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motor system
part 3 of 3
34
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
11/15/2007

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Term
what are the two parts of the motor system?
Definition
pyramidal and extra-pyramidal
Term
what are the two parts of the pyramidal motor system?
Definition

upper motor neurons orginate in precentral gyrus and go to spinal cord nad make conection with lower motor neuron

 

lower motor neuron orginate in anterior spinal cord and innervate to indiviudal muscles

Term
 
Extra-pyramidal
Definition
 includes the basal ganglia, cerebellum, thalamus and pre-motor neocortex
Term
development of pyrimidal cells
Definition
born early and born early and deposit first and very big
Term
 
Lower motor neurons for distal muscles that control find motor movements
Definition
are located in the lateral aspects of the spinal cord
Term
what are the two types of acetylcholine receptors in the body?
Definition
nicotinic and muