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Musculoskeletal System
Chapters 6 & 7
305
Anatomy
Not Applicable
07/06/2013

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Cards

Term
Articulation
Definition
a joint
Term
hydrocephalis
Definition
excess of spinal fluid in a baby's head
Term
normal calcium level
Definition
8.5-10
Term
5 functions of the skeletal system
Definition
protection, support, movement, mineral storage, hemapoiesis
Term
4 types of bones
Definition
long, short, flat, irregular
Term
6 different kinds of synovial joints
Definition
saddle, pivot, gliding, ball and socket, hinge, condyloid
Term
Least movable kind of joint where bone surfaces slide over one another; ex. wrist, ankle
Definition
gliding
Term
kind of joint with movement in one direction; flexion/extension
Definition
hinge
Term
kind of joint that rotates around the length of a bone; ex. cervical vertebrae (1&2)
Definition
Pivot
Term
kind of joint with movement in 2 directions; oval shape in an elliptical socket; ex. wrist/forearm
Definition
condyloid
Term
kind of joint, only one pair in the body; ex. thumb
Definition
saddle
Term
kind of joint with movement in many directions around a point with the widest range of motion; ex. hip/shoulder
Definition
ball and socket
Term
most vulnerable and largest joint
Definition
knee joint
Term
gravity's influence on the skeletal system
Definition
cartilage disks between vertebrae are squished; thus, we are shorter at night than in the morning because of gravity's pull on these disks.
Term
(MALE/FEMALE) > 90 degree pubic arch
CHOOSE ONE
Definition
Female
Term
(MALE/FEMALE) < 90 degree pubic arch
CHOOSE ONE
Definition
Male
Term
Ankle bones
Definition
Tarsals
Term
heel bone
Definition
calcaneus
Term
arch on the inside of the foot
Definition
medial longitudinal arch
Term
arch on outside of the foot
Definition
lateral longitudinal arch
Term
horizontal arch at ball of foot
Definition
transverse longitudinal arch
Term
Largest tarsal bone
Definition
calcaneous
Term
# of tarsal bones
Definition
7
Term
# of metatarsal bones
Definition
5
Term
upper flaring part of the coxal bone
Definition
ilium
Term
lower back part of the coxal bone
Definition
ischium
Term
lower front part of the coxal bone
Definition
pubis
Term
cartilaginous joint in midline between coxals
Definition
symphysis pubis
Term
opening into pelvic cavity
Definition
pelvic inlet
Term
muscles attach to these on the femur
Definition
trochanters and epicondyles
Term
form articulations at the knee
Definition
condyles
Term
inner ankle bone
Definition
medial malleolus
Term
outer ankle bone
Definition
lateral malleolus
Term
ankle bone
Definition
malleolus
Term
joint that doesnt move
Definition
synarthroses
Term
slightly moving joint
Definition
amphiarthroses
Term
freely movable joint
Definition
diarthroses
Term
structure of diarthroses
Definition
joint capsule
joint cavity
cartilage covering ends of joining bones
Term
made of body's strongest and toughest material; fits over ends of the two bones like a sleeve
Definition
joint capsule
Term
space between joints; synovial fluid
Definition
joint cavity
Term
smooth layer of gristle; absorbs joints
Definition
articular cartilage
Term
small sacs of synovial fluid; areas of stress
Definition
bursae
Term
ball of foot
Definition
metatarsals
Term
non-weight bearing lateral bone of the leg
Definition
fibula
Term
shinbone
Definition
tibia
Term
knee cap
Definition
patella
Term
deep cup-shaped socket in the distal ends of the coxals that helps articulate the femurs
Definition
acetabulum
Term
the two pelvic bones
Definition
coxals
Term
hip
Definition
pelvic girdle
Term
baby skeleton is formed of
Definition
cartilage and fibrous structures
Term
forms bone cells`
Definition
osteoblasts
Term
absorbs bone
Definition
osteoclasts
Term
when cartilage in babies calcifies and turns to bone
Definition
endochondral ossification
Term
how does bone calcify during endochondral ossification
Definition
laying down of calcium salts in the gel-like matrix of cartilage
Term
consists more of intercellular substances than of cells
Definition
cartilage
Term
when does growth of bones stop?
