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Music TeXes Exam
IMPORTANT
313
Music
Undergraduate 4
05/30/2014

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Term
Tessitura
Definition
General pitch level of a piece of vocal music: an uncomfortably high tessitura; range of a voice
Term
Audiation
Definition
Mentally hearing and comprehending music, even when no physical sound is present
Term
Soft Palate
Definition
The movable fold, consisting of muscular fibers enclosed in a mucous membrane, that is suspended from the rear of the hard palate and closes off the nasal cavity from the oral cavity during swallowing or sucking.
Term
TEKS
Definition
Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills state standards for Texas public schools.
Term
A due (a2)
Definition
Marking signifies that on a staff that normally carries parts for two players, both players are to play the single part in unison
Term
Accelerando
Definition
Gradually increasing the tempo
Term
Agitato
Definition
Play quickly; with agitation and excitement.
Term
Allargando
Definition
Broadening, becoming a little slower each time
Term
Allegretto
Definition
A little lively, moderately fast
Term
Amoroso
Definition
Lovingly
Term
Andantino
Definition
Slightly slower than andante, in which case its BPM is between 64-72.
Term
Arco
Definition
the bow used for playing some string instrument; i.e., played with the bow, As opposed to pizzicato (plucked), in music for bowed instruments; normally used to cancel a pizzicato direction
Term
Attaca
Definition
go straight on; i.e., at the end of a movement, a direction to attach the next movement to the previous one, without a gap or pause
Term
Caesura
Definition
A complete break in sound (sometimes nicknamed "railroad tracks" in reference to their appearance
Term
Calando
Definition
Falling away, or lowering; i.e., getting slower and quieter; ritardando along with diminuendo
Term
Cantabile
Definition
Singing
Term
Cappricoso
Definition
Capriciously, unpredictable, volatile
Term
Cedez
Definition
yield, give way
Term
Con sordino
Definition
With a mute, or with mutes
Term
Cuivre
Definition
Brassy. Used almost exclusively as a French Horn technique to indicate a forced, rough tone. A note marked both stopped and loud will be cuivré automatically[1]
Term
Al fine
Definition
to the finish; to the end
Term
Alla breve
Definition
Cut time
Term
Dolce
Definition
Sweetly
Term
Doloroso
Definition
Sorrowfully, plaintivel
Term
Doppio movimento
Definition
Twice as fast
Term
A poco
Definition
A little
Term
A tempo
Definition
In tempo
Term
Ad libitum
Definition
At pleasure
Term
Becken
Definition
Cymbals
Term
Bouche
Definition
Stopped french horn
Term
Clarinetto
Definition
Clarinet
Term
Con brio
Definition
With brilliance
Term
Con fuoco
Definition
With fire
Term
Cor
Definition
French horn
Term
Cor Anglais
Definition
English horn
Term
Corno
Definition
French horn
Term
Corno Inglese
Definition
English horn
Term
Dampfer
Definition
Mute
Term
Fagotto
Definition
Bassoon
Term
Diminuendo
Definition
Diminishing
Term
Flauto
Definition
Flute
Term
Flote
Definition
Flute
Term
Gestopft
Definition
Stopped French horn
Term
Giocoso
Definition
Playful
Term
Grave
Definition
Heavy, serious
Term
Grazioso
Definition
Graceful
Term
Hautbois
Definition
Oboe
Term
Immer
Definition
Always
Term
Klarinette
Definition
Clarinet
Term
Kleine Flote
Definition
Piccolo
Term
Langsam
Definition
Slow
Term
Larghetto
Definition
Slow and dignified (faster than largo)
Term
Largo
Definition
Broad
Term
Lebhaft
Definition
Lively
Term
L'istesso tempo
Definition
Same tempo
Term
Loco
Definition
Where written
Term
Ma non troppo
Definition
But not too much
Term
Maestoso
Definition
Majestsically
Term
Marcato
Definition
Well marked
