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Musculoskeletal
PA school anatomy
237
Anatomy
Graduate
10/26/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Ipsilateral
Definition
Two structures/regions on the same side of the body
Term
Contralateral
Definition
Two structures/regions on opposite sides of the body
Term
Connective tissue
Definition
any tissue whose extracellular matrix has a greater volume than that of the cells in the tissue, i.e. blood, bone
Term
radiograph
Definition
the x-ray film and the image cast upon it
Term
radiolucent
Definition
tissues that minimally attenuate x-rays, seen on the radiograph as the darkest, less sharply defined areas
Term
radiopaque
Definition
tissue that greatly attenuate x-rays, seen as lighter and more sharply defined, i.e. bones
Term
Long bones of the limbs
Definition

humerus

radius

ulna

metacarpals

phalanges

femur

tibia and fibula

metatarsals

Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
the embryonic tissue from which all bones develop
Term
Intracartilaginous/endochondral ossification
Definition
the process by which bony tissue replaces cartilaginous tissue
Term
Primary center of ossification
Definition
the single primary site in the the middle of the diaphysis of the bone where intracartilaginous ossification begins
Term
secondary center of ossification
Definition
For all bones except the femur, appear after birth.
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
The end part of a long bone that develops from a secondary center of ossification
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition

an area of hyaline cartilage that intervenes between the diaphysis and epiphysis

-radiolucent in radiographs because they consist of cartilage and not bone tissue

Term
Chondrocytes
Definition

cartilage-producing cells

-a zone of continuously proliferating chondrocytes lies in the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate

-critical for longitudinal growth of long bones during childhood

Term
metaphysis
Definition
-the location where calcified cartilage is replaced by bony tissue, elongating the bone
Term
Type I Salter-Harris fracture
Definition
extends through only the epiphyseal plate
Term
Type II Salter-Harris fracture
Definition
Extends through epiphyseal plate and adjacent metaphysis
Term
Type III Salter-Harris fracture
Definition
extends through epiphyseal plate and the epiphysis
Term
Type IV Salter-Harris fracture
Definition
extends through epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, and metaphysis
Term
Type V Salter-Harris fracture
Definition
severe compression injury of the epiphyseal plate
Term
articular surfaces
Definition
bone surfaces which contribute to a joint
Term
synovial joint
Definition

 -membrane-lined, fluid-filled cavity called a synovial cavity

-hyaline cartilage lines bones

-enclosed within a capsule of fibrous connective tissue

-greatest range and freedom of movement

Term
isometric muscle contraction
Definition
length remains constant
Term
isotonic muscle contraction
Definition
tension remains constant
Term
concentric contraction
Definition
muscle contraction which produces muscle shortening
Term
eccentric contraction
Definition
produces muscle lengthening
Term
prime mover
Definition
the muscle or member of a group of muscles chiefly responsible for a particular movement
Term
tendons
Definition

the inelastic bands of connective tissue that typically extend between the belly of a skeletal muscle and one of its attachement sites

 

Term
ligaments
Definition
not parts of skeletal muscles, bind together bones or bodies of cartilage
Term
fascia
Definition
any collection of connective tissue large enough to be described by the unaided eye
Term
cervical curvature
Definition

develops between late intrauterine life and 3-4 months of age

-concave posteriorly 

Term
lumbar curvature
Definition

-concave posteriorly

-develops 12-18 months after birth

Term
kyphosis
Definition
exaggerated thoracic curvature
Term
lordosis
Definition
exaggerated lumbar curvature
Term
scoliosis
Definition
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Term
vertebral pedicles
Definition

most anterior part of vertebral arch

project posterolaterally from the body

 

Term
laminae
Definition

the most posterior parts of the vertebral arch

fuse with each other in the midline

Term
spinous process
Definition
projects posteriorly from the region of union of the laminae
Term
transverse process
Definition
projects laterally on each side from the region of union between the pedicle and laminae
Term
superior and inferior articular processes
Definition
project from the pedicle
Term
secondary cartilaginous joint
Definition

-aka symphysis

-articular surfaces covered with hyaline cartilage

-hyaline cartilage plates are united by a plate of fibrous cartilage

-bodies of vertebrae are connected this way

Term
intervertebral discs
Definition

discs of fibrous cartilage that unite the bodies of the vertebrae

-each named for the vertebrae immediately above it

-consists of nucleus pulposus and anulus fibrosis

Term
nucleus pulposus
Definition

central region of intervertebral disc

-gelatinous mass with high water content

-functions as a noncompressible but deformable pad of tissue

Term
anulus fibrosis
Definition
fibrocartilaginous band of tissue that retains the nucleus pulposus in place
Term
cervical spinal nerves
Definition

8 pairs 

c1-c8

Term
thoracic spinal nerves
Definition

12 pairs

t1-t12

Term
lumbar spinal nerves
Definition

5 pairs

l1-l5

Term
sacral spinal nerves
Definition

5 pairs

s1-s5

Term
coccygeal spinal nerves
Definition

1 pair

Co1

Term
exits of spinal nerves
Definition

-thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal exit the spine immediately BELOW vertebrae of same name

-cervical exit the spine immediately ABOVE vertebra of the same name

-C8 exits between C7 and T1

Term
spinal nerve trunk
Definition
formed from the unity of the anterior and posterior roots as they exit the intervertebral foramen
Term
spinal cord segment
Definition
the transverse segment of the spinal cord that gives rise to the anterior and posterior roots for each pair of spinal nerves
Term
anterior gray horns
Definition
where the cell bodies of motor neurons or spinal cord segments reside
Term
posterior root ganglion
Definition

aka dorsal root ganglion, vertebral ganglion

where the cell bodies of the sensory fibers of each spinal cord segment reside

Term
neuromuscular spindles
Definition

stretch receptor in the skeletal muscle

part of the deep tendon reflex

Term
homonymous lower motor neurons
Definition

-lower motor neurons that innervate the same skeletal muscle innervated  by the sensory fibers

-reside in the same spinal cord segment into which the sensory fibers extend

Term
myotatic reflex
Definition

the reflexive contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to a stretching stimulus

-abnormal reflexes indicate neuromuscular disease/injury

Term
dermatome
Definition
the strip-like area of skin innervated by the cutaneous sensory neurons of a spinal nerve
Term
conus medullaris
Definition
the lower end of the spinal cord, lies at the level of the lower border of the body of the 1st lumbar vertebrae
Term
cauda equina
Definition
the collection of spinal nerve roots that descends below the conus medullaris
Term
meninges
Definition

the membranes that envelope the brain and spinal cord

-spinal meninges are continuous with cranial meninges

Term
pia mater
Definition
innermost meningeal layer
Term
arachnoid mater
Definition
the middle layer of meninges
Term
dura mater
Definition
the outermost layer of meninges
Term
subarachnoid space
Definition

-between the arachnoid and the pia mater

-filled with CSF

Term
cerebrospinal fluid
Definition

-a clear, colorless fluid derived from blood plasma, -contains only a few lymphocytes

-protein concentration is lower than blood

-secreted into a series of four chambers within the brain and flows back to the subarachnoid space

-supports the brain and spinal cord in a fluid environment of uniform pressure

Term
meningitis
Definition

-inflammation of the meninges

-viral, bacterial, parasitic

-symptoms due to increased intracranial pressure and inflamed sensory nerves

Term
lumbar puncture
Definition

collection of CSF from the subarachnoid space

-needle is inserted into the interspinous space between the spinous processes of the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae

Term
scapula parts
Definition

acromion

coracoid process

glenoid cavity

spine

inferior angle

 

Term
the point of the shoulder
Definition
acquires its shape from the subcutaneous acromion
Term
axillary nerve relationship to humerus
Definition

lies medial to the surgical neck of the humerus

most at risk of injury from fracture to surgical neck of humerus

Term
sternoclavicular joint
Definition
medial end of clavicle to the manubrium of the sternum
Term
costoclavicular ligament
Definition

attaches the clavicle to the first costal cartilage

stabilizes the sternoclavicular joint

Term
acromioclavicular joint
Definition
joins lateral end of clavicle to the medial margin of the acromion of the shoulder
Term
coraclavicular ligament
Definition

attaches the clavicle to the coracoid process of the scapula

stabilizes the acromoclavicular joint

Term
grade I shoulder separartion
Definition

simple sprain of the fibrous capsule of the acromioclavicular joint

-AP radiograph shows acromioclavicular and coraclavicular spaces of normal width

Term
grade II shoulder separation
Definition

subluxation of the acriomioclavicular joint

-ligament damage in fibrous capsule only

-AP radiograph shows coraclavicular space of normal width, but an acromioclavicular space that is 50% wider than that measured in radiograph of pt's uninjured shoulder

Term
Grade III shoulder separation
Definition

dislocation of the acromioclavicular joint; both fibrous capsule and coracoclavicular ligament are significantly disrupted;

AP radiograph shows both acromioclavicular and caracoclavicular spaces to be 50% wider than uninjured shoulder

Term
glenoid labrum
Definition

a ring of fibrous cartilage that articulates with the humeral head;

rims the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Term
Anterior dislocation of the humeral head
Definition

the most common type of shoulder joint dislocation;

produced by trauma that drives the humeral head anteroinferiorly;

axillary nerve is most at risk from injury

Term
pectoral girdle
Definition

formed by the clavicle and scapula;

can extend the range of movements of the arm

Term
shoulder joint: range of motion contributing features
Definition

ball-and-socket configuration

small surface area of the glenoid cavity

comparatively lax fibrous capsule

Term
movement of sternoclavicular joint
Definition

-raises and lowers the shoulder 

-protraction and retraction of the shoulder

-contributes to abduction and adduction of the arm

Term
scapulohumeral rhythm
Definition

the coordinated movements of the scapula and humerus during arm abduction;

lateral rotation of scapula contributes 1 degree for every 2 degrees provided by upward rotation of the humerus

Term
contributors to abduction and adduction of the arm
Definition
sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, and shoulder joints
Term
cleidocranial dysostosis
Definition

hereditary defective ossification of the cranial bones and the clavicles; may have absence of clavicles

-can move shoulders anteriorly to touch each other

Term
clavicle fracture
Definition

-most commonly fractured bone of the body

-presents with shoulder displaced inferiorly, anteriorly, and medially

Term
trapezius
Definition

suspends upper limb from vertebral column

innervated by accessory nerve

primary = shrugging the shoulder

one of two = lateral rotation of the scapula, part of raising arm above the shoulder

Term
Levator scapulae
Definition

innervated by dorsal scapular nerve (C5), and nerve fibers from C3 and C4

-assists trapezius in raising shoulder

-medially rotate the scapula

Term
rhomboid major and rhomboid minor
Definition

innervated by the dorsal scapular nerve (C5)

retract and rotate the shoulder

Term
serratus anterior
Definition

innervated by long thoracic nerve

one of two = lateral rotation of the scapula

prime = protraction of the shoulder

Term
serratus anterior paralysis
Definition

from transection of the long thoracic nerve during a radical mastectomy

-results in a winged scapula when outstretched limb pushes anteriorly

Term
pectoralis minor
Definition

innervated by the medial pectoral nerve

lower and protract the shoulder

Term
subclavius
Definition

lower the shoulder

innervated by the nerve to subclavius

Term
muscles of the rotator cuff
Definition

supraspinatus

infraspinatus

teres minor

subscapularis

Term
supraspinatus
Definition

innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C5 and C6)

initiates abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint from the anatomical position

assists deltoid in further arm abduction at the shoulder joint

Term
infraspinatus
Definition

innervated by the suprascapular nerve (C5 and C6)

 

Term
teres minor
Definition

innervated by the axillary nerve (C5 and C6)

can externally rotate the arm

 

