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Muscular System
the human muscles in depth
148
Biology
11th Grade
10/27/2009

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Term
Chron-
Definition
time
Term
Circum-
Definition
around
Term
Div-, Dei-, Deo-
Definition
god
Term
Demo-
Definition
people
Term
Dia-
Definition
through, across, between
Term
Dict-
Definition
to speak
Term
Cred-
Definition
to believe
Term
Contra-
Definition
opposite
Term
Duc-, Duct-
Definition
to pull
Term
Clud-, Clus-, Claus-
Definition
to close
Term
Dyn-, Dyna-
Definition
power
Term
Equi-
Definition
equal
Term
Flue-, Flux-
Definition
to flow
Term
Flect-, Flex-
Definition
to bend
Term
Infra-
Definition
beneath
Term
Jac-, Ject-
Definition
to throw
Term
What is the shortening and thickening of functioning muscle or muscle fiber?
Definition
contraction
Term
What is a change in position, it enables you to move?
Definition
movement
Term
What is the ability to respond to stimulation from the nervous system?
Definition
irritability
Term
What does it mean when after the contraction, a muscle will rebound to it original shape, it is the ability to rebound?
Definition
elasticity
Term
What is when 1 muscle group contracts and the opposing group passively stretches to allow the contraction?
Definition
extensibility
Term
What are the 3 different types of muscles?
Definition
skeletal, cardiac, and visceral
Term
How are the 3 muscle types distinguished?
Definition
by their location, microscopic appearance, and type of nervous control.
Term
Where is skeletal muscle found?
Definition
attached to the skeleton
Term
What is skeletal muscle made of?
Definition
straited muscle
Term
What is straited muscle?
Definition
long fibers where there are dark and light stripes of filament proteins seen in its cels.
Term
What does skeletal muscle contraction provide?
Definition
the force of locomotion and other voluntary body movements.
Term
What is a voluntary movement?
Definition
where you can move it... conscious thought
Term
When is the diaphragm voluntary?
Definition
during vocalization and when taking a deep breath
Term
What is an example of a straited muscle?
Definition
diaphragm
Term
What muscle is straited, but itsn't attached to a bone, so it is autonomic?
Definition
pharynx
Term
What is an autonomic muscle?
Definition
where you don't have control over it, it is involuntary
Term
What muscle makes up the wall of the heart?
Definition
cardiac
Term
Is straited muscle normally involuntary or voluntary?
Definition
involuntary
Term
How many times does the heart contract per minute?
Definition
70
Term
How many liters of blood does the heart pump per minute?
Definition
5
Term
Where is visceral muscle found?
Definition
on the walls of all the hollow muscles like the intestine, except for the heart
Term
What is visceral muscle?
Definition
non-straited or smooth muscle
Term
Is visceral muscle involuntary or voluntary?
Definition
involuntary
Term
What are some jobs of visceral muscle?
Definition
regulates the flow of blood in the arteries, moves ingested materials along through the gastrointestinal tract, expels urine from your urinary bladder, and causes vasoconstriction and vasodilation of the pupil
Term
What are sphincters?
Definition
circular bundles of visceral muscle that regulate the diameter of various tubular organs and openings
Term
Are the external sphincters visceral or skeletal? What about internal?
Definition
skeletal. visceral.
Term
Are sphincters voluntary or involuntary?
Definition
voluntary
Term
What type of muscle is the entire female reproductive tract?
Definition
visceral
Term
How many skeletal muscles are in the body?
Definition
700
Term
How much percent of body weight do skeletal muscles make up?
Definition
40-50%
Term
What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
Definition
force production for locomotion and breathing, fore production for postural support, and heat production during cold stress
Term
What does skeletal muscle allow you to do?
Definition
move and breathe
Term
What is the beginning point on the bone where the muscle is attached?
Definition
origin
Term
What is the end point where the muscle tapers into a glistening white tendon?
Definition
insertion
Term
What is the resulting movement of the bone?
Definition
action
Term
What is it called when the muscle is brought towards the center line?
Definition
adduction
Term
What is it called when the muscle is moved away from the center line?
Definition
abduction
Term
What are extensors?
Definition
abductors
Term
What are flexors?
Definition
adductors
Term
What do the fibers of the tendons intertwine with?
Definition
the fibers of the periosteum
Term
How do skeletal muscles produce movement?