Term
Meno mosso
Definition
Less motion
Term
Mezzo
Definition
Half
Term
Mit Dampfer
Definition
With mute
Term
Moderato
Definition
Moderately
Term
Molto
Definition
Much
Term
Morendo
Definition
Fading away
Term
Niente
Definition
Nothing
Term
Often
Definition
Open
Term
Ohne Dampfer
Definition
Without mute
Term
Ottavino
Definition
Piccolo
Term
Partitura
Definition
Score
Term
Pauken
Definition
Timpani
Term
Perdendosi
Definition
Gradually dying away
Term
Pesante
Definition
Heavy
Term
Petite flute
Definition
Piccolo
Term
Peu a peu
Definition
Little by little
Term
Piacere
Definition
At the performer's pleasure
Term
Piatti
Definition
Cymbals
Term
Piccola Cassa Tamburo
Definition
Snare drum
Term
Piu
Definition
More
Term
Poco a poco
Definition
Little by little
Term
Posaune
Definition
Trombone
Term
Quasi
Definition
Almost
Term
Rubato
Definition
Somewhat freely
Term
Sans Sourdine
Definition
Without mute
Term
Sassofono
Definition
Saxophone
Term
Schalltrichter hoch
Definition
Lift bells in the air
Term
Scherzando
Definition
Jokingly, playfully
Term
Schnell
Definition
Quick
Term
Sec, secco
Definition
Dry
Term
Segno
Definition
Sign
Term
Segue
Definition
Continue without a break
Term
Sempre
Definition
Always
Term
Senza sordino
Definition
Without mute
Term
Sostenuto
Definition
Sustaining all the notes full value
Term
Sotto voce
Definition
In a subdued voice
Term
Stringendo
Definition
Gradual acceleration
Term
Subito
Definition
Immediately
Term
Tacet tacit
Definition
Silent
Term
Tema
Definition
Theme
Term
Tempo I
Definition
At original speed
Term
Tromba
Definition
Trumpet
Term
Trommel
Definition
Snare drum
Term
Tutti
Definition
Everybody
Term
Vivace
Definition
Lively
Term
Opus
Definition
A musical work or composition
Term
Con anima
Definition
With animation; spirited
Term
Apassionato
Definition
Intensely; passionately; with deep feeling
Term
Arioso
Definition
Vocal style; similar to cantabile
Term
Assai
Definition
very
Term
Ben
Definition
Well
Term
Brilliante
Definition
Brilliantly
Term
Con
Definition
with
Term
Coda
Definition
The final added measures of a musical composition
Term
Energico
Definition
Energetically
Term
Fermata
Definition
A hold or pause
Term
Forte
Definition
Loud
Term
Con forza
Definition
With force
Term
Furioso
Definition
Furiously
Term
Chromatic
Definition
By semi-tones
Term
Marziale
Definition
Martial
Term
Marcia
Definition
March style
Term
Piano
Definition
Softly
Term
Diminuendo
Definition
Gradually softer
Term
Passaggio
Definition
Vocal range where the voice 'shifts' or transitions into a different register
Term
Falsetto
Definition
Male singing voice, falsetto denotes a specific timbre or vocal sound (differentiated from head voice, or voce piena in testa) in the male upper-range that is imitative of upper-range female voice quality, although it is not solely such. The term itself – derived from the Italian word for 'false' - suggests a departure from timbre reality; from true or legitimate vocal timbre.
Term
Larynx
Definition
The part of the respiratory tract between the pharynx and the trachea, having walls of cartilage and muscle and containing the vocal cords enveloped in folds of mucous membrane.
Term
Vocal Cords
Definition
Either of two pairs of mucomembranous folds in the larynx. The upper pair (false vocal cords) are not concerned with vocal production; the lower pair (true vocal cords or vocal folds) can be made to vibrate and produce sound when air from the lungs is forced over them.
Term
Cartilages
Definition
A tough, elastic, fibrous connective tissue found in various parts of the body, such as the joints, outer ear, and larynx. A major constituent of the embryonic and young vertebrate skeleton, it is converted largely to bone with maturation.
