)

Term
Federalist Party
Definition

wanted strong federal(central) government; higher taxes;government support industry(Hamilton& J.Adams)

Term
Democratic Republican
Definition

*strong state government

* lower taxes

* support farmers

* JEFFERSON AND MADISON

Term
Democratic Party
Definition

*Modern Democratic party began with election of 1828 Andrew Jackson became the first Democrat when the Democratic Republican split

Term
Whig Party
Definition

* Opposed the Jackson's policies and supported states' rights and Henry Clay's American Systems

*Leaders wew Daniel Webster, Henry CLay

*Presidents of party W.H Harrison and John Tyler

Term
Republican Party
Definition

*Formed before the Civil War as an anti-slavery party

*Abraham Lincoln was the first Republican President

*Republicans temporarily dominated the U.S after the Civil War

Term
Marbury vs. Madison
Definition

*judical review established

* Supreme court can say if law unconstitutional

Term
Worcester vs. Georgia
Definition

* the Cherokee Nation sued the state of Georgia to keep their lands and Cherokee won, but were forced to leaved by Jackson anyway

Term
Gibbons vs. Ogden
Definition

*Federal commerce clause outranked a state law that had granted a monoply, granting more federal power

Term
McCullough vs. Maryland
Definition

* the federal government had powers over the state government

Term
Dred Scott vs. Stanford
Definition

* denied slaves any rights of citix=zenship

Term
1775
Definition

* First shots of Revolution

*Lexington and Concord 

Term
1776
Definition
Declaration of Independence
Term
1777
Definition
Valley Forge
Term
1777
Definition
Saratoga
Term
1781
Definition
Battle of Yorktown last battle of revolution
Term
Treaty of Paris 1783
Definition
offically ended American Revolution
Term
1813
Definition
Ft.McHenry and Star Spangled Banner Written
Term
1814
Definition
Battle of New Orleans and Jackson gains popularity also final battle
Term
Mexican American War
Definition

* Manifest Destiny

* Texas Annexation

*Border disputes

Effects:

-mexican cession

-california,new mexico, nevada, arizona, colorado,etc.