Term
subscapularis
Definition

innervated by the upper and lower subscapular nerves

can internally rotate the arm

Term
deltoid
Definition

innervated by the axillary nerve

-the prime mover for abduction of the arm at the shoulder joint

-can flex, internally rotate, extend, and externally rotate the arm

Term
pectoralis major
Definition

innervated by the medial and lateral pectoral nerves

can flex, adduct, and internally rotate the arm

 

Term
teres major
Definition

innervated by the lower subscapular nerve

can adduct and internally rotate the arm

Term
latissimus dorsi
Definition

innervated by the thoracodorsal nerve

can extend, adduct, and internally rotate the arm

Term
phases of the stride
Definition

1. heel strike, or initial contact phase (stance)

2. loading response phase (stance)

3. mid stance

4. terminal stance

5. pre-swing phase 6. initial swing phase 7. mid-swing phase 8. terminal swing phase
Term
heel rocker action
Definition
brings the foot into full contact with the surface below; the body rocks forward over the heel of the newly planted foot; occurs during the LOADING response phase
Term
ankle rocker action
Definition
helps sustain forward body momentum in the mid stance phase, brings the upper body weight directly over the fully planted foot, happens in the MID STANCE phase
Term
forefoot rocker action
Definition
advances the body ahead of the lower limb, helps sustain forward body momentum, happens during the TERMINAL stance phase
Term
toe off phase
Definition
at the end of the pre-swing phase, where body weight is transferred from one lower limb to another
Term
bony pelvis
Definition
a bowl-shaped ring of bones formed by the lef and right coxal bones, and the sacrum and coccyx
Term
pubic symphysis
Definition
a cartilaginous joint that joings the pubic parts of the left and right coxal bones
Term
sacroiliac joint
Definition
a synovial join that joins the sacrum and the coccyx
Term
the hip
Definition
used by orthopedic surgeons to designate the proximal end of the femur, including the head and neck and greater and lesser trochanters
Term
pelvic fractures
Definition
usually a pair of fractures or a fracture accompanied by a dislocation; superior and inferior pelvic rami are most commonly fractured, dislocation of the pubic symphysis is more common; must assume bladder and urethra are damaged
Term
hip fracture
Definition
more common in the elderly due to osteoporosis; subcapital fracture = immediately distal to the head of the femur within the fibrous capsule of the joint
Term
slipped capital femoral epiphysis
Definition
common fracture of the growth plate on the head of the femur in adolescents, a Salter-Harris Type I fracture, due to changes in orientation of the epiphyseal plate
Term
ligament to the head of the femur
Definition
extends from the outer rim of the acetabulum to the fovea capitis; houses an artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur
Term
acetabular lumen
Definition
an articulation of the hip joint; a ring of fibrous cartilage that encircles the outer ring of the acetabulum
Term
hip joint effusion
Definition
increased volume of synovial fluid in the hip joint due to injury/infection; person is most comfortable seated with the painful thigh abducted and externally rotated which maximizes encapsulation of the femoral head and reduces tension in the synovial membrane
Term
primary arthritis of the hip joint
Definition
thinning of hyaline cartilage surfaces in the superior joint space
Term
gluteus maximus
Definition
extends the thigh, raises person from seated position, innervated by inferior gluteal nerve
Term
role of gluteus maximus in walking
Definition
in terminal swing, restrains forward movement of the thigh; in initial contact and loading response phases, opposes tendency of the body to fall forward at the hip joint
Term
gluteus maximus gait
Definition
from paralysis of GM, lean the body trunk backward at heel strike in order to compensate and not fall forward
Term
gluteus medius and gluteus minimus
Definition
abduct the thigh, innervated by superior gluteal nerve
Term
role of gluteus medius and minimus in gait
Definition
exert lateral pelvic tilting action during IC, LR, and MST phases, prevents hip join from sagging on contralateral side
Term
gluteus medius gait
Definition
an action to reduce the pain of compression caused by lateral tilting action, or due to paralysis; Pushes off of unaffected foot and leans to the affected side
Term
tensor fasciae latae