Definition
when the epiphyseal line is visible
Term
growth continues as long as the ______ __________ still exists
Definition
epiphyseal plate
Term
"brittle bone" disease
Definition
osteoporosis
Term
osteoporosis is most common in
Definition
ederly white women
Term
soft spots in infant skull
Definition
fontanels
Term
what are the organs of the skeletal system
Definition
bones, cartilage, joints
Term
what is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue
Definition
osteon (haversian system)
Term
skull consists of ____ bones that form the cranium
Definition
8
Term
# of bones in the face
Definition
14
Term
# of bones in inner ear
Definition
6
Term
first 7 vertebrae
Definition
cervical
Term
12 vertebrae
Definition
thoracic
Term
5 vertebrae
Definition
lumbar
Term
hole in center of each vertebrae
Definition
vertebral foramen
Term
first cervical vertebra
Definition
atlas
Term
second cervical vertebrae
Definition
axis
Term
attached to sternum by costal cartilage (directly)
Definition
true ribs 1-7
Term
attach to sternum via ribs 1-7
Definition
false ribs 8-10
Term
do not attach to sternum
Definition
floating ribs 11-12
Term
# of ribs.... # of pairs of ribs
Definition
24, 12
Term
# bones in the spine
Definition
26
Term
# of bones in the appendicular skeleton
Definition
126
Term
# of bones in the axial skeleton
Definition
80
Term
shoulder blade
Definition
scapula
Term
collar bone
Definition
clavicle
Term
scapula and clavicle compose the _____ _________
Definition
pectoral girdle
Term
shoulder
Definition
pectoral girdle
Term
joint between clavicle and sternum
Definition
sternoclavicular joint
Term
baby spine is (CONCAVE/CONVEX)
CHOOSE ONE
Definition
convex
Term
long bone of the arm, second largest bone in body
Definition
humerus
Term
_________ _________ attaches humerus to the scapula
Definition
glenoid cavity
Term
group of muscles that move the humerus
Definition
rotator cuff
Term
the bones of the forearm
Definition
radial, ulna
Term
bone on the lateral side of the forearm
Definition
radial
Term
bone on the medial side of the forearm
Definition
ulna
Term
large bony process of the ulna that fits into the distal ind of the humerus
Definition
olecranon process
Term
distal "socket" of the humerus
Definition
olecranon fossa
Term
# of carpal bones
Definition
8
Term
# of metacarpal bones
Definition
5
Term
# of phalanges in each hand/foot
Definition
14
Term
wrist bone
Definition
carpal
Term
bones that form the palm of hand
Definition
metacarpals
Term
projection of _____ bone known as 'funny bone"
Definition
ulna (olecraneon process)
Term
short bones at proximal end of hand
Definition
carpals
Term
# of phalanges in each finger, # of phalanges in each thumb
Definition
3, 2
Term
hollow tube of hard, compact bone that is rigid and strong and is light enough in weight to permit easy movement
Definition
diaphysis
Term
hollow area inside the shaft of long bone that contains soft yellow marrow
Definition
medullary cavity
Term
inactive, fatty marrow found in adult skeletons
Definition
yellow marrow
Term
the ends of bone that contain spongy bone
Definition
epiphysis
Term
thin layer of cartilage covering each end of the bone
Definition
articular cartilage
Term
functions like a small rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they from a joint
Definition
articular cartilage
Term
strong, fibrous membrane covering the longbone everywhere except at the joint surfaces
Definition
periosteum
Term
means "around" "bone"
Definition
periosteum
Term
thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Definition
endosteum
Term
means "within" "bone"
Definition
endosteum
Term
outer layer of bone is ________, or ______ ___________
Definition
dense, compact bone
Term
porous bones that the epiphyses
Definition
spongy bone
Term
needle like threads of spongy bone that surround a network of spaces
Definition
trabeculae
Term
compact bone consists of structural units called....
Definition
osteons (haversian systems)
Term
how is a haversian system arranged?
Definition
osteons resemble the rings of an onion- the rings are called concentric lamella, which surround the central canal, which contains a bloodvessel.
Term
ring of an osteon
Definition
concentric lamella (lamellae)
Term
bone cell
Definition
osteocyte
Term
where are osteocytes located?
Definition
between the lamella in little spaces called lacunae
Term
spaces that contain osteocytes
Definition
lacunae
Term
how are osteocytes connected to blood vessel to pass nutrients
Definition
canaliculi
Term
specialized, fibrous connective tissue that takes the consistency of a firm plastic, or gristle-like gel
Definition
cartilage
Term
differences between cartilage and bone
Definition
cartilage is more flexible but does not have a blood vessel so healing is slow

bone is more rigid/strong and is faster to heal because it has blood vessels
Term
cartilage cell
Definition
chondrocyte
Term
top bone of coxal (ILIUM OR ILEUM)
Definition
ilium
Term
part of intestine (ILIUM OR ILEUM)
Definition
ileum
Term
synarthroses joints between cranial bones
Definition
sutures
Term
spaces or cavities within some of the cranial bones
Definition
sinuses
Term
4 pairs of sinuses that open into the nose
Definition
paranasal sinuses
(frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid)
Term
how do sinus infections occur?