Term
1861
Definition
Ft.Sumter beginning of Civil War
Term
1861
Definition

Battle of Antietam

Bloodiest Battle

Emancipation Proclomation

Term
1863
Definition
Battle of Gettysburg turning point in civil war
Term
1863
Definition
Battle of Vicksburg gave North control of Miss. River
Term
1865
Definition
Appomattox Courthouse, end of Civil War
Term
Checks and Balances
Definition
each branch of the government can use checks or control over the others
Term
Federalism
Definition
government in which power is divided between central government and the states
Term
Free Enterprise
Definition
individual people get to choose what they want to buy and sell and make
Term
Jacksonian Democracy
Definition
spreading political power to all people to ensure majority rule
Term
Limited Government
Definition
All government leaders and all citizens must obey the laws
Term
American system
Definition
Henry Clay's plan for economic growth includes protective tarrifs, transportation, canals and roads, 2nd national bank
Term
Louisiana Purchase
Definition
land bought from France in 1803 from the Rocky Mts to Mississippi River
Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition
the idea of the U.S was destined to expand from the Atlantic to the Pacific ocean
Term
Merchantalism
Definition
system in which colony's are responsible to support the mother country
Term
Northwest Ordinance
Definition
an orderly way of expanding the U.S specifically passed for the Northwest Territory
Term
Nullification
Definition
idea that a state could ignore a federal lawthat they feel unfairly hurts their state(unconstitutional)
Term
Popular Sovereignty
Definition
a government in which people have the final say in the government
Term
protective tarrifs
Definition
taxes on imported goods that are designed to help the U.S compete in the sale of those goods
Term
republicanism
Definition
the power of the people voting or electing people to represent the pople
Term
Seperation of Powers
Definition
government in which each branch has a specific responsiblitiy
Term
Trail of Tears
Definition
Forced Native Americans to move on this trail by Andrew Jackson after Indian Removal Act was signed into a law; Many natives died along the way
Term
Treaty of Paris 1783
Definition
ended the American Revolution offically
Term
Unalienable rights
Definition
rights thhat the government can not take away because they are god given rights
Term
Virginia House of Burgessess
Definition
1st representative assembly in North America
Term
Transcendentalism
Definition
a philosophy emphazing the spiritual importance in life over the material of importance
Term
Minimal Government Intrusion
Definition
idea that citizens have the right to privacy qnd independence from government control
Term
Property rights
Definition
right to own property
Term
communication systems
Definition
process of keeping the colonies connected to know what was going on with the others
Term
Transatlantic Slave Trade
Definition
trade routes between Africa and North America across the Atlantic ocean and also initiated slavery in the U.S
Term
Transcontinental Railroad
Definition
Railroad line that linked the well-developed railway network of the East Coast with rapidly growing California
Term
Virtue
Definition
the quality of doing what is right and avoiding what is wrong
Term
Urbanization
Definition
social process wher cities grow and societies become more urban
Term
Radical Reconstruction
Definition
plan made by radical republicans on congress to recpnstruct
Term
Magna Carta
Definition
limited the King's power and guaranted righ of trail by jury
Term
English Bill of Rights
Definition
guaranteed right to bear arms, forbade cruel and unusual punishments and reinforced right to trial by jury
Term
Mayflow Compact
Definition
signed by members of the mayflower which is an outline of their self government plan
Term
Common Sense and Crisis
Definition
written by Thomas Paine to explain why the colonist should break free from the British rule. become a patriot
Term
Decleration of Independence
Definition
written by Thomas Jefferson, claiming independence from British
Term
Articles of Independence
Definition
created before Yorktown, first attempt at a national government by American Colonies; weakness was the lack of a strong centeral government
Term
Federalist Papers
Definition
written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and J. Jay articles that were writtem to get suppoty for a new constitution
Term
U.S Constitution
Definition
replaced the Articles of Confederation and was blue print of American government and it allows for a strong  central government and became the supreme law
Term
U.S Bill of Rights
Definition
first 10 amendments guarenteed unalienable rights as disscused in D.O.I
Term
Washington's Farewell Address
Definition
speech in which he warned to stay away from political party politics and stay clear of allies
Term
Emancipation Proclamation
Definition
order given by Lincoln to free all slaves in the Confederate
Term
Gettysburg Address
Definition
Speech given by Licoln expressed ideas about liberty, equality and union
Term
Jefferson Davis' Inaugural
Definition
given when became president of Confederate states and talked about states' rights
Term
13th amendement
Definition
freed African americans
Term
14th amendment
Definition
gave rights of citizenships to all U.S born citizens
Term
15th amendment
Definition
Gave black men the right to vote
Term
Morrill Act
Definition
land grant thath established agricultural-universities
Term
Dawes Act
Definition
Indian policy that broke up reservations into individual land plots
Term
Homestead Act
Definition
law that a person could claim 160 acres of land in the western territories
Term
Fugitive Slave Act
Definition
act that helped slave owners recover their runway dlaves from the north
Term
Nullification Compromise
Definition
Henry Clay's compromise to end the Nullification Crisis when the tariff would be lowered over a 10 year period
Term
Compromise of 1850
Definition
California becomed a free state
Term
Missouri Compromise
Definition
balanced free states and slave states
Term
Kansas Nebraska Act
Definition
Spread slavery further in the country
Term
1846
Definition
oregon territory
Term
1848
Definition
mexican cession
Term
1853
Definition
Gadsen Purchase
Term
1845
Definition
Texas Annexation
Term
1819
Definition
Florida Cession
Term
Abolition Movement
Definition
the social movement to end slavery
Term
public education
Definition
between 1830-1850 and many northern states opened free public education
Term
Labor Reform Movement
Definition
social movement where workers began protesting and strickes to get better wages and working hours
Term
Women's Rights
Definition
this movement sought the equal treatment of women, including the right to vote
Term
Temperance Movement
Definition
social movement to stop drinking alcohol
Term
Industrial Revolution
Definition
*movement from Europe where machines replaced  "cottage industries" in labor jobs. Industrialization encouraged urbanization (the movement of more people to cities and far away from farming.)
Term
Steam Power
Definition
*allows the speed of manufacturing to grow much faster. Cotton Gin-clean cotton quikly contributing to more slavery.
Term
Transportation System
Definition
*improving the transportation system, communcation is improved and trade(which helps unify the country) helps the country grow.
Term
Canal System
Definition
*man-made extensions to rivers which will connect waterways and improve transportation.(Most famous was Erie Canal).
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