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music 185 exam 2
exam 2
34
Music
Undergraduate 1
11/13/2006

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Term
What were the cultural impacts of Japan's post-war occupation?
Definition
mix of old and new, traditional and foreign
Term
What bordering countries influenced Japanes music in the following ways:

a) Religion:
b) Writing System
c) Instruments
Definition
a) India (Buddism)
b) China
c) China and Korea (Sho)
Term
Kareoke means:
Definition
empty orchestra
Term
After 1911 ____________ music became influential, threatening traditional tunes.
Definition
Western
Term
Shakuhachi
Definition
Flute music in free rythm
Term
Koto
Definition
playing music in both the dan (highly varied sectional repetitions) and joha-
kyu musical forms.
Term
Musical Form-- jo-ha-kyu

Define each part:
Definition
• Jo-- “introduction,” slow beginning section;
• Ha—“breaking apart,” building tempo;
• Kyu—“rushing,” tempo reaches its peak, only to slow before the
piece ends.
Term
kouta songs,
Definition
sung by a geisha to the accompaniment of shamisen
Term
Japanes Scale
Definition
12 division of octave, like western music. Based on Chinese system ,
using rations like Pythagorean system of west. Steps are untempered, and half
steps distances vary by performer, genre and at times instrument.
Term
Timbre
Definition
The Japanese aesthetic sense favors the use of a broad range of
sounds and tone qualities in their music. "Unpitched" sounds are commonly
heard in the middle of instrumental melodies.
Term
Melody/Harmony
Definition
Diverse melodies

Japanese melodies often contain short motifs that are repeated

traditional music is dominated by heterophonic sound.
Term
Rhythm
Definition
flexibility of pulse in many pieces. Even
when a steady beat is present, there can be a sense of flexibility.
Term
Three defining characteristics of Japanese music:
Definition
1) variety of timbres,
including unpitched sounds

(2) heterophonic treatment of voices in an ensemble;

(3) flexibility of pulse found in both solo and ensemble
music
Term
Instrument - SHAKUHACHI
Definition
"blowing Zen."

5 holes, can produce microtones.

Bamboo
Term
Koto
Definition
from china and adapted, one of most popular traditional instruments.
Term
Shamisen
Definition
3 string lute, very popular, used to convey emotion and drama.
Used in the theater
Term
Calssical music divisions in India
Definition
North-- Hindi Hindustani style

South-- Dravidian karnataka tradition
Term
ragas
Definition
(melodic modes)
Term
talas
Definition
(metric cycles)
Term
Southern Indian Style
Definition
Karnataka style

classical songs are mostly devotional

Karnataka Sangeeta

Busier texture, more ornamentation than northern style
Term
northern Indian style
Definition
Hindusthani

instruments (sitar and tabla)

influenced by Persian and Islamic culture

long improvisations
Term
Instrument (Mridangam)
Definition
double headed drum – barrel shaped. Leather heads. Many different sounds
Term
instrument talam
Definition
INdian

(finger cymbals
Term
Instrument (ghatam)
Definition
clay pot)
Term
kanjira
Definition
(tamborine
Term
nagaswaram
Definition
(double reed)
Term
sruti box
Definition
makes drones
Term
Drone
Definition
marks the tonal center of the raga.
Term
Raga-
Definition
hundreds of scales (sa ri ga)

“that which colors the mind”-.

Each raga has its own set of rules. Represent colors, emotions, deities, etc.

Raga notes
relate to drone
Term
Gamaka
Definition
ornamentation to raga. Orally transmitted
Term
Tala –
Definition
time cycle. Differ from western meters
Term
Adi tala, ata tala, rupaka tala, triputa tala
Definition
8 , 14 , 3, 7
Term
4 types of improvisation in karnataka music
Definition
Alapana – gradual exploration of the raga and its gamaka.

Tanam – a more rhythmic exposition of the raga, lively and strongly articulated.

Niraval – improvised variation on one phrase or line of a song.

Svara kalpana – imagined notes after the niraval. – middle of the composition—or a fter complete
Term
Kriti (composition)
Definition
major form of south Indian concert performance.
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