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Music History Antiquity-Baroque
Chapters 1-5
85
Music
Undergraduate 2
12/01/2009

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Term
paean
Definition
in ancient Greece, a hymn that celebrated the deeds of primary gods such as Zeus or Apollo; today any poetic hymn of praise
Term
dithyramb
Definition
in ancient Greece, a wild choral song, mingled with shouts, that honored Dionysus; a term applied today to any poem with these characteristics
Term
symposium
Definition
in ancient Greece, a tightly organized social gathering of adult male citizens for conversation and entertainment
Term
skolion
Definition
a song setting a brief and lyric aphoristic poem; the primary musical entertainment at an ancient Greek symposium
Term
chronos
Definition
in ancient Greek musical notation the basic unit of time-a short value
Term
diseme
Definition
in ancient Greek musical notation a long value of time-formed by two chronoi
Term
triseme
Definition
a triple unit long value of time in ancient Greek musical notation- formed by three chronoi
Term
muses
Definition
in ancient Greek mythology, the nine goddesses who attended Apollo and presided over the arts and sciences; root of our word "music"
Term
lyre
Definition
in ancient Greece a medium-sized instrument usually fitted with seven plucked strings; used most often to accompany a solo singer
Term
kithara
Definition
the largest of all ancient Greek string instruments (an especially large lyre) usually fitted with seven strings and a resonator of wood
Term
aulos
Definition
an ancient Greek wind instrument played in pairs that produced a high, clear, penetrating sound
Term
music of the spheres
Definition
part of the ancient Greek world-view of music; held that when the stars and planets rotated in balanced proportions they made heavenly music
Term
monochord
Definition
an ancient device with a single string stretched over a wooden block; distances carefully measured on the string to correspond to specific pitches
Term
Pythagorean tuning
Definition
pitches of a scale according to mathematically exact octaves, fifths, and fourths but not thirds and sixths
Term
tetrachord
Definition
a succession of four pitches
Term
proslambanomenos
Definition
term used by the ancient Greeks to indicate the lowest sounding pitch in their Greater Perfect System
Term
Greater Perfect System
Definition
the framework of the Greek two-octave scale formed by four tetrachords and the proslambanomenos
Term
tonos
Definition
ancient Greek term for a scale
Term
diatonic genus
Definition
the basic genus within the ancient Greek musical system; reflects the primary tetrachord spanning the intervals S-T-T
Term
chromatic genus
Definition
a tetrachord employed by the ancient Greeks consisting of two semi-tones and a minor third
Term
chromatic genus
Definition
a tetrachord employed by the ancient Greeks consisting of two semi-tones and a minor third
Term
enharmonic genus
Definition
a tetrachord found in ancient Greek music consisting of a major third and two quarter-tones
Term
tibia
Definition
Roman name for the aulos
Term
tuba
Definition
Roman name for the trumpet; a long, straight instrument with a cylindrical bore and a bell at the end, which originated with the Etruscans
Term
trivium
Definition
the three verbal disciplines of the seven liberal arts-grammar, logic, and rhetoric-which deal with language, logic, and oratory
Term
quadrivium
Definition
the four scientific disciplines of the seven liberal arts-arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music- that used number and quantitative reasoning
Term
Boethius
Definition
the principal Roman music theorist who wrote "Fundamentals of Music" based on his study and understanding of Greek music theory
Term
musica mundana
Definition
music of the spheres- one of the three harmonies Boethius posited as part of his cosmology of music
Term
musica humana
Definition
music of the human body-one of the three harmonies Boethius posited as part of his cosmology of music
Term
musica instrumentalis
Definition
earthly vocal and instrumental music-one of the three harmonies Boethius posited as part of his cosmology of music
Term
musicus
Definition
as defined by Boethius, the musicologist who studies and understands music; as distinguished from one who is a practitioner/performer
Term
cantor
Definition
in a medieval monastery or nunnery the person specially trained to lead the music
Term
liturgy
Definition
the collection of prayers, chants, readings, and ritual acts by which the theology of the church, or any organized religion, is practiced
Term
chant
Definition
monophonic religious music that is sung in a house of worship
Term
Coptic chant
Definition
the music of the Christian Church of Egypt, which still exists today, passed along for nearly 2000 years entirely by oral tradition
Term
Byzantine chant
Definition
the special dialect of chant developed by the eastern Church in Constantinople; eventually notated and a body of music theory emerged to explain it
Term
Roman chant
Definition
the dialect of chant sung in the early churches of Rome; the principal repertory from which Gregorian chant would later emerge
Term
Ambrosian chant
Definition
a body of chant created in the 4th century for the church of Milan in northern Italy
Term
Mozarabic chant
Definition
the old Christian church music as sung by Christians living in Spain under Moslem rule
Term
Gallican chant
Definition
Christian music of early-medieval France; later mixed with chant coming from Rome and that fusion formed the basis of what we call Gregorian chant
Term
psalmody
Definition
act or process of singing the psalms (of the Psalter); done each week during the services of the canonical hours
Term
antiphonal singing
Definition
a method of musical performance in which a divided choir alternately sings back and forth
Term
doxology
Definition
a standard formula of praise to the Holy Trinity
Term
antiphon
Definition
in antiphonal singing the short chant sung before and after a psalm and its doxology
Term
psalm tone
Definition
eight simple recitation formulas (simple repeating patterns) to which psalms were chanted