Term
Pharynx
Definition
The section of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
Term
Hard palate
Definition
Anterior bony portion of the roof of the mouth, extending backwards to the soft palate
Term
Resonators
Definition
Something that resonates; An instrument for detecting the presence of a particular frequency by means of resonance; Hollow enclosure designed to cause energy of a certain frequency, as sound waves or microwaves, to resonate; An electrical circuit that exhibits resonance at a certain frequency.
Term
A due corde
Definition
Upon two strings; lengthen the bow stroke
Term
A punta d'arco
Definition
At the point of the bow
Term
Arco
Definition
Use the bow
Term
A una corda
Definition
On one string
Term
Bogen
Definition
Violin bow
Term
Coll'arco
Definition
Play with the bow
Term
Colle
Definition
A bowing in which the string is pinched lightly, followed by a lift to prepare for the next stroke
Term
Col legno
Definition
With the wood part of the bow
Term
Con sordini
Definition
With mutes
Term
Corda
Definition
String
Term
Cordatura
Definition
The notes to which the strings, any strings, are tuned
Term
Legno
Definition
Wood or stick part of the bow
Term
Leggiero
Definition
Light, delicate
Term
Legato
Definition
Smooth or sometimes tied together
Term
Head
Definition
Point of the violin bow
Term
Double stop
Definition
Playing simultaneously on two strings
Term
Coup d'archet
Definition
Stroke of the bow
Term
Detache
Definition
Literally 'detached'; any form of separated bowing on the string
Term
Down bow
Definition
The bow is drawn from the hand away from the instrument
Term
Due corde
Definition
Two strings
Term
Flautando
Definition
Light, airy; played over the fingerboard
Term
Frog
Definition
The lower end of the bow, to which the hair is fastened
Term
Glissando
Definition
Slide the fingers in gliding manner
Term
Lever l'archet
Definition
Lift the bow
Term
Loure
Definition
Bowing style for pulsed or legato notes
Term
Punta
Definition
The point or bow tip
Term
Pointe
Definition
Tip of the bow
Term
Una corda
Definition
On one string only
Term
Sul tasto
Definition
Over the fingerboard
Term
Saltando
Definition
Leaping, skipping the bow
Term
Tip
Definition
Head of the bow
Term
Order of Violin strings
Definition
EADG
Term
Order of Viola strings
Definition
ADGC
Term
Order of the Cello strings
Definition
ADGC
Term
Order of the bass strings
Definition
GDAE
Term
etude
Definition
a study
Term
forzando
Definition
forcefully accented
Term
Con fuoco
Definition
With fire, energy
Term
Giocoso
Definition
Joyfully
Term
Grandioso
Definition
Grand or noble style
Term
Leggiero
Definition
Lightly
Term
Lento
Definition
very slow
Term
Largo
Definition
very slow
Term
molto
Definition
very
Term
Morendo
Definition
dying away
Term
non troppo
Definition
not too much
Term
Pesante
Definition
Heavily; with emphasis
Term
poco
Definition
little
Term
D.C (De capo)
Definition
from the beginning
Term
D.S (Dal segno)
Definition
from the sign
Term
Con brio
Definition
with spirit; brilliantly
Term
prestissimo
Definition
very fast; more so than presto
Term
Presto
Definition
very fast
Term
Primo
Definition
first
Term
Rallentando
Definition
Gradually slower
Term
Religioso
Definition
in solemn style
Term
Ritardando
Definition
Gradually slower
Term
Ritenuto
Definition
a steady pace, but slower than preceding tempo
Term
Rubato
Definition
Temporary irregularity of time, lengthening certain notes at the expense of others
Term
Scherzo
Definition
Playfully; usually in rapid tempo with rhythmic and dynamic contrasts
Term
Scherzando
Definition
in light, playful style
Term
Segno
Definition
the sign
Term
Sempre
Definition
Always; continually
Term
Senza
Definition
without
Term
sforzando
Definition
forced; with emphasis
Term
simile
Definition
the same; continue in same manner
Term
Smorzando
Definition
dying away
Term
Soli
Definition
more than one performer in unison
Term
Solo
Definition
a composition or passage for one one performer
Term
Sordino
Definition
mute
Term
Sostenuto
Definition
sustained
Term
Stringendo
Definition
gradually faster
Term
subito
Definition
suddenly
Term
tacet
Definition
silent
Term
tenuto
Definition
sustain full value
Term
valse
Definition
waltz
Term
Veloce
Definition
fast
Term
vivace
Definition