Definition
abducts the thigh at the hip joint by tensing the iliotibial tract, innervated by the superior gluteal nerve; exerts a lateral pelvic tilting action
Term
piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, and quadrate femoris
Definition
rotate the thigh at the hip joint, innervated by nerves derived from the sacral plexus
Term
sacral plexus
Definition
from the anterior rami of L4 and L5 (lumbosacral trunk) + S1, S2, S3, and S4, innervate all the gluteal muscles
Term
sciatic nerve
Definition
the largest nerve in the body, from the sacral plexus into gluteal region via the greater sciatic foramen; may be injured in intramuscular injection
Term
movements at the knee joint
Definition
flexion, extension, internal and external rotation of the lower leg
Term
fascia lata
Definition
the deep fascia of the thigh, all muscles of the thigh lie deep to it, helps divide muscles into three muscle groups
Term
intermuscular septa
Definition
three sheet-like layers that extend deeply from the fascia lata to attach to the femur; also help divide muscles into three groups
Term
innervation and movement of posterior thigh muscles
Definition
sciatic nerve, extend the thigh at the hip, flex the leg at the knee
Term
posterior thigh muscles
Definition
semitendinosis, semimembranosus, and biceps femoris
Term
semimembranosus and semitendinosus features
Definition
tendon that extends about half the length of the muscle; origin at coxal bone, insert onto proximal parts of the tibia; can flex and internally rotate the leg; innervated by the tibial portion of the sciatic nerve
Term
terminal branches of sciatic nerve
Definition
tibial and common fibular nerves; division usually occurs in the lower part of the back of the thigh, but may occur higher up
Term
biceps femoris
Definition
thigh muscle with two heads of origin; both heads can flex and externally rotate the leg but only the long head can extend the thigh; long head is innervated by tibial portion, short head is innervated by common fibular portion
Term
role of hamstrings in walking gait
Definition
IC, LR, and TSW phases; assists gluteus maximus
Term
spinal nerves involved in flexion of leg at knee
Definition
L5, S1, S2
Term
obturator and femoral nerves
Definition
arise from lumbar plexus; contributed to by L2, L3, L4
Term
adductor magnus
Definition
divided into an adductor part and a hamstring part; adductor part innervated by the obturator nerve, hamstring part innervated by the tibial part of the sciatic; also helps gluteus maximus during gait
Term
gracillus
Definition
can adduct the thigh, flex the leg, and internally rotate the leg; innervated by the obturator nerve; acts to flex the thigh during the early part of the initial swing phase which accelerates forward movement of the thigh
Term
adductor brevis
Definition
adducts the thigh; innervated by the obturator nerve
Term
obturator externus
Definition
externally rotates the thigh; innervated by the obturator nerve
Term
adductor longus
Definition
can adduct the thigh; innervated by the obturator nerve; also helps flex the thigh during walking accelerating forward movement
Term
inguinal ligament
Definition
attached laterally to the anterior superior iliac spine and medially to the pubic tubercle
Term
pectineus
Definition
can flex and adduct the thigh; innervated by femoral and obturator nerves
Term
ilipsoas
Definition
composed of the iliacus and psoas major; the most powerful flexor of the thigh, the flexor of the trunk of the body when arising from a seated position
Term
innervation of iliacus
Definition
femoral nerve
Term
innervation of psoas major
Definition
branches of the anterior rami of L1, L2, and L3
Term
quadriceps femoris muscles
Definition
vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris; share a common tendon of insertion that inserts onto the tibial tuberosity; the only muscles that can extend the leg; innervated by the femoral nerve
Term
patellar tendon
Definition
the portion of the quadriceps femoris tendon that extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity
Term
the quadriceps femoris tendon reflex test
Definition
assesses spinal cord reflex activity in the L2, L3 and L4 spinal cord segments
Term
quadriceps femoris role in gait
Definition
extends the leg in preparation for hell strike, opposes the tendency of the leg to be flexed at the knee
Term
sartorius
Definition
flexion, abduction, and external rotation of the thigh at the hip; innervated by the femoral nerve
Term
