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Music Lit
Final Exam
85
Music
Undergraduate 2
12/10/2011

Additional Music Flashcards

 


 

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Term
classical era dates
Definition
1750-1800
Term
classical era culture
Definition
Scientific spirit of inquiry and reason broadens to all areas of human existence
--Philosophy, religion, society structure, politics
Middle class enters mainstream
--Average person became the ideal person
Cosmopolitanism
--International mix
--Institution that does the greatest good for the greatest number of people, is good
d.Idealization of Greek and Roman culture
e. Age of Revolutions: Industrial, American, French
Term
enlightenment
Definition
Scientific spirit of inquiry and reason broadens to all areas of human existence
Term
1st Viennese school
Definition
Classical music associated with Vienna

-Vienna located between many musical nations
-Emperor Joseph II supports music
-Viennese middle class had money and time
-Adoptive home of Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
Term
classical music style
Definition
i. Lyrical and flexible melody—“natural” like human voice
ii. Thematically linear rather than cyclical
iii. Expressively direct (no excessive ornamentation)
iv. Predominantly homophonic texture
v. Clear sections and cadences
vi. Is it simpler? A different aesthetic (what people think is beautiful)
Term
absolute music
Definition
Music that has no literary, dramatic, or pictorial program
Term
pianoforte
Definition
Invented by Cristofori (~1720)
i. Plectrums replaced by small hammers
ii. Escapement action
iii. Dynamic gradations now possible
Term
multi-movement genre/form
Definition
Three movements:
1st: fast, sonata form
2nd: slow, sonata, theme and variations, other form
3rd: fast, rondo, sonata, other form

Four movements:
1st: fast, sonata form
2nd: slow, sonata, theme and variations, other form
3rd: medium, minuet and trio, scherzo and trio, form
4th: fast, rondo, sonata, other form
Term
symphony
Definition
sonata for orchestra
Term
concerto
Definition
a work for one or more solo instruments and orchestra
Term
double exposition
Definition
when a sonata is written out twice so that the soloist and the orchestra can both play it
Term
cadenza
Definition
section of music in a concerto that is improvised by a solo performer without orchestra accompaniment
Term
opera buffa
Definition
Comic Opera
-Opera comique (France), Singspiel (Germany)
-Reaction to formulaic and predictable opera seria
-Audience can identify with the characters—middle class
Term
opera seria
Definition
serious opera
Term
Franz Joseph Haydn
Definition
"Papa Haydn"
Austrian
major, prolific composer known for 104+ symphonies, string quarters, piano sonatas
"father of the symphony"
last of the great patronage composer
Term
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Definition
child prodigy-tours in Europe
600+ compositions in 23 years
best known for "The Marriage of Figaro", concertos, chamber works, and "Requiem Mass"
Term
Ludwig van Beethoven
Definition
musical innovator
Expanded Classical forms
Pervasive motivic development
Emotion, self-expression ≥ form
Ongoing pursuit of originality
Composer of the future
Ushers in Romanticism

rough life, becomes neurotic, deaf
9th symphony--Ode to Joy
Moonlight sonata
Fidelio opera
Term
Romantic era dates
Definition
1800-1900
Term
romantic culture
Definition
a. Reaction against the supremacy of reason
-Subjectivity rather than objectivity
-Fascination with extreme emotions
b. Fascination with nature and the fantastical
c. Desire for self-expression and uniqueness
d. Political unification and population growth
e. Larger middle class
Term
romantic musical style
Definition
Intensification and extension of expressive elements of Classicism
[Classical: form shapes expression]
Romantic: emotion or imagery shapes form
-Melody—longer, irregular, wider range, more disjunction, more chromaticism
-Harmony—more chromaticism and unexpected modulation
-Form—modified Classical forms and new miniature forms
Belief that music has extra-musical origins
Program music
Nationalism
Bigger orchestra—Musical instruments are developed
Music conservatories flourish
Public concert halls—celebrity superstar musicians
Term
nationalism
Definition
any musical expression that is intended to emphasize the unique character and interests of a particular nation
Term
nationalistic composers
Definition
Mikhail Glinka--Russia
The Mighty Five--Russia
Williams/Elgar--England
Sibelius--Finland
Grieg--Norway
Manuel de Falla--Spain
Respighi--Italy
Smetana--Bohemia
Term
The Mighty Five
Definition
group of 5 Russian composers who shared the feeling that musical influences from the West should be completely abandoned
Term
Singspiel
Definition
German opera
Term
music drama
Definition
change in opera where the drama becomes more important than the music
--characteristic of Wagner
Term
bel canto opera
Definition
"beautiful singing"
opera meant just to show off the voice, not about words or plot
Term
verismo opera
Definition
Musical setting of the text closer to speech
Poor characters, extreme conditions, often violence on stage
Term
lied(er)
Definition
music set to a poem for solo voice and piano
German word for song
Term
strophic
Definition
designating a song in which all verses of the text are sung to the same music
Term
modified strophic
Definition
some of the verses of the text are sung to the same melody while others are not
Term
through-composed
Definition
each section of the text has music different from the music preceding and following
Term
song cycle
Definition
a series of art songs that tell a story or are otherwise related to one another
Term
program music
Definition
music that is based on a poem, event, etc
-opposite of absolute music
Term
program symphony
Definition
symphony based on a story, event, etc
--Berlioz's Symphonie Fantastique
Term
symphonic poem
Definition
single movement work for orchestra that is composed to tell a story or to go along with the events or moods in a particular poem
Term
string quartet
Definition
chamber ensemble consisting of a 1st and 2nd violin, a viola, and a cello
--also, the form which is a sonata for these instruments
Term
sonata
Definition
an instrumental work consisting of three or four contrasting movements
Term
sonata form
Definition
musical form emcompassing one movement of a composition and consisting of three sections: exposition, development, and recapitulation--often followed by a coda
Term
exposition
Definition
first section in sonata form containing the statement of the principal themes
Term
development
Definition
second section of a movement in sonata form
-elaboration of themes
Term
recapitulation
Definition
third section of sonata form which restates the themes from the exposition
Term
themes and variations
Definition
a form based on a single theme and its subsequent repetition, with each new statement varied in some way from the original
Term
minuet and trio
Definition
form employed in the third movement of many classical symphonies, cast in a stately triple meter and ternary form (ABA)
Term
rondo
Definition
-Multiple departures and returns from themes
-ABACA (+coda)
-Often fast, forward momentum
Term
concert overture
Definition
a one-movement self-contained orchestral concert piece, often in sonata form
Term
Franz Schubert
Definition
Austrian composers
best known for his 600+ lieder (art songs) and 100+ choral works
Elrkonig (King of the Elves)
Term
Robert and Clara Schumann
Definition
Robert:
prominence as composer, also pianist
composed orchestral works, string quartets, and solo piano pieces
established first music journal

