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MUSIC 112C
MIDTERM REVIEW
56
Music
Undergraduate 4
04/28/2009

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Term
Furiant
Definition

Dances from Czech Repub. Dvorak  This is the fast movement

The stylised form of the dance was often used by Czech composers such as Antonin Dvořák in his Slavonic Dances and in his sixth symphony 


Term
Dumka
Definition
Dvorak This is the slow version of dance. characterized by a gently plodding, dreamy duple rhythm, many examples are in triple meter, including the popular Op. 72 No. 2 by Dvořák. Dvořák's last and best-known piano trio, No. 4 in E minor, Op. 90, has six movements, each of which is a Dumka; the piece is sometimes called the Dumky-Trio.[2]
Term
Tarogato
Definition
 Hungarian Reed Instrument Bartok was inspired by this instrument and is incorporated into several of his works. 
Term
Golliwogg
Definition

Black face minstrel doll.  A character in children’s book.  Debussy composed a cake walk for that doll. A cake walk is a dance march.

The sixth movement of Debussy's Children's Corner is titled "Golliwogg's Cakewalk", inspired by the American dance.

Term
Exoticism
Definition

Using different elements from different Countries Tchaikovsky uses Asian or Arabic.  Exotic you are always bringing in the other’s influence.

In music exoticism is a genre in which the rhythms, melodies, or instrumentation are designed to evoke the atmosphere of far-off lands or ancient times (e.g. Ravel's Daphnis et Chloé and Tzigane for Violin and Orchestra, Debussy's Syrinx for Flute Solo or Rimsky-Korsakov's Capriccio espagnol)

Term
Progressive Romanticism
Definition
Mahler, Straus expanded the orchestra and features and musical resources Tonality
Term
Impressionism
Definition
Musical Style that flourished in the period 1890 to 1920's associated chiefly with the French composer Claude Debussy and characterized by a blurring of distinct harmonies, rhythms, timbres and forms.
Term
Symbolism
Definition
Poets such as Stephane Mallarme who envied music's ability to suggest without stating, to construct forms without the burden of representation. Debussy illustrates symbolism with The Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun.
Term
Primitivism
Definition
Aesthetic movement of all the arts in the early 20th century that consciously avoided the cultivated traditions of Western art. In music primitivism gave special importance to rhythm, the most basic of all musical elements and abandoned or substantially altered such arbitrary (so-called civilized) concepts of voice leading, triadic harmony, and the major and minor forms of the diatonic scale. 
Term
Expressionism
Definition
Broad artisitic movement of the early 20th century that sought to give voice to the unconscious, to make manifest humanity's deepest and often darkest emotions. in Freud terms: Expressionist art bypasses the ego and aims striaght for the id, the unconscious repository of primal urges.
Term
Folklorism
Definition
Term
Formalism
Definition
Music by Shastakovich the music did not have any function.  You are only concerned with form and structure.  
Term
Soviet Realism
Definition
Aesthetic Doctrine espoused by Soviet Bloc authorities in the 20th Century to encourage artists to produce works in a readily accessible style. In music, works written under the influence of socialist realism typically incorporate folk or folk-like elements and project and overwhelmingly optimisitic tone.
Term