Definition
mucous that lines them becomes inflamed, swollen, and painful
Term
means "inflammation of"
Definition
-"itis"
Term
forehead bone
Definition
frontal bone
Term
eye sockets
Definition
orbits (orbitals)
Term
cavity inside bone above upper margins of orbits
Definition
frontal sinus
Term
bulging top sides of the cranium
Definition
parietal bones
Term
forms back of the skull
Definition
occipital bone
Term
protuberance behind the ear
Definition
mastoid process
Term
tube leading into temporal bone
Definition
external auditory canal
Term
spinal cord enters the cranium through this large hole
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
forms the central part of the floor of the cranium
Definition
sphenoid
Term
form the lower sides of the cranium
Definition
temporal
Term
helps form the floor of cranium; side walls, roof of nose, and part of its middle partition, and and part of the orbit
Definition
ethmoid
Term
nasal septum made up of the
Definition
vomer, perpendicular plate
Term
middle partition of the nose
Definition
nasal septum
Term
forms the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Definition
nasal
Term
upper jaw area
Definition
maxilla
Term
cheek bones
Definition
zygomatics
Term
lower jaw bone
Definition
mandible
Term
lower jawbone articulates with temporal at the
Definition
condyloid process
Term
small bones; help form medial wall of orbit and side wall of nasal cavity
Definition
lacrimal
Term
form back part of the roof of the mouth
Definition
palatine
Term
hollow tube of hard, compact bone that is rigid and strong and is light enough in weight to permit easy movement
Definition
diaphysis
Term
hollow area inside the shaft of long bone that contains soft yellow marrow
Definition
medullary cavity
Term
inactive, fatty marrow found in adult skeletons
Definition
yellow marrow
Term
the ends of bone that contain spongy bone
Definition
epiphysis
Term
thin layer of cartilage covering each end of the bone
Definition
articular cartilage
Term
functions like a small rubber cushion would if it were placed over the ends of bones where they from a joint
Definition
articular cartilage
Term
strong, fibrous membrane covering the longbone everywhere except at the joint surfaces
Definition
periosteum
Term
means "around" "bone"
Definition
periosteum
Term
thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
Definition
endosteum
Term
means "within" "bone"
Definition
endosteum
Term
outer layer of bone is ________, or ______ ___________
Definition
dense, compact bone
Term
porous bones that the epiphyses
Definition
spongy bone
Term
needle like threads of spongy bone that surround a network of spaces
Definition
trabeculae
Term
compact bone consists of structural units called....
Definition
osteons (haversian systems)
Term
how is a haversian system arranged?
Definition
osteons resemble the rings of an onion- the rings are called concentric lamella, which surround the central canal, which contains a bloodvessel.
Term
ring of an osteon
Definition
concentric lamella (lamellae)
Term
bone cell
Definition
osteocyte
Term
where are osteocytes located?
Definition
between the lamella in little spaces called lacunae
Term
spaces that contain osteocytes
Definition
lacunae
Term
how are osteocytes connected to blood vessel to pass nutrients
Definition
canaliculi
Term
specialized, fibrous connective tissue that takes the consistency of a firm plastic, or gristle-like gel
Definition
cartilage
Term
differences between cartilage and bone
Definition
cartilage is more flexible but does not have a blood vessel so healing is slow

bone is more rigid/strong and is faster to heal because it has blood vessels
Term
cartilage cell
Definition
chondrocyte
Term
top bone of coxal (ILIUM OR ILEUM)
Definition
ilium
Term
part of intestine (ILIUM OR ILEUM)
Definition
ileum
Term
synarthroses joints between cranial bones
Definition
sutures
Term
spaces or cavities within some of the cranial bones
Definition
sinuses
Term
4 pairs of sinuses that open into the nose
Definition
paranasal sinuses
(frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid)
Term
how do sinus infections occur?
