Term
| 3 principles of sensorimotor |
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Definition
1)motor outputs are guided by sensory inputs
2)learning changes the nature and locus of sensorimotor control
3)neural basis of movement is hierarchical |
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Definition
| sudden, quick, fast, all or nothing movement |
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Definition
| type of ballistic movement where your eye moves from one point of fixation to another |
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Definition
| different units have different functions |
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Definition
1) Skeletal (striated)
2) Smooth
3) Cardiac |
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Definition
-relax/contracts quickly
-rapid bursts making strength of speed
-fatigues quickly (sprinting) |
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Definition
-relax/contract slowly
-generate extended contractions
-resistant to fatigue (marathon) |
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Definition
-opposite movements at a joint
Flexor: muscles that flex or raise
Extensor: muscles that extend or straighten |
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Definition
| where one neuron synapses with muscle cells |
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Definition
| ACH is the neurotransmitter in motor neurons that depolarizes and opens Ca2+ channels which initiates contraction |
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Definition
| one motor neuron and all fibers it innervates (ranges from a few to many) |
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Definition
-nicotinic ACH receptors
-located on motor end plate
-activation causes contraction |
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Definition
-most potent protein known to man
-prevents synaptic vessicles w/ ACH from fusing with pre synaptic membrane
-leads to paralysis
-also known as BOTOX |
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Term
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Definition
1-Dorsolateral Tract
2-Ventromedial Tract |
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Term
| 2 parts of Dorsolateral Tract |
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Definition
1-Rubrospinal
2-Corticospinal |
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Term
| 3 Parts of Ventromedial Tract |
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Definition
1-Vestibulospinal
2-Tectospinal
3-Reticulospinal |
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Term
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Definition
-not important in primates
-motor cortex to red nucleus |
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Definition
-aka pyramidal
-axons going from cortex to spinal cord
-crosses at medulla forming "pyramids" |
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Definition
-starts in vestibular nuc. in inner ear
-maintains head position while moving |
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Definition
-starts in tectum
-eye orientation while moving |
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Definition
-starts in reticular formation
-maintains posture |
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Term
| Motor Cortex consists of how many primary and how many secondary areas? |
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Definition
-1 primary and 2 secondary
-the 2 secondary areas are known as supplementary (homonculus) and premotor |
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Term
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Definition
| neural systems are integrated, not sequential |
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Term
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Definition
-axons extend to brainstem and spinal cord, not directly to muscles
-brief stimulation causes twitches, while extended stim. causes complex movement |
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Definition
-no fixed movement
-specific muscle movements differ depending on starting point |
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Definition
-integrates sensort info w/ info about body (from posterior parietal)
-helps select appropriate movement
-eg) you see a step and prepare to go down it |
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Definition
-neurons in the premotor cortex that fire when animal performs action and when same action is performed by another animal
-integrating same behavior from YOU to ME
-may play part in autism |
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Term
| Why are Mirror Neurons important? |
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Definition
-play role in imitation/social learning
-turns sensory info from others and turns it into personal muscle info |
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Term
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Definition
-you see others and understand their behavior b/c they have minds too.
-a lot of theory, no data |
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Term
| Supplementary Motor Cortex |
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Definition
-involved in planning, organizing sequence of events
-includes complex movements from memory
-learned sequences |
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Term
| Posterior Parietal Cortex |
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Definition
-receives visual, somatosensory, & motor info
-helps you move relative to environment
-connects to premotor & supplementary motor |
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Definition
-involved in coordination
-order of muscle contraction & timing
-damage causes awkward movements that appear drunk |
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Definition
-includes caudate, plutamen, globus
-uses info from primary and secondary motor areas and somatosensory cortex
-inhibits some behaviors to let others work effectively
-role in Parkinson's Disease
-involved in REWARD BEHAVIOR |
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Term
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Definition
1-Myasthemia Gravis
2-Tourette's Syndrome
3-Huntington's Disease
4-Parkinson's Disease
5-Multiple Sclerosis |
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Term
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Definition
-Autoimmune disease
CAUSE: reduced sensitivity of ACH receptors
SYMPTOMS: varying degrees of weakness of skeletal muscles, breathing problems.
TREATMENT: agonists that reduce acetylcholinerase for temp. relief
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Term
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Definition
SYMPTOMS: involuntary movements and speech
TREATMENT: Haloperidal (a dopamine agonist)
-predominantly heritable, but manifestation of symptoms gets worse with environment. |
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Term
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Definition
CAUSE: autosomal dominant inheritance. mutation of Huntington gene
SYMPTOMS: before diagnosis, jerky movements from impaired error correction. later, involuntary movements that get a lot worse. motor system degenerates & cell loss due to Huntington gene
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Term
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Definition
CAUSE: nigrostriatal dopamine neurons die. alters ability of basal ganglia to start movement
SYMPTOMS: rigidity, tremors, hard to start moving
TREATMENT: L-Dopa-high side effects that increase with dosage |
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Term
| Effect of Genetics vs. Environment on Parkinson's Disease |
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Definition
Genetics:
-early onset (<50) has strong genetic tie
-late onset (>50) has weak genetic tie
Environment:
-toxins like pesticides
-head trauma
-drug use (coffee and cigs reduce risk, marijuana increases risk)
-CORRELATION only, not CAUSAL |
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Term
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Definition
autoimmune disorder
SYMPTOMS: deterioration of myelin -->neuron death. scar tissue forms. speed and strength reduced. NOT FATAL OR PARALYZING
TREATMENT: drugs that modify immune activty. slow MS but never fix it |
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Term
| Types of Waves during Sleep Stages |
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Definition
Awake: Alpha and Beta
Stage 1: Theta
Stage 2: Sleep Spindles, K Complexes
Stage 3: Slow Delta
Stage 4: Slow Delta |
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Term
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Definition
Electroencephalogram
-lets us see difference in wave patterns in differing stages of sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| large spike in stage 2 waves |
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Definition
| short burts of 12-14 Hz. occurs 3-5 times a minute. during stage 2 sleep. |
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Definition
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Definition
electromyogram
-muscular activity
-REM sleep = muscles lose their tone (atonic)
-can't act out dreams b/c dreams are in REM |
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Term
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Definition
electro oculogram
-traces ocular movement of eyes
-REM is rapid eye movement, other stages no eye movement |
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Term
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Definition
1,2,3,4,3,2,REM,2,3,4,3,2,REM,2,3,2,REM
Lose stage 4 near the end of sleep
-second half is mostly REM sleep
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Term
| Dolphins and porpoises sleeping patterns |
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Definition
-dolphins sleep for 4-60 seconds all day to accumulate about 7 hrs of sleep
-porpoises let one side of brain sleep at a time |
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Term
| What kind of sleep do you make up for when deprived of sleep? |
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Definition
| you make up slow wave and REM sleep and lose stages 1 and 2 |
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Term
| Why we need slow wave sleep... |
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Definition
-not because we need rest from exercise
-more related to head temperature
-most active areas when we are awake are least active during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
-only seen in warm blooded vertebrates
-changes w/ age: older you get, the less time you spend in REM. 70% to 15%
-MAO inhibitors, SSRIs, antidepressants all reduce REM but show no side effects on learning/memory
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Term
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Definition
-small animals = more metabolism = more sleep
- related to safety and eating |
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Term
| Does sleep help us learn/remember? |
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Definition
-people get better at visual discrimination tasks over time
-the NIGHT BEFORE YOU ARE TRAINED IS MOST IMPORTANT
-lack of sleep night after causes loss of remembering too |
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Term
| Does REM sleep help us remember? |
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Definition
REM sleep increases as animals are actively learning
REM deprivation impairs maze learning
-REM aids in learning new tasks |
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Term
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Definition
-serve in learning and memory
-Slow wave early in night. neurons replay activation that occurred while awake, representing recall and amplification
-REM later in night: upregulation of genes in synaptic plasticity, implementing transfer of memory from hipp. to cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How does REM promote neurodevelopment? |
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Definition
relationship of REM with age
related to regulation of genes linked to plasticity and myelination |
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Term
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Definition
No one is completely sure, but there are a few theories:
-Activation Synthesis
-Default Theory |
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Term
| Activation Synthesis Theory of Dreams |
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Definition
-forebrain integrates info. in your memory with activation from brainstem.