Definition
by pulling tendons which exert force on the bone
Term
What does the agonist bone do?
Definition
it is the one that moves
Term
What does the antagonist bone do?
Definition
it works against the agonist
Term
Must there be an extensor for every flexor?
Definition
yes
Term
What is skeletal muscle made out of?
Definition
thousands of cylindrical muscle fibers
Term
What are strings that the muscle cells are made of and they run from the origin to the insertion?
Definition
myofibrils
Term
What does "sacro-" mean?
Definition
flesh, skin
Term
What is the plasma membrane or skin that covers the cell or muscle, it surrounds it?
Definition
sarcolemma
Term
What is the cell membrane made up of?
Definition
lipoproteins
Term
What does the sarcoplasmic reticulum do?
Definition
takes stuff from the nucleus to the sarcolemma
Term
What are the strings you see that make up the muscle?
Definition
myofibrils
Term
What does the mitochondria do?
Definition
it takes in sugar and makes adenosine triphosphate
Term
What are myofibrils made up of?
Definition
actin and myosin
Term
What are thin sheets of muscle fiber called?
Definition
actin
Term
What are thick sheets of muscle fiber called?
Definition
myosin
Term
What is the area called that is nothing but actin?
Definition
the Z line
Term
What is the area called that is actin and myosin put together?
Definition
the A line
Term
What makes the muscles fire?
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Term
What makes your muscles stretch or constrict?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
What is the result of a lack of Adenosine Triphosphate?
Definition
soreness and cramping
Term
What is a large mitochondrion?
Definition
sarcosome
Term
What is another name for the sarcoplasm?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
Where is calcium stored?
Definition
in the sarcoplasm
Term
What does the sarcoplsam contain?
Definition
numerous tiny myofibrils
Term
How do myofibrils run with each other... parallel or perpendicular?
Definition
parallel
Term
What gives the muscle its straited appearance?
Definition
the overlapping arrangements of actin and myosin (myofibrils)
Term
What is the distance between one Z line to another called?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
What is the functional unit of muscle contraction?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
What is the thin sheet of connective tissue that wraps the multinucleated cylinder (fiber) called?
Definition
endomysium
Term
What are groups of 10-100 fibers bound together by? and what does this form?
Definition
permysium. fascicle
Term
What are groups of fascicles bound together by what layers of connective tissue to form the muscle?
Definition
epimysium
Term
What does the epimysium house?
Definition
blood vessels and berves necessart for proper muscular formation
Term
Is the number of fibers in the muscles fixed early in life or later in life?
Definition
early in life
Term
How does increased strength and muscle mass come about?
Definition
through an increase in the thickness of the individual fibers and an increase in the amount of connective tissue
Term
What are the extensions of myosin filaments called?
Definition
crossbridges
Term
what are the crossbriges shaped like?
Definition
golf club heads
Term
What do the actin filaments look like?
Definition
strand of twisted beads
Term
What are the actin and myosin doing when you are relaxing?
Definition
they are disengaged... the myosin heads are uncocked
Term
What does the muscle traction begin with?
Definition
impulses from nerve cells stimulate an influx of calcium from the sarcoplasm, which unlocks the actin binding sites
Term
What do the myosin crossbridges attach to?
Definition
the actin filaments
Term
What is it called when the myosin crossbridges attach to the actin filaments, flex and pull that actin filament, drawing the muscle ends together and shortening the sarcomere?
Definition
powerstroke
Term
What do the mysoin heads do at the end of a powerstroke?
Definition
they release
Term
What do the actin and myosin do in a single muscle contraction?
Definition
they attach, disengage, then reattach mutliple times
Term
How many actin fibers surround 1 myosin crossbridge?
Definition
6
Term
What can cause soreness?
Definition
small tears in the muscle fibers or connective tissue, or muscle spasms or overstretching... also oxygen debt and lactic acid build-up
Term
What are our primary sources for energy?
Definition
carbohydrates and fat
Term
What are carbohydrates when found in the blood?
Definition
glucose
Term
What are carbohydrates when found in the muscle?
Definition
glycogen
Term
What is glycogen?
Definition
a combination of glucose molecues
Term
Where is fat found?
Definition
in the blood, in muscle tissue, and in adipose tissue
Term
What must fuel sources be converted to during the Krebs Cycle for muscle contraction to occur?