Definition
mucous that lines them becomes inflamed, swollen, and painful
Term
means "inflammation of"
Definition
-"itis"
Term
forehead bone
Definition
frontal bone
Term
eye sockets
Definition
orbits (orbitals)
Term
cavity inside bone above upper margins of orbits
Definition
frontal sinus
Term
bulging top sides of the cranium
Definition
parietal bones
Term
forms back of the skull
Definition
occipital bone
Term
protuberance behind the ear
Definition
mastoid process
Term
tube leading into temporal bone
Definition
external auditory canal
Term
spinal cord enters the cranium through this large hole
Definition
foramen magnum
Term
forms the central part of the floor of the cranium
Definition
sphenoid
Term
form the lower sides of the cranium
Definition
temporal
Term
helps form the floor of cranium; side walls, roof of nose, and part of its middle partition, and and part of the orbit
Definition
ethmoid
Term
nasal septum made up of the
Definition
vomer, perpendicular plate
Term
middle partition of the nose
Definition
nasal septum
Term
forms the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Definition
nasal
Term
upper jaw area
Definition
maxilla
Term
cheek bones
Definition
zygomatics
Term
lower jaw bone
Definition
mandible
Term
lower jawbone articulates with temporal at the
Definition
condyloid process
Term
small bones; help form medial wall of orbit and side wall of nasal cavity
Definition
lacrimal
Term
form back part of the roof of the mouth
Definition
palatine
Term
form the curved "ledge" along the inside of the side wall of the nose
Definition
inferior nasal concha
Term
forms the lower, back part of the nasal septum
Definition
vomer
Term
3 tiny bones in the inner ear
Definition
1. malleus
2. incus
3. stapes

MAY I STAY HEAR????
Term
"hammer" shaped bone
Definition
malleus
Term
"anvil" shaped bone
Definition
incus
Term
"stirrup" shaped bone
Definition
stapes
Term
5 regions of the spine
Definition
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx
Term
3 types of muscle tissue
Definition
smooth, skeletal, cardiac
Term
movement is caused by
Definition
muscle fibers contracting
Term
muscle movement occurs when _____ energy is converted to _____ energy
Definition
chemical, mechanical
Term
muscle tissue with crosswise striations that is voluntary
Definition
skeletal
Term
muscle tissue with branched fibers, intercalated disks, and allow heart to contract as a unit
Definition
cardiac
Term
muscle tissue that lacks striations, is involuntary, and found in the walls of hollow structures in the body
Definition
smooth
Term
muscle fiber function
Definition
specialize in shortening (contracting) muscles
Term
attachment to the bone that remains relatively stationary or fixed when movement at the joint occurs
Definition
origin
Term
point of attachment to the bone that moves when a muscle contracts
Definition
insertion
Term
main part of the muscle
Definition
body
Term
attach muscles to bone
Definition
tendons
Term
strong cords of fibrous, connective tissue that attach muscles to bone
Definition
tendons
Term
small synovial lined sacs containing a small amount of synovial fluid
Definition
bursae
Term
thick myofilaments have (ACTIN/MYOSIN)
CHOOSE ONE
Definition
MYOSIN
Term
thin myofilaments have (ACTIN/MYOSIN)
choose one
Definition
actin
Term
basic functional unit
Definition
sarcomere
Term
functions of the muscles
Definition
movement, posture, heat production
Term
as a muscle contracts, it moves the _____ bone towards the ______ bone
Definition
insertion, origin
Term
movement occurs at the ______
Definition
joint
Term
mainly responsible for producing a given movement
Definition
prime mover
Term
helps to produce a given movement
Definition
synergist
Term
opposes the action of a given movement
Definition
antagonist
Term
a continuous, low - strength muscle contraction that enables posture
Definition
tonic contraction
Term
survival depends on the body's ability to maintain a constant _____ ______
Definition
body temperature
Term
elevated body temperature
Definition
fever
Term
reduced body temperature
Definition
hypothermia
Term
contraction of _____ ______ produces heat required to maintain normal body temperature
Definition
muscle fibers
Term
caused by repeated stimulation without rest
Definition
fatigue
Term
repeated contraction depletes ____ and outstrips the ability of the blood supply to replenish oxygen and nutrients
Definition
atp
Term
contraction in the absense of oxygen produces _____ which contributes to muscle soreness
Definition
lactic acid
Term
term used to describe the metabolic effort required to burn excess lactic acid that may accumulate during prolonged periods of exercise; the body is attempting to return the cells energy and oxygen reserves to pre-exercise levels
Definition
oxygen debt
Term
most muscles cause movements by _____ on bones across movable ______
Definition
pulling, joints
Term
systems that play roles in normal movements
Definition
respiratory, circulatory, nervous, muscular, and skeletal
Term
stimulation of a muscle by a ____ ______ is required before a muscle can shorten and produce movement