-our brains link the unknown with stories and synthesize stories to explain brain activation |
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Term
| Default Theory of Dreaming |
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Definition
REM represents a state like stage 1 which occurs simply because we cant stay in nREM to long and we dont need to get up and do anything.
-no drowsiness for missing REM
-allows us to be awaken |
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Term
| Areas that promote being awake/alert |
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Definition
-Basal Forebrain
-Reticular Formation
-Hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Basal Forebrain and Sleep |
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Definition
-major cholinergic output (ACH neurons)
-promotes arousal (think nicotine)
-adenosine receptors on cholinergic receptors are inhibitory and make us tired. caffeine is an antagonist |
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Term
| Ventrolateral Preoptic Area (VLPA) and sleep |
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Definition
-monitors and regulates body temp
-warm = tired
-destruction causes no sleep
-Adenosine acts here
-sends out inhibitory GABA |
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Term
| Reticular Formation in sleep |
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Definition
-high activity = awake
-low activity = sleep
-similarity b/w REM and wakefulness suggest that some areas may be involved in REM
-each part of REM is associated with a nuclues in RF.
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Term
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Definition
Pons-->Geniculate Nucleus-->Occipital Lobe
-precedes, predicts start of REM
-pons serves as control center for REM
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Term
| Peribrachial Area and sleep |
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Definition
-connects all nucleui
-part of pons
-made of PPT nucleus and LDT nuclues
-ACH neurons here project to areas that cause:
paralysis
eye movement
cortical activation |
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Term
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Definition
-tuberomamillary nucleus and histamine
-neurons using histamine as NT project to cortex. stim leads to arousal and less REM sleep.antihistamines make you tired
-also has lateral hypothalamus and hypocretin (neurotransmitter)
-high during wake
-narcolepsy may destroy hypocretin |
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Term
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Definition
-organized cycle
-includes hormones, arousal, learning ability, sleep cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| stimuli that control timing of circadian rhythms. control timing and external cues |
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Term
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Definition
| usually about 25 hours in humans, means there must be an internal clock! |
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Term
| Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN) |
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Definition
-in hypothalamus
-location of major circ. clocks
-tell us when to sleep
-transplant SCN = transplant sleep cycle
-light/dark cycle goes from optic nerve to SCN, so even blind people know when to sleep.
-SCN controls release of MELATONIN from pineal gland |
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Term
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Definition
1-Physician created
2-Sleep Apnea
3-Nocturnal Myoclonus
4-Restless Leg Syndrome |
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Term
| Physician Created Insomnia |
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Definition
-sleeping pills, hypnotics, etc.
-work at first, but cause dependency and withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
-stop breathing during the night
-caused by muscle spasms or atonia
types:
1)Central: dont trigger resp.
2)Obstructive: physical block of air
3)Complex: both 1 & 2
-most common in males and obese |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive twitching of legs. unaware of why you feel unrested |
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Term
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Definition
| uneasiness in legs that prevents sleep |
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Term
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Definition
SYMPTOMS: severe daytime sleepiness, or cataplexy- loss of muscle tone while awake (like REM).
-sleep paralysis while falling asleep or waking up
-dreaming while awake |
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Term
| Hypnagogic Hallucinations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-abnormality in mech. that causes REM, causes narcolepsy
-Narcs enter straight into REM
-caused by loss of hypocretin |
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Term
| REM sleep-related disorders |
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Definition
REM without Atonia: able to act out dreams, no paralysis. caused by damage to reticular formation. associated with neurodegenerative disorders.
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