lively; vivacious
Term
vivo
Definition
lively; brisk
Term
Arpeggio
Definition
notes of a chord played in broken fashion
Term
Marcato
Definition
Refers to an accentuated or well-marked style of bowing
Term
Martele
Definition
Hammered or sharply accented style of bowing
Term
Mute (strings)
Definition
A small clamp made of various metals or wood and placed on the bridge to dampen the sound of the instrument
Term
Neck
Definition
That part of a string instrument extending from the head to the body; the fingerboard is attached to it
Term
Nut
Definition
The small bridge at the upper end of the fingerboard over which the strings pass into the peg box; sometimes it is used synonymously with the frog
Term
parlando
Definition
in a declamatory style using a variety of expressive bowings as if "to speak"
Term
pique
Definition
a martele style of bowing at the tip
Term
ponticello
Definition
bow close to the bridge to produce a "squeky" effect
Term
portamento
Definition
gliding effect from note to note for expressive purposes
Term
Ricochet
Definition
a bouncing style of bowing that involves two or more slurred notes; the bow is dropped on the string so that it ricochets
Term
Sautille
Definition
a rapid bouncing bow that occurs through the natural resiliency of the stick
Term
Scordatura
Definition
a special tuning of the open strings
Term
spicato
Definition
a bouncing bow that is controlled by the hand
Term
tremolo
Definition
a note or chord reiterated at a rapid rate; it may or may not be measured
Term
up-bow
Definition
the sign is V; start at the point of the bow and move the hand toward the instrument
Term
Renaissance (time period)
Definition
(1400-1600)
Term
Renaissance Rhythm
Definition
Macro rhythm (basic meter)
Macro rhythm (agogic accent)
Term
Renaissance Melody
Definition
Modal
Term
Renaissance Harmony
Definition
Triads, first inversions, and non-harmonic on a polyphonic base
Term
Renaissance Forms
Definition
Mass, Motet, Chanson, Canon, Madrigal, Toccata, Ricercare, Fantasia
Term
Renaissance Color
Definition
Vibrato and pizzicato on string instruments
Term
Renaissance texture
Definition
3 to 6 voices
polyphony imitation
polychoral style
Term
Renaissance dynamics
Definition
contrast in number of voices
mf, p, f in the bar form of the master singers
Term
Renaissance composers
Definition
Dunstable
Dufay
Ockeghem
Josquin
Tavener
Tye
Cabezon
Lassus
Vittorio
Binchoirs
Obrecht
Milan
Tallis
Palestrino
Byrd
Morenzio
Gabrieli
Frescoboldi
Term
Renaissance Instruments
Definition
Sacbut
Slide trumpet
Timpani
Bassoon
polish geigs
bass trombone
french horn
circular horn
oboe
Term
Baroque (time period)
Definition
(1600-1750)
Term
Baroque Rhythm
Definition
Bar line regularity
Simple and compound meters
Term
Baroque Melody
Definition
Development of major and minor tonalities
Development of instrumental character
Term
Baroque Harmony
Definition
Thorough bass
Dominance of major and minor tonalities
Functional harmony, triads, seventh chords
Modulation to closely related keys
Term
Baroque Forms
Definition
opera, ballet, oratorio, sinfonia, overture, choral prelude, choral, fugue, prelude, concerto grosso, suites
Term
Baroque Color
Definition
instrumental
Beginnings of orchestration
Term
Baroque texture
Definition
Vocal and instrumental contrast
Development of a distinctly instrumental style
Term
Baroque Dynamics
Definition
Contrast of large and small groups, loud and soft instruments, loud and soft keyboards
Term
Instruments
Definition
Violin
Flute
2-key oboe
3-key bassoon
2-key clarinet
cello
pianoforte
Term
Baroque Composers
Definition
Monteverdi
Gibbons
Schutz
Corelli
Lully
A. Scarlatti
Vivaldi
Bach
Handel
Purcell
Term
Classic (time period)
Definition
1750-1825
Term
Classic rhythm
Definition
Bar line regularity
Dominance of simple meters
Term
Classic melody
Definition
Diatonic lines in major and minor modes
Tuneful, singable melodies
Term
Classic harmony
Definition
Triads
Seventh chords
Chromatic alteration
Modulation to foreign keys
Term
Classic forms
Definition
Development of sonata form
Sonata
Trio
Quartet
Concerto
Opera
Oratorio
Quintet
Symphony
Term
Classic Color
Definition
Secondorization of instrumental combinations
Term
Classic texture
Definition
homophony
solo quartet
trio quartet
quintet
symphony
