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Mr.Hobbs Cells Test
Plant and Animal Cells
77
Science
7th Grade
02/25/2007

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Term
Cells
Definition
The basic unit of structure and function in living things.
Term
Why can cells not be seen by the naked eye?
Definition
They are microscopic and too small.
Term
What made it possible to see cells?
Definition
Microscopes
Term
Simple microscope
Definition
A microscope containing only one lens.
Ex: hand lens
Term
Compound microscope
Definition
A microscope with more than one lens.
Ex: light microscope
Term
Who were the five major scientists?
Definition
1.Robert Hooke
2.Anton van Leeuwenhoek
3.Matthais Schleiden
4.Theodor Schwann
5.Rudolf Virchow
Term
What did the five major scientists discover?
Definition
Hooke- cells in a cork piece

Leeuwenhoek- discovered animalcules meaning "little animals" and bacteria

Schleiden- concluded that all plants are made up of cells

Schwann- concluded that all animals are made up of cells

Virchow- proposed that all cells are formed from other existing cells
Term
animalcules; who came up with this word?
Definition
"little animals"; Aton van Leeuwenhoek
Term
Who was the first scientist to observe bacteria?
Definition
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Term
State the cell theory?
Definition
~All living things are composed of cells
~Cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things
~All cells are produced from other cells
Term
Magnification
Definition
ability to make things look larger than they are
Term
Resolution
Definition
ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object
Term
What are the two properties microscopes possess?
Definition
Magnification and resolution
Term
How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope?
Definition
total magnification= magnification of 1 lens x the magnification of the other lens
Term
Light Microscope
Definition
The lens or lenses magnify an object by bending the light that passes through them.
Term
Electron Microscope
Definition
Use a beam of electrons, or tiny particles that are smaller than atoms, instead of light to examine a specimen.
Term
Electron vs. Light Microscope
Definition
E- uses electrons
L- bends light to magnify
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
E-better resolution
L-worse resolution
Term
Organelles
Definition
tiny structures inside the cell
Term
Cell wall
Definition
rigid layer of nonliving material surrounding plant cells

MADE OF-cellulose(chain of sugar molecules)

FUNCTION-protects & supports plant & plant cell

(plant cell only)
Term
Cell membrane
Definition
has pores; selectively permeable membrane; located before cell wall in plants; outside boundary for other cells

MADE OF-cholesterol

FUNCTION-
1.provides protection & support for cell
2.controls movement of material into & out of cell
3.forms barrier between cell & outside world

CONTAIN- cell
Term
nucleus
Definition
control center of cell

FUNCTION-controls activities of cell

CONTAIN- RNA
Term
nuclear membrane
Definition
surrounds nucleus

FUNCTION-
1.protects nucleus
2.controls movement of material in & out of nucleus

CONTAIN- nucleus
Term
chromatin
Definition
thin strands floating in nucleus

CONTAIN-genetic material; DNA
Term
nucleolus
Definition
"little nucleus"

PRODUCE- ribosomes
Term
cytoplasm
Definition
region between cell membrane & nucleus

CONTAIN-many organelles
Term
mitochondria
Definition
rodshaped

FUNCTION-"powerhouse" of cell; break down simple food substances into water & c2o gas releasing energy

CONTAIN- small amounts of DNA

PRODUCE- most of cells energy
Term
endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
clear tubular passageways leading to different areas inside cell

FUNCTION- transportation system of cell

CONTAIN- ribosomes on walls
Term
ribosomes
Definition
small grainlike bodies; located in ER

PRODUCE- proteins
Term
golgi bodies
Definition
like flattened collection of sacs & tubes

FUNCTION-"UPS" of cell; recieve proteins, etc. from ER, package them, & distribute them to rest of cell
Term
chloroplasts
Definition
capture energy

FUNCTION-capture energy from sunlight

PRODUCE- food for cell

CONTAIN-chlorophyll

(in plant cells & some other orgainisms)
Term
vacuoles
Definition
FUNCTION-"storage" of cell; full of water making cell firm

CONTAIN-food & other materials needed by cell; waste products

(some animal cells don't have; plant cells have one large)
Term
lysosomes
Definition
small round structures involved in digestive activities of cell

FUNCTION-breaks down large food particles into smaller ones; recycles old cell parts

CONTAIN-enzymes which break down large food particles into smaller ones

(Animal cells only)
Term
Plant/Animal cell vs. Bacterial cell
Definition
B-doesnt have nucleus
PA-have nucleus
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
B-only organelle found is ribosomes; none other foumd in PA cells
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
both have cell walls &/or cell membrane
Term
Where can specialized cells be found?
Definition
In multicellular organisms
Term
Element
Definition
any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances
Term
Atom
Definition
smallest unit of an element
Term
compound
Definition
2 or more elements chemically combined
Term
molecule
Definition
smallest unit of a compound
Term
Put the following terms in order from smallest to biggest: element,compound, atom
Definition
Atom
Element
Compound