Clara:
prominence as concert pianist, also composer
one of the first women to tour internationally
became an interpreter of Robert's music
Term
Franz Liszt
Definition
Hungarian composer and pianist
loved playing to large crowds
dramatized his playing--turned piano sideways so audience could see his hands
memorized his music
best known for solo piano music
developed the symphonic poem
Term
Hector Berlioz
Definition
French composer
best known for program symphonies
-Symphonie Fantastique
used idee fixe in each movement-thematic transformation
used a bigger orchestra than usual to portray multiple images and emotions
Term
Bedrich Smetana
Definition
Bohemian composer
best known for "The Moldau" which celebrates his country's fine rivers
-one of six symphonic poems in Ma Vlast (My Country)
Term
Johannes Brahms
Definition
Romantic composer best known for his choral and solo vocal works
-A German Requiem (Ein Deutsches Requiem)
-used German text instead of Latin in his religious pieces
Term
Guiseppe Verdi
Definition
Italian opera composer
-Heart of operas are human beings
-De-emphasizes divisions of aria and recitative
-Orchestra is a character
-Libretti often based on genuine literature
famous for "Aida"
Term
Giacomo Puccini
Definition
Late 19th century Italian opera composer
Chief composer of verismo opera
-Musical setting of the text closer to speech
-Poor characters, extreme conditions, often violence on stage
12 operas, many performed regularly
-Madame Butterfly, La Boheme
Term
Richard Wagner
Definition
a. Wagner’s musical legacy
i. Groundbreaking use of chromaticism--constantly changing key
ii. Use of leitmotifs
1. Musical ideas that represent a character, object, or ideas
iii. Continuous music
1. Cadences are postponed
2. No arias or recitatives
iv. Role of the orchestra
v. Extensive staging
vi. Gigantic works
b. Wagner’s Artistic Theory
i. Operas should be universal artwork—elements from all arts
ii. Drama is most important; music supports drama
iii. Wagner’s operas were termed music dramas
iv. Earlier composers contended that music was the most important element