Term
hymn
Definition
a relatively short chant with a small number of phrases, often four, and a rather narrow vocal range; invariably strophic, having three or four stanzas
Term
Magnificat
Definition
a canticle of Mary, wherein she declares "My soul doth magnify the Lord;" the concluding musical portion of Vespers
Term
canticle
Definition
a particularly lyrical and memorable passage of scripture usually drawn from the New Testament of the Bible
Term
Mass
Definition
the central and most important religious service each day in the traditional liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church
Term
Mass Proper
Definition
chants of the Mass whose texts change each day to suit the religious theme, or to honor a particular saint on just that one day
Term
Mass Ordinary
Definition
chants of the Mass with unvarying texts that can be sung almost every day of the year; Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, and Agnus dei
Term
Introit
Definition
an introductory chant for the entrance of the celebrating clergy; the first item of the Proper of the Mass
Term
syllabic chant
Definition
chants in which there are three, four, or five notes for each syllable of text
Term
melismatic chant
Definition
chants in which there are many notes per syllable of text; Matins, Vespers, and the Mass have the most such chants
Term
melisma
Definition
a lengthy vocal phrase setting a single syllable of text
Term
Kyrie
Definition
an ancient Greek text; the first section of the Ordinary of the Mass the congregation petitions the Lord for mercy in threefold exclamations
Term
Gloria
Definition
a hymn of praise originating in early Christian times; one of the five parts of the Ordinary of the Mass
Term
Credo
Definition
a profession of faith formulated as the result of the Council of Nicaea in 325; one of the five parts of the Ordinary of the Mass
Term
Gradual
Definition
first of the two melismatic, responsorial chants of the Proper; consists of a respond, psalm verse and optional repetition of the respond
Term
respond
Definition
the opening chant in responsorial singing; usually sung by the full choir, it is followed by a verse sung by a soloist, and is repeated by the full choir
Term
responsorial singing
Definition
when the full choir prefaces and responds to the psalm verse, which is sung by a soloist (choral respond, solo verse, choral respond)
Term
Allelujia
Definition
second of the two melismatic, responsorial chants of the Proper; consists of a respond, verse, and repetition of the respond
Term
jubilus
Definition
the melisma on the final syllable of the word Alleluia; at that moment the full choir and community celebrates with jubilation the redemptive life of Christ
Term
*canonical hours
Definition
eight periods of worship occurring throughout the day and observed in monasteries and convents; prescribed in the Rule of St. Benedict (ca. 530)
Term
*Gregorian chant
Definition
a vast body of monophonic religious music setting Latin texts and intended for use in the mass and canonical hours of the Roman Catholic Church
Term
*Vespers
Definition
the late-afternoon service, and most important of the eight canonical hours for music; not only were psalms and a hymn sung but also the Magnificat
Term
John of St. Gall
Definition
wrote the treatise "On Music" (ca. 1100) setting forth a sytem with numbers explaining the details of the eight church modes
Term
church modes
Definition
eight melodic patterns into which medieval theorists categorized the chants of the church; the four principal are Dorian, Phrygian, Lydian, & Mixolydian
Term
authentic modes
Definition
in the eight church modes, the first of each of the four pairs of modes; each has a corresponding lower mode, but both end on the same final pitch
Term
plagal mode
Definition
in the eight church modes, the second of each of the four pairs of modes; means "derived from;" range is a 4th below it's corresponding counterpart
Term
neume
Definition
in medieval musical notation, a sign used to delineate single pitches or groups of pitches; originally laid out on the parchment above text as a reminder
Term
nota
Definition
(Latin for note) a symbol on a line or space representing a single, precise pitch
Term
Guido of Arezzo
Definition
leader in the creation of the musical staff and note names; developed a aural skills mnemonic device using the left hand
Term
solfege
Definition
the system of singing different pitches to the syllables "do (ut), re, mi, fa, sol, la, ti (si), do (ut)"
Term
Guidonian hand
Definition
a system of using the left hand to inscribe mentally the notes of the scale; provides a portable mnemonic aid for the musical staff and notes set upon it
Term
mutation
Definition
a change in Guidonian hexachords, often there were several places within a melody where such a change would be agreed upon by those singing
Term
trope
Definition
an addition of music or text, or both, to a preexisting chant; they more fully explain the theology inherent in the chants to which they are added
Term
sequence
Definition
an addition of music and text to follow the Mass Alleluia; successive verses were paired into double verses; Council of Trent later banned all but five
Term
double verse structure
Definition
a distinctive feature of the sequence; each musical phrase is sung twice to accommodate a pair of verses
Term
Dies irae
Definition
(Day of Wrath) an anonymous 13th-century sequence; today the most famous of all medieval sequences, serves as the sequence of the Requiem Mass
Term
Requiem Mass
Definition
the burial Mass of the Roman Catholic Church
Term
cantrix
Definition
in a convent, the main female singer and, in effect, the director of the choir
Term
Hidegard of Bingen
Definition
12th-century nun and abbess well-known for her compositions of monophonic chant and liturgical dramas
Term
diabolus in musica
Definition
(devil in music) the dissonant, or disagreeable tritone such as F-B
Term
liturgical drama
Definition
a religious play with music intended to be performed as an adjunct to the liturgy, sometimes before Mass
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