Molecule- smallest unit in most compounds
Term
organic compound
Definition
most compounds containing carbon
Most important groups: carbohydrates, lipids, protiens, nucleic acid
Term
inorganic compounds
Definition
most compounds containing not carbon
except carbon dioxide
Ex: water, sodium chloride, table salt
Term
What are the 4 organic compounds and 2 inorganic compounds that make up cells?
Definition
organic
1.carbohydrates
2.protiens
3.lipids
4.nucleic acids

inorganic
1.water
2.salt
Term
What are the compositions of carbohydrates?
Definition
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Term
What are some examples of carbohydrates?
Definition
sugars
starches
Term
What is the difference between sugars and starches?
Definition
Sugar molucules combine and form starches
Term
Common sources of starches include:
Definition
potatoes
noodles
rice
bread
Term
What is cellulose made of?
Definition
a type of carbohydrate
Term
What is the composition of proteins?
Definition
(protieNS) same as carbohydrates except with Nitrogen and sometimes Sulfur

hydrogen,oxygen,carbon,nitrogen,sulfur
Term
What are some functions of protiens?
Definition
-form some parts of cell membrane
-make up many organelles within cell
-some cells use to build body parts(hair)
Term
Protiens are made up of __ different types of amino acids.
Definition
20
Term
One switch of amino acid can POSSIBLY do what to a protein?
Definition
it may affect the way the protein functions
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
smaller molecules that make up protein molecules
Term
enzyme
Definition
a type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
Term
What is an enzyme?
Definition
a special type of protien
Term
What are the functions of enzymes?
Definition
speed up chemical reactions in a living thing
Term
Do you think an organizm could survive without enzymes?
Definition
No, without enzymes, many chemical reactions that are necessary for life would either take too long, or not occur at all.
Term
What are the compositions of lipids?
Definition
carbon,hydrogen,oxygen
Term
What is the difference between fats and oils?
Definition
Fats are solids.
Oils are liquids.
Term
Cholesterol- effects and role in body
Definition
-important component of animal cell membranes; body requires it
-excessive cholesterol can collect along walls of blood vessels & block flow of blood
Term
What are nucleic acids made of?
Definition
carbohydrates + (NAP)
nucleic acids plus NAP= nitrogen and phosphorus

carbon oxygen hydrogen nitrogen phosphorus
Term
2 types of nucleic acids
Definition
DNA
RNA
Term
function & location of DNA & what DNA stands for
Definition
genetic material that carries information about an organism passed from parent to offspring & directs all of cell's functions

found in cromation in nucleus

stands for deoxyribonucleic acids
Term
function & location of RNA & what RNA stands for
Definition
directs production of protiens

found in cytoplasm and nucleus

stands or Ribonucleic acids
Term
Your body is made up of how much water?
Definition
2/3 of your body is water
Term
What are the functions of water in the cell?
Definition
-most chemical reactions that take place in cells can only occur when substances are dissolved in water
-water molecules take place in many chemical reactions in cells
-help cells keep their size & shape
-helps keep temperature of cell from changing rapidly
Term
Selectively permeable
Definition
some substances can pass through while others cannot
Term
What organelle is selectively permeable?
Definition
Cell membrane
Term
What are the three methods by which substances move into and out of the cell?
Definition
diffusion
osmosis
active transport
Term
Which method is the MAIN way substances move?
Definition
diffusion
Term
What are the three main substances that usually permeate through the cell membrane?
Definition
oxygen
water
carbon dioxide
Term
Diffusion
Definition
the process by which molecules tend to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

concentration of a substance is the AMOUNT of the substance in a given volume
Term
Why does diffusion occur?
Definition
Molecules bump into one another, the more molecules in an area, the more collisions. Collisions cause molecules to push away from on another. over time, molecules continue to spread out & eventually spread out evenly throughout the area
Term
What is osmosis
Definition
A special case of diffusion

diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

important because cell cannot function properly without adequate water
Term
Active transport vs passive transport
Definition
A-requires cell to use energy
P-doesnt require cell to use energy

A-cell has to move molecules in opposite direction than they naturally move
P-cell doesnt do such
Term
What are the two methods of active transport?
Definition
Transport proteins- transport proteins pick up molecules outside cell, carry them in(calcium, potassium, & sodium carreid into & out of cell by this way)

Transport by engulfing- cell membrane engulfs a particle, pinches off & forms vacuole within cell
Term
Why are cells so small?
Definition
the bigger the cell is, the longer it takes for things inside the cell to travel & longer to excrete waste products

Cant function properly

(Offices and doors)
Term
convex lens
Definition
lens with curved shape(center of lens thicker than the edges)
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