Neoclassicism
Definition
Style that emerged in the 1910's and 1920's, characterized by a return to the tonal idiom, conventional genres and forms that ideal of absolute music, conciseness of expression, and a general tendacy toward transparent textures, lighter orchestration, and small ensembles.  
Term
New objectivity
Definition
New Objectivity in music, as in the visual arts, rejected the sentimentality of late Romanticism and the emotional agitation of expressionism. Composer Paul Hindemith may be considered both a New Objectivist and an expressionist, depending on the composition, throughout the 1920s. 
Term
Gebrauchsmusik
Definition
is a German term, essentially meaning “utility music,” for music that exists not only for its own sake, but which was composed for some specific, identifiable purpose. This purpose can be a particular historical event, like a political rally or a military ceremony, or it can be more general, as with music written to accompany dance, or music written for amateurs or students to perform. Paul Hindemith
Term
Twelve-Tone Music
Definition
Term
Golden Mean
Definition
Term
Nadia Boulanger
Definition
French Music Composer, Conductor, and Music Professor who taught Bernstien, Copeland. 
Term
Serge Diaghilev
Definition
Non Musician, Producer and Impressario Who brought together Composers Artists and Dancers and founder of the Ballet Russes.  Moves away from classical traditions of dance towards more athletic, vigorous kinds of dance.
Term
Vaslav Nijinsky
Definition
Russian ballet dancer and choreographer of Polish descent. Nijinsky was one of the most gifted male dancers in history, and he grew to be celebrated for his virtuosity and for the depth and intensity of his characterizations. He could perform en pointe, a rare skill among male dancers at the time (Albright, 2004) and his ability to perform seemingly gravity-defying leaps was also legendary.
Term
 Nikolai Roerich
Definition
He also succeeded in the field of stage design, achieving his greatest fame as one of the designers for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes. His best-known designs were for Borodin's Prince Igor (1909 and later productions) and The Rite of Spring (1913), the libretto for which he co-created with Igor Stravinsky.
Term
V.E.R.D.I.
Definition
Italian's used Verdi's name as an acronym Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia (Victor Emanuel King of Italy) Verdi's works were used to rouse Italin Nationlism
Term
 Mily Balakirev
Definition
Russian Composer  who was quick to incorporate into his symphonies such nationalistic elements as modal inflections, folk inspired rhythms and the rich tradition of the Russian Brass Ensemble. Balakirev brought together the composers now known as The Five, encouraging their efforts and acting as a musical midwife both for them[1] and for Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky.[2]
Term
Oscar Wilde
Definition
Irish playwright, poet and author of numerous short stories and one novel. Known for his biting wit, he became one of the most successful playwrights of the late Victorian era in London, and one of the greatest celebrities of his day. Several of his plays continue to be widely performed, especially The Importance of Being Earnest. Decadent.
Term
Stephane Mallarme
Definition
French symbolist poet, and his work anticipated and inspired several revolutionary artistic schools of the early 20th century, such as Dadaism, Surrealism, and Futurism.
Term
Zoltan Kodaly
Definition