concerto
Term
Classic dynamics
Definition
from pp to ff
crescendo and diminuendo
Sudden changes
Term
Classic instruments
Definition
double bass
keyed trumpet
valve horn
valve trumpet
english horn
Term
Classic Composers
Definition
Gluck
Hayden
J.C Bach
Cimorosa
Paganini
Sammartini
Mozart
Weber
Beethoven
Term
Romantic (time period)
Definition
1815-1913
Term
Romantic rhythm
Definition
bar line regularity
simple meters with misplaced accents
exploitation of ritardando and accelerando
Term
Romantic melody
Definition
diatonic and chromatic lines in major and minor modes
singable melodies of a more emotional character
Term
Romantic harmony
Definition
emphasis on seventh, ninth, and eleventh chords
chromatic progressions
Term
Romantic forms
Definition
Traditional forms
art song
character piece
music drama
symphonic poems
cyclic form
leit motif
Term
Romantic color
Definition
development of the possibilities of each instrumental and vocal type
rise of the virtuoso
Term
Romantic texture
Definition
fuller orchestras
larger choral groups
larger combinations of voices and instruments
Term
Romantic dynamics
Definition
from ppp to ffff crescendo and diminuendo
more sensitive changes
Term
Romantic instruments
Definition
albert system clarinet
piccolo
alto and bass clarinet
heckel system bassoon
eb bass
saxaphone
BBb bass
boehm system flute and clarinet
modern oboe
machine-tuned tempani
alto flute
celesta
contrabassoon
marimba
mellophone
Term
Romantic composers
Definition
Czerny
Schubert
Chopin
Verdi
Gounod
Bruckner
Mussorgksy
Puccini
Sousa
Mahler
Elgar
Dvorak
Tchaikovsky
J. Strauss
Berlioz
Liszt
Wagner
Brahms
Grieg
Rimsky-korsokoff
Term
Modern (time period)
Definition
1900-present
Term
Modern rhythm
Definition
syncopation
asymmetric meters
mixed meters
Term
Modern melody
Definition
whole tone scale
modes
synthetic scales
serial technique
micro-tones
angular melodic lines
Term
Modern harmony
Definition
impressionists
polytonality
atonality
changing tonalities
chords of 4ths and 5ths
added notes
tone clusters
denial of functional harmony
Term
Modern forms
Definition
forms from old, previous periods
arch form
jazz
Term
Modern color
Definition
Exploitation of instrumental and vocal color
Term
Modern texture
Definition
from monophony to huge masses of sound
Renewed emphasis on polyphonic style
Term
Modern dynamics
Definition
From a whisper to the extreme possibilities of loudness
Term
Modern instruments
Definition
Complete families of wind instruments
electronic instruments
Term
Modern instruments
Definition
Complete families of wind instruments
electronic instruments
Term
Modern composers
Definition
MacDowell
Sibelius
Schoenberg
Berg
Stravinsky
Barber
Holst
Debussy
Vaughn-williams
Copland
Ravel
R. Strauss
Ives
Prokofieff
Hindemith
Schuman
Shostokovich
Hanson
Term
Ionian Mode
Definition
(major)
Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1
Term
Dorian Mode
Definition
Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2
becomes--
1, 2, b3, 4, 5, 6, b7, 1
Term
Phrygian Mode
Definition
Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3
becomes--
1, b2, b3, 4, 5, b6, b7, 1
Term
Lydian Mode
Definition
Fa, Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa
4, 5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4
becomes--
1, 2, 3, #4, 5, 6, 7, 1
Term
Mixolydian Mode
Definition
Sol, La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol
5, 6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
becomes--
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, b7, 1
Term
Aeolian Mode
Definition
(natural minor) La, Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La
6, 7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
becomes--
1, 2, b3, 4, 5, b6, b7, 1
Term
Locrian Mode
Definition
Ti, Do, Re, Mi, Fa, Sol, La, Ti
7, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
becomes--
1, b2, b3, 4, b5, b6, b7, 1
Term
Hemiola
Definition
a metrical pattern in which two bars in triple time (3/2) or (3/4) are articulated as if they were three bars in duple time (2/2) or (2/4)
"123, 123, 12, 12, 12"
Term
Augmentation
Definition
Lengths of the notes are prolonged. A melody originally consisting of four eighth-notes for example, is augmented if it later appears with four quarter-notes instead.