Definition
nerve impulse
Term
nerve cell that transmits an impulse to a muscle, causing contraction
Definition
motor neuron
Term
point of contact between a nerve ending and a muscle fiber
Definition
neuromuscular junction
Term
combination of a motor neuron with the muscle fiber it controls
Definition
motor unit
Term
minimal level of stimulation required to cause a fiber to contract
Definition
threshold stimulus
Term
once stimulated, a fiber will contract completely, a response called "____ __ _____"
Definition
all or none
Term
lab phenomena; single contraction of a muscle fiber caused by a single threshold stimulus
Definition
twitch
Term
sustained; stimuli hits muscle in rapid succession
Definition
tetanic
Term
movement at joint because muscle changes length
Definition
isotonic contraction
Term
lengthens under tension; insertion away from the origin
Definition
eccentric isotonic contraction
Term
shortens insertion end; moves toward origin
Definition
concentric isotonic contraction
Term
most body movements are ________ ________
Definition
isotonic contractions
Term
do not produce movement; muscle as a whole does not shorten; tension increases
Definition
isometric contractions
Term
exercise improves
Definition
muscle tone, posture, reduces fatigue, and results in more efficient heart and lung function
Term
prolonged inactivty causes shrinkage of muscles
Definition
atrophy
Term
regular exercise increases muscle size aka _____________
Definition
hypertrophy
Term
_______ training is exercise involving contraction of muscles against heavy resistance
Definition
strength
Term
__________ training increases # of myofilaments; muscle mass increases; # of fibers DOES NOT increase
Definition
strength
Term
exercise that increases a muscles ability to sustain moderate exercise over a long period
Definition
endurance training
Term
also called aerobic training
Definition
endurance training
Term
training that allows more efficient flow of oxygen/nutrients and usually does not have muscle hypertrophy
Definition
endurance training
Term
3 facial muscles
Definition
orbicularis oculi (below eye)
orbicularis oris (above eye)
zygomaticus (cheeks)
Term
orbicularis oris
Definition
kissing muscle
Term
zygomaticus
Definition
smiling muscle
Term
masseter
Definition
Chewing muscle muscle between maxilla and mandible
Term
sternocleidomastiod
Definition
flexes head (neck)
Term
trapezius
Definition
elevates shoulders/ extends the head (scapula/neck)
Term
pectoralis major
Definition
flexes upper arm (breast/chest)
Term
latissimus dorsi
Definition
extends upper arm (back of ribs)
Term
deltoid
Definition
extends upper arm
Term
biceps brachii
Definition
flexes forearm (front of humerus)
Term
triceps brachii
Definition
extends forearm (back of humerus)
Term
rectus abdominus
Definition
abs
Term
external oblique
Definition
above butt/below lower back/ hip?)
Term
internal oblique
Definition
pelvis
Term
transverse abdominis
Definition
ribs/ vertebrae/ pelvis
Term
intercostal muscles
Definition
between ribs
Term
diaphragm
Definition
muscle between thorax and abdominal
Term
iliopsoas
Definition
flexes thigh (upper front thigh)
Term
gluteus maximus
Definition
extends thigh (butt)
Term
adductor muscles
Definition
front of thigh
Term
hamstrings
Definition
back of thigh
Term
3 parts of hamstrings
Definition
semimembraosus
semitendinosus
biceps femoris
Term
quadriceps femoris
Definition
rectus femoris (mid fron thigh)
vastus muscles (medial lower anterior thigh)
Term
tibialis anterior
Definition
front shin/lateral
Term
gastrochemius
Definition
calf muscle
Term
peroneus
Definition
between shin and calf
Term
hand postion anterior
Definition
supination
Term
hand position posterior
Definition
pronation
Term
dorisflexion
Definition
feet up
Term
plantarflexion
Definition
feet down
Term
inversion/ eversion
Definition
sideways feet
Term
small hole for vessel in mandible
Definition
mental foramen
Term
____ marrow in children _____ marrow in adults (in medullary cavity)
Definition
red, yellow
Term
iliac crest
Definition
sternum
Term
skull is light weight because of the _____
Definition
sinuses
Term
Picking up a piece of paper verses picking up a podium
Definition
all or none
Term
decrease in calcium causes ________ ________
Definition
charlie horses
Term
_____ ______ leads to muscle cramps
Definition
oxygen debt
Term
largest muscle to give injection, upper outer quadrant of butt; ARENT used in children until walking because they arent developed
Definition
gluteus medius
Term
middle third of the anterior middle of the thigh; used in children
Definition
rectus femoris
Term
upper butt towards the front (kind of hip area)
Definition
ventral gleuteal
Term
3 fingers below shoulder; no more than 1mL of fluids
Definition
deltoid
Term
lateral anterior thigh; used in children
Definition
vastas laterals
Term
muscles used for IM injections
Definition
gleuteus medius
rectus femoris
deltoid
vastas laterals
ventral gleuteal
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