Der Ring des Nibelungen (The Nibelungs’ Ring)
-Brunnhilde and the Valkaries
Term
early 20th century dates
Definition
end of 19th century to before WW2
Term
early 20th century culture
Definition
a. Turn of the century—explosive technological change
b. Heavy experimentation and many movements in the arts
i. Expressionism, cubism, abstract art, modernism, primitivism, Dadaism, surrealism, neo-classicism
c.New awareness of Non-Western art and music
i. 1889—the World Exhibition in Paris
d. Age of World Wars and Communism
e. Tradition comes into question with new atheistic worldview
f. Composers reach for new levels of expression
i. Must go even further beyond traditional boundaries
Term
impressionism
Definition
Artistic movement in France
-Celebrated light, blended and nuanced color, blurred edges
-Idea of the image more important than the image itself
Term
expressionism
Definition
concentrated on the expression of inner feelings of conflict and unrest
-harsh colors and distorted images
-Van Gogh, Schoenberg
Term
primitivism
Definition
-artistic portrayal of underdeveloped people
-refers to flat shapes, lack of traditional sense of perspective, and color so vivid they aren't realistic
Term
neoclassicism
Definition
works based on older forms while still using newer ideas
Term
2nd Viennese school
Definition
Schoenberg and his followers
-total chromaticism
-atonality
-12 tone system
-serialism
Term
atonality
Definition
musical organization without tonal center
Term
serialism (12-tone system)
Definition
system of composition developed by Schoenberg that consists of arranging the 12 pitches of the chromatic scale in a particular order (known as a tone row, series, or set
-also called dodecaphony
Term
ragtime
Definition
-Blend of European and African-American pianist traditions
-Named for “ragged rhythms” (syncopation)
-Scott Joplin (1868-1917)-Maple Leaf Rag
Term
blues
Definition
-Arose from field hollers, work songs
-Improvisation based on a 12 to 16 measure harmonic progression
I-IV-I-V-IV-I
-“Blue” notes—3rd, 5th, and 7th of scale lowered a half-step
Term
New Orleans jazz
Definition
Blend of ragtime and blues
Small ensemble (brass, saxophones, drums, keyboard, bass)
Relied heavily on solo improvisation
Louis Armstrong
-Invented new techniques, styles, etc
-Scat singing
-Coined the term “swing”
Term
Swing era/ Big Band
Definition
1930s and 40s
Duke Ellington’s Big Band
-Larger ensemble
-Began practice of notating jazz music
-It Don’t Mean a Thing if it Ain’t Got That Swing
Term
Post WW2 musical philosophy
Definition
New timbres
-Traditional instruments used in non-traditional ways: Ex. The Banshee and the prepared piano
-Noise: Ex. John Cage 4’33”
-Electronic sounds: Ex. Poeme Electronique Edgar Varese
-Musique concrete—any sound recorded and manipulated into a composition
New forms
-Aleatoric (chance) music
-Minimalism
-Music with no form
Term
aleatoric music
Definition
music in which some aspect is decided by performers or someone else other than the composer, guaranteeing that every performance of the work will be different
-chance/indeterminacy music
Term
musique concrete
Definition
"concrete music"
musical style originating in France about 1948
consists of recording natural or "concrete" sounds, altering the sounds by various electronic means, and then combining them into organized pieces
Term
electronic music
Definition
music produced by such means as magnetic tapes, synthesizer, or computer
Term
minimalism
Definition
late 20th century movement that seeks to return music to its simplest, most basic elements

characterized by a very steady beat and gradually changing repeating figures
Term
Claude Debussy
Definition
French composer
first to break from Western tradition
leader of impressionism in music

Use of non-Western scales
Use of traditional in a non-traditional way -dominant chords that don’t resolve
Long sustained bass notes instead of dominant-tonic progression
Translated French language into music—no harsh edges
Made timbre equal to rhythm, pitch, and harmony
Term
Igor Stravinsky
Definition
Master Russian composer of the 20th century
neoclassical work
famous for "The Rite of Spring"
-primitivism
Term
Arnold Schoenberg
Definition
leading proponent of atonal music
leader of 2nd Viennese school
serialism (12-tone)
famous for Pierrot Lunaire
Term
Alban Berg
Definition
Adopted most of Schoenberg’s 12-note system of composition
Combined 12-tone techniques with forms from earlier musical eras
Term
Anton Webern
Definition
-Works represent radical departure from established compositional procedures and concepts
-Mature works epitomize serialist approach to composition inherent in 12-tone system
-Wrote little music; works tended to be short
-Complete output totals less than five hours of music
-Music became increasingly influential after WWII
Term
Aaron Copland
Definition
popular American composer
drew on themes from regional America
"Fanfare for the Common Man"
Term
Scott Joplin
Definition
early 20th century ragtime pianist
famous for "Maple Leaf Rag"
Term
Duke Ellington
Definition
leader of Big Band music during the Swing Era
larger ensemble
began practice of notating jazz music
"It Don't Mean a Thing if it Aint Got that Swing"
Term
George Gershwin
Definition
blended jazz and classical sounds
famous for "Rhapsody in Blue"
composed popular songs with his brother Ira
Term
Henry Cowell
Definition
Californian composer
known for using tradition instruments in non-traditional ways
"The Banshee"
aleatory/chance music
tone clusters
influenced by non-Western music
Term
John Cage
Definition
one of Cowell's students
used prepared piano--placing screws, bolts, bamboo on the piano strings to make percussion sounds
famous for "Sonatas and Interludes for Prepared Piano", 4'33"
Term
Edgar Varese
Definition
challenged traditional music traditions by defining music as "organized sound"
combined concrete music (natural sounds) with electronic music (man-made sounds)
famous for "Poeme Electronique"
Term
John Adams
Definition
American composer
music rooted in minimalism with its constant, repeated motives but varies in textures and instrumentation
"Short Ride in a Fast Machine"
operas: Nixon in China, The Death of Klinghoffer
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