Bartok's colleague who made frequent use of distinctively ethnic characteristics in their own music.  They often incorporate irregular rhythms and meters and generally avoided the conventions of functional harmony.  

4+2+3/8

Term
Bertold Brecht
Definition
 German poet,playwright, and theatre director. 
Term
Joseph Stalin
Definition
Term
Double Aria
Definition

 

Arias during this period consisted of two sections. A slow opening (1) and a (2) fast virtuosic ending (the ending is known as the cabaletta) 

 

Term
Cabaletta
Definition
The fast virtousic ending of a double aria 
Term
Leitmotif
Definition

 

German for "leading motiff" 

Musical idea, that relates to something which is usually representative of a character or idea. First used by Ricahrd Wanger

 

Term
Gesamtkunstwerk
Definition
Meaning total work of art. Incorporates all art mediums visual, audible, etc. Wagner controlled all of this by building his own designing his own theater, costumes, music, etc in the town of Bayreuth. 
Term
Bayreuth
Definition
German town home of Richard Wagner and hosts the Wagner festival each summer.
Term
Tristan Chord
Definition
Creates harmonic ambiguity. You don't know what key you are in because it can be resolved in many different ways. Created by Richard Wagner for his opera "Tristan Und Isdolde" 
Term
Germinal Chord
Definition
Used by Strauss in Elektra. Richard Stauss in Electra a chord that a composer invents that is not based on a chain of triads.  It’s a 4th and something else. Very dissonant chord.  
Term
Mystic Chord
Definition
A chord created by Scriabin for his work Promotheos. The cords consists of 4ths and a tritones. 
Term
Beethoven's 10th
Definition
In reality it is Bhrams 1st. It was very similar to what Beethoven would have written. Was composed from sketches of Beethoven unfinished 10th symphony.
Term
Volksgeist
Definition
Meaning a nations spirit. Deals with Nationalism. All music was included even folk music since it was considered repersentative. This will be through a taming of folk music.  They will use harmony and instrumentation that has nothing to do with folk music
Term
Risorgimento
Definition
Refers to Italian Reunification. The Italian people were scattered during this time and fought for reunification. In protest people would graffiti V.E.R.D.I on walls. 2 reasons, 1. in order to mislead and make people believe you were a fan instead of 2. their love for Victorio Emauele re Di Italy (the King of Italy). 
Term
Song of Haiawatha
Definition
Originally a Poem by Henry Longfellow about Native American. Dvorjak was inspired by the piece when he wrote the 2nd movment of The New World Symphony. The slow movement is believed by some people to be a negro spiritual.
Term
Moguchaya Kuckka
Definition
Meaning the Russian group of 5 also known as the mighty handful. A group of composers from based in St. Petersburg, included Korsokov, Balakirev, Cui, Borodin, and  Mussorgsky's. 
Term
Les Six
Definition
Les Six is a name, inspired by The Five, given in 1923 by critic Henri Collet to a group of six composers working in Montparnasse whose music is often seen as a reaction against Wagnerism and Impressionism. Auric, Durey, Honegger, Milhaud, Poulenc, Tailleferre 
Term
whole tone scale
Definition
Also known as a hexotonic scale because it consists of 6 notes. Has a static quality. Very hard to resolve. Can only be trasposed twice. Feature whole steps only no half steps, can only build augmented chords with this scale.  The chords are all similar.  You don’t have the idea of tension or resolution.  2 transpositions possible
Term
Octatonic Scale
Definition
8 notes 3 transpositions possible whole half whole half whole half until you have 8.  Symmetric not like the major and minor scale.  
Term
Twelve-Tone Row
Definition
You chose which will be the order of 12 tones and that will be your scale.  Organized according to your choice.  A set of 12 tones in a specific organization at the choice of the composer.  Purpose of playing it in a grid.  Composers will not always use the 48 versions.  
Term
Heterophony
Definition
The idea of using the same musical material but in contrasting tempos. Same melody with different rhythms, ornamentations, imbellishments.  Heterophony is different than Polyphony. 
Term
Progressive Tonality
Definition
Attributed to Mahler. Every Movment is in a different key, as opposed to keeping the entire work in a different key. Mahler the first movement was in C minor the final movement was in E flat which is use of progression. In certain pieces Mahler composes in Key's progressively never comes back to the orginal key.
Term
Bitonality
Definition
The use of two different keys at the same time. Stravinsky used this in his work Petrushka. 
Term
Non-Pulsatile Rhythm
Definition
no regular beat
Term
Bartok Pizzicato
Definition
The pulling of the violin string in order to get it to slap against the wood. 
Term
Sprechstimme
Definition
Vocal texture which includes a blend of singing and speaking. For the most part it is sung, but because of the pace it sounds spoken. Made famous in Burlesque, Cabaret, and whore houses. Doesn’t have to be repeated notes, you do not sustain the value of each note.  You approximately reach the intended pitch and immediately leave it.  Shoenbergs inspiration was from Cabaret music.
Term
Cecilian Movement
Definition
Tendecy amoung 19th century composers to restore Gregorian Chant and the style of 16th century a cappella polyphony as the ideals of church. 
Term
Wunderhorn Symphonies
Definition
Symphonies 1-5 by Gustav Mahler. Mahler took inspiration from Wunderhorn, a collection of poems, to write the symphonies. 
Term
Klezmer
Definition
Jewish band folk music Ashkenazi the People from central Europe Wind bands with clarinets Mahler was inspired 
Term
Gamelan
Definition
Indonesian music for percussion gongs, inspired Debussy.  Layers of instruments with gongs.  Rhythmic melodic patterns.  Each layer increases speed or embellishment.  
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