Term
Sequence
Definition
Repeating a pattern at a higher or lower pitch level
Term
Major Chord
Definition
root, major third, minor third (CEG)
Term
Minor Chord
Definition
root, minor, third, major third (CEbG)
Term
Major/minor seventh chord
Definition
root, major third, perfect fifth, minor seventh
Term
Diminished seventh chord
Definition
root, minor third, diminished fifth (tritone), diminished seventh (sixth)
(CEgGbBbb)
Term
Authentic cadence
Definition
V to i. the phrase perfect cadence is sometimes used as a synonym for authentic cadence, but can also have a more precise meaning depending on the chord voicing
Term
Half cadence
Definition
Any cadence ending on V, whether preceded by ii, IV, I, or any other chord
Term
Plagal cadence
Definition
IV to I, also known as the 'amen cadence' because of its frequent appearance in hymns
Term
Deceptive cadence
Definition
V to any chord except I (typically vi or VI). This is considered one of the weakest cadences because of the 'hanging' (suspended) feel it invokes
Term
Monophonic texture
Definition
one voice (unison)
Term
polyphonic texture
Definition
multiple voices
Term
homophonic texture
Definition
melody and harmony
Term
12 bar blues
Definition
the most common musical form of blues. 12 refers to the number of measures.
I IV I I
I IV I I
V IV V I
Term
Tone row
Definition
refers to a non-repetitive ordering of the twelve notes (pitch-classes in musical set theory) of the chromatic scale. Tone rows are the basis of Schoenberg's twelve tone technique.
Term
Ostinato
Definition
a motif or phrase which is repeated over and over again at the same pitch. musical pattern that is continuously repeated during a sections or throughout a complete piece of music. the repeating idea may be a rhythmic pattern, part of a tune, or a complete melody.
Term
Activators
Definition
breath, diaphragm
Term
Vibrators
Definition
vocal chords, larynx
Term
Resonators
Definition
head, (mouth, nose, sinuses), throat, chest
Term
Articulators
Definition
tongue, teeth, jaw, hard and soft palates
Term
Cambiata
Definition
changing voices
Term
Vocal registers
Definition
head voice/chest voice
Term
Voice classifications
Definition
soprano, mezzo soprano, alto, tenor, baritone, bass
Term
Choral performance criteria
Definition
correct notes and rhythms
phrasing
balance
blend
intonation
tone quality
stage prescence/facial expressions
Term
vocal health
Definition
hydration, overuse or abuse, illness, talking at clubs or on bus trips, medications
Term
Typical vocal faults
Definition
posture and breathing
range extension and flexibility needs
register changes
breathy, strident, tense tone
vibrato unevenness
intonation
diction
Term
TEKS
Definition
perception
creative expression/performance
historical/cultural heritage
response/evaluation
Term
Fundamental principles of music
Definition
rhythm
texture
dynamics
melody
timbre
form
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