Definition
Adenosine Triphosphate
Term
When is Adenosine Triphosphate needed?
Definition
when the attachment between the head of the mosin and the actin receptor site is formed
Term
When else is Adenosine Triphosphate needed?
Definition
when the detachment of the crossbridge and the recocking of the myosin head take place
Term
What are the 2 problems that arise in a prolonged exercise period?
Definition
first, the amount of Adenosine Triphosphate in a muscle cell is enough for only a few contractions. second, the amount of available oxygen becomes depleted during strenuous activity.
Term
What does the Krebs Cycle do when it runs out of blood, glucose and oxygen?
Definition
it reaches for the muscle glycogen to create Adenosine Triphosphate
Term
What happens during anaerobic glycolysis?
Definition
the glycogen is broken down into glucose, and the glucose is broken down into pyruvic acid.
Term
What does the pyruvic acid convert to?
Definition
lactic acid
Term
What is the result of a decrease of both Adenosine Triphosphate and Oxygen?
Definition
there is a buildup of lactic acid inside the muscle fibers
Term
What does the body do when the lactic acid cannot be used?
Definition
it is transported by the blood into the liver cells, where it can be converted into glucose through the expenditure of Adenosine Triphosphate energy
Term
What does the excess lactic acid int he muscles cells do to the pH?
Definition
it makes the pH decrease
Term
What is the result of excess lactic acid in the muscle cells?
Definition
an inability of the muscle fibers to respond (contract) to the nerve stimulation
Term
What is the inability of the fibers to contract called?
Definition
fatigue
Term
What is the lack of oxygen that causes the accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles and liver?
Definition
oxygen debt
Term
What does the amount of oxygen debt equal?
Definition
it equals the amount of oxygen needed by these cells to convert the accumulated lactic acid into glucose
Term
If there is excess lactic acid in the muscles, what will result?
Definition
soreness
Term
How can we prevent soreness?
Definition
increasingly build muscle fibers, give yourself time between sets, alternating muscle groups, and staying hydrated
Term
Which type of muscle contractions causes more soreness?
Definition
eccentrec and sometimes isometric
Term
What type of contraction is it when the muscle shortens as it overcomes the resistance? example would be an upward curl with a weight...
Definition
concentric contraction
Term
What type of contraction is it when the object is too heavy to move even when muscle force is being applied?
Definition
isometric contraction
Term
What type of contraction is it when you lower the weight, as the muscle acts to oppose gravity, and the muscle lengthens?
Definition
eccentric contraction
Term
How are muscles named?
Definition
because of their size, shape, location, action, attachments, and the direction of their fibers
Term
What would deltoid be? trapezius?
Definition
triangular. trapezoid
Term
What is the masseter involved in?
Definition
mastication
Term
How many origins does the biceps brachi have?
Definition
2
Term
What do the fibers look like in an external oblique?
Definition
the fibers are arranged in a slanting pattern
Term
Do muscles push or pull?
Definition
they only pull, the never push
Term
What is the decreasing of the angle between the bones?
Definition
flexor
Term
What is the increasing of the angle between the bones called?
Definition
extensor
Term
What does it mean when the bone moves away from the midline?
Definition
abductor
Term
What does it mean when the bone moved toward the midline?
Definition
adductor
Term
What produces a revolving movement around an axis?
Definition
rotation
Term
What produces an upward movement?
Definition
elevation
Term
What produces a downward movement?
Definition
depression
Term
What is a great reduction in muscle fibers and possible replacement by fibrous tissue called?
Definition
atrophy
Term
What is a violent, involuntary contraction of an entire group of muscles called? It is also a characteristic of epileptic seizures and drug withdrawls.
Definition
convulsion
Term
What is a painful, involuntary contraction in those muscles that have been used heavily and have suffered from fatigue called?
Definition
cramp
Term
What is a progressively crippling disease of unknown cause in which the muscles gradually weaken and atrophy?
Definition
muscular dystrophy
Term
What is the inability to move a muscle?
Definition
paralysis
Term
What is usually the cause of paralysis?
Definition
some nervous system failure
Term
What is soreness on the front of the lower leg due to straining or tearing a muscle?
Definition
shin splint
Term
What is mostly the cause of shin splints?
Definition
walking up and down hills
Term
What is an involuntary contraction of shorter duration than a cramp and usually not as painful?
Definition
spasm
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