femoral artery
Definition
begins deep to the inguinal ligament as a continuation of the external iliac artery
Term
femoral triangle
Definition
bordered by the adductor longus, sartorius, and inguinal ligament
Term
popliteal artery
Definition
a continuation of the femoral artery that begins in the hiatus of adductor magnus
Term
perforating arteries
Definition
4 arteries that branch off the posterior aspect of the deep artery of the thigh; chief source of blood supply to the hamstrings
Term
retinacular arteries
Definition
arise from the extracapsular vascular ring around the base of the neck of the femur; the chief source of blood supply to the head of the femur
Term
avascular necrosis of the head of the femur
Definition
due to loss of blood to the head of the femur; caused in the elderly by displaced intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck; subcapital fracture = intracapsular fracture
Term
roots of the brachial plexus
Definition
ANTERIOR RAMI of spinal nerves C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1
Term
5 major nerves of the upper limb
Definition
1) Musculocutaneous: arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus
2) Ulnar: from the medial cord
3) Median: from both the medial and lateral cords
4) Axillary: from the posterior cord
5) Radial nerves: from the posterior cord
Term
radial nerve
Definition
Major nerve of the upper limb
Most risk of injury from a fracture of the midshaft of the humerus
Term
ulnar nerve
Definition
Major nerve of the upper limb
Most at risk of injury from a fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus
Term
Colles' fracture
Definition
Fracture at the distal end of the radius;
Distal fragment is both:
• posteriorly displaced
• posteriorly angulated
Term
pulled elbow (Nursemaids elbow)
Definition
Injury of an upward pull on a young child’s upper limb to prevent the young child from falling down while walking
-↑ pull → momentarily subluxes head of the radius from capitulum of the humerus
-Subluxation may produce a transverse tear in the annular ligament of the proximal radioulnar joint → upper torn part of the annular ligament slipping over the head of the radius.
Head of the radius moves ↑ into its normal position,
- pinching the upper part of the annular ligament between the capitulum of the humerus and the head of the radius.
Radiographs of a pulled elbow are normal
Term
Biceps Brachii and Brachialis
Definition
(innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve)
-C5 & C6 provide most of the nerve fibers that innervate the muscles.
-Major flexors of the forearm at the elbow joint.
Term
Triceps
Definition
(innervated by the radial nerve)
-C7 and C8 provide most of the nerve fibers that innervate
-The sole extensor of the forearm at the elbow joint.
Term
Erb's palsy
Definition
motor deficits which result from (most) severe injury of the C5 and C6 roots or upper trunk of the brachial plexus.
-The muscles may be partially or completely paralyzed by excessive traction on the upper parts of the brachial plexus include:
-Upper limb muscles- sole/major innervation = C5 and/or C6 nerve fibers
-Significant damage to both C5 and C6 nerve fibers, the most important muscular actions compromised or lost by such damage are actions of:
-supraspinatus, deltoid, biceps brachii, brachialis, and supinator
Term
supinator
Definition
posterior forearm muscle whose sole action is supination of the forearm
Term
paralysis of the supraspinatus and deltoid
Definition
inability to abduct the arm at the shoulder joint; entire upper limb hangs in a deadened fashion beside the trunk of the body
Term
paralysis of biceps brachii and brachialis
Definition
profound weakness of flexion of the forearm
Term
paralysis of biceps brachii and supinator
Definition
inability to supinate the forearm; forearm is more pronated than usual
Term
what composes the wrist joint?
Definition
carpals: scaphoid, lunate, atriquetrum; with distal end of radius and the articular disc
Term
median nerve innervation
Definition
all anterior forearm muscles (except the one that adducts the hand and the medial half of the one that flexes the 4th and 5th digits at their DIPs); skin at the tips of the thumb, index finger, middle finger, and lateral half of the ring finger
Term
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Definition
compression of the median nerve as it passes through the carpal tunnel; sensory deficitis in the hand and weakness of the thenar muscles
Term
ulnar nerve innervation
Definition
medial 1/2 of the muscle that flexes ring and little fingers at the DIP joint; the muscle that adducts the hand; skin at the tips of the little finger and the medial half of the ring finger
Term
movements of the posterior muscles of the forearm
Definition
supinate the forearm; extend, abduct, and adduct the hand at the wrist and metacarpal joints; abduct the thumb; extend thumb and fingers at MCP and IP joints
Term
radial nerve
Definition
innervates all posterior forearm muscles
Term
C8 spinal nerve
Definition
provides most nerve fibers that control flexion of thumb and fingers at IP joints
Term
Wrist drop
Definition
severe injury to the radial nerve in the axilla or arm significantly weakens or paralyzes the posterior forearm muscles which can extend the hand at the wrist or midcarpal joints
Term
most commonly fractured carpal
Definition
scaphoid; tenderness on application of pressure to the anatomical snuffbox
Term
most commonly dislocated carpal
Definition
lunate; can put pressure on the medial nerve of the carpal tunnel
Term
dorsal interossei
Definition
innervated by the ulnar nerve; abducts the fingers
Term
palmar interossei
Definition
innervated by the ulnar nerve; adducts the fingers
Term
thenar eminence muscles
Definition
innervated by the median nerve; abduct, flex, and oppose the thumb;
Term
ape hand
Definition
paralysis of thenar eminence muscles; pt unable to touch thumb to base of little finger
Term
adductor pollicis
Definition
innervated by the ulnar nerve; adducts the thumb
Term
hypothenar eminence muscles
Definition
innervated by the ulnar nerve; abduction and opposition of the little finger
Term
Which spinal nerve provides most of the nerve fibers that control abduction and adduction of the fingers at their metacarpopharyngeal joints?
Definition
T1
Term
test of median nerve
Definition
request patient to touch the base of the little finger with the tip of the thumb
Term
test of ulnar nerve
Definition
have patient hold a piece of paper tightly between the ring and middle fingers (can't hold tightly if palmar and dorsal interossei are paralyzed)
Term
Clawhand
Definition
paralysis of intrinsic hand muscles
Term
Klumpke's palsy
Definition
due to severe injury of C8 and T1 roots or lower trunk of the brachial plexus; can not abduct the fingers
Term
hamstring muscles
Definition
semimembranosus, semitendinosus, long head of biceps femoris
Term
femoral artery
Definition
largest artery of the thigh; begins as a continuation of the external iliac artery; enters deep to inguinal ligament; exits passing through the hiatus of adductor magnus
Term
retinacular arteries
Definition
branches of the femoral artery that supply the neck and head of the femur
Term
medial collateral ligament
Definition
supports the capsule of the knee on the medial side
Term
anterior crucate ligament
Definition
extends from anterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateau to the lateral femoral condyle; lies within the capsule but not within the synovial cavity of the knee joint
Term
The Unhappy Triad of O'Donoghue
Definition
a torn MCL, a ruptured ACL, and a torn medial meniscus
Term
Baker's cyst
Definition
a fluid-filled herniation of the synovial membrane lining the posterior aspect of the knee joint; usually a swollen gastrocnemius or semimembranous bursa; almost always a complication of chronic swelling of the knee joint's synovial cavity (as in rheumatoid arthritis)
Term
posterior crucate ligament
Definition
extends from the posterior intercondylar area of the tibial plateaus to the medial femoral epicondyle
Term
suprapatellar bursa
Definition
an extension of the joint's (knee) synovial cavity
Term
other bursae of the knee
Definition
prepatellar, superficial infrapatellar, deep infrapatellar.
Do not communicate with the knee's synovial cavity.
Term
tarsals
Definition
the seven bones of the hindfoot and midfoot;
talus and calcaneus = hindfoot
medial cuneiform, intermediate cuneiform, lateral cuneiform, cuboid, and navicular = midfoot
Term
ankle joint
Definition
medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula articulate with the uppermost part of the talus
movements: dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
Term
deltoid ligament
Definition
strengthens the medial side of the ankle joint's fibrous capsule
Term
avulsion of the medial malleolus
Definition
a fracture of the medial malleolus near its attachment to the deltoid ligament; under conditions in which the deltoid ligament is severely stretched, it is more common that the medial malleolus fractures than the deltoid ligament tears
Term
three ligaments of the lateral side of the ankle joint
Definition
anterior talofibular ligament (most commonly torn in accidents); calcaneofibular ligament; posterior talofibular ligament
Term
injury to the anterior talofibular ligament
Definition
common mechanism = sudden application of a marked inversion force on a plantarflexed foot; commonly torn near its fibular attachment = point tenderness is greatest anteroinferior to the lateral malleolus; anterolateral aspect of the ankle becomes painful and swollen within a few hours following the injury
Term
Functional subtalar joint
Definition
3 articulations between talus and calcaneus
Term
transverse tarsal joint
Definition
2 articulations:
-between talus and navicular
-between calcaneus and cuboid
Term
supination of the foot
Definition
adduction and inversion; foot rotates internally and sole of the foot faces slightly medially ; functional subtalar and transverse tarsal joints are relatively immobile and tightly packed
Term
pronation of the foot
Definition
abduction and eversion; foot rotates externally and lateral edge of the foot is raised so that the sole of the foot faces slightly laterally; functional subtalar and transverse tarsal joints are mobile and relatively loosely packed
Term
tibial nerve
Definition
innervates the posterior leg muscle
Term
posterior leg muscles
Definition
-gastrocnemius, posterior tibialis, soleus
Term
gastrocnemius
Definition
chief plantar flexor of the foot; inserts at Achilles tendon, innervated by S1 and S2 nerve fibers
Term
posterior tibialis
Definition
one of the two chief supinators of the foot; tibial nerve
Term
soleus
Definition
chief plantar flexor of the foot; inserts at achilles tendon, innervation S1 and S2 fibers
Term
Achilles tendon reflex test
Definition
assesses spinal cord reflex activity in the S1 and S2 spinal cord segment levels
Term
relation of posterior leg muscles to gait
Definition
gastrocnemius and soleus help define the ankle rocker action during the MST phase and forefoot rocker action in the TST phase
Term
common fibular nerve
Definition
enters the leg, winds around the lateral aspect of the neck of the fibula and divides into deep fibular and superficial fibular nerves
Term
deep fibular nerve
Definition
innervates anterior leg muscles
Term
anterior leg muscles
Definition
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus; chief dorsiflexors of the foot
Term
extensor hallucis longus
Definition
chief dorsiflexor of the foot; prime mover for extensio of big toe (L5 fibers)
Term
tibialis anterior
Definition
chief dorsiflexor + one of two chief supinators
Term
extensor digitorum longus
Definition
chief dorsiflexor; prime mover for extension of the lateral four toes
Term
relation of anterior leg muscles to gait
Definition
dorsiflex the foot at toe off to neutral position at MSW phase; define heel rocker action at LR phase
Term
foot drop
Definition
person can not dorsiflex the foot in the first half of the swing period or maintain a neutral position of the ankle in the later part of the swing period; compensation by high steppage gait
Term
superficial fibular nerve
Definition
innervates the lateral leg muscles
Term
lateral leg muscles
Definition
fibularis longus and fibularis brevis; chief pronators of the foot
Term
popliteal lymph nodes
Definition
receive lymph from superficial tissues of the lateral side of the foot, the posterolateral aspect of the leg and the deep tissues of the foot and leg
Term
vertical superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Definition
receive lymph from all superficial tissues of lower limb except those of the gluteal region and those drained by the popliteal lymph nodes
Term
horizontal superficial inguinal lymph nodes
Definition
receive lymph from the urethra, lower half of anal canal, external genitalia of both sexes; drain lymph from anterolateral abdominal wall and superficial tissues of the gluteal region
Term
sciatica
Definition
pain occurs anywhere along the course of the sciatic nerve and its branches; most common cause is herniation of an intervertebral disc in the lumbar region of the spine
Term
lumbar disc herniation
Definition
4th and 5th = most commonly herniated; 4th lumbar disc herniation = compression of roots of L5; 5th lumbar disc herniation = compression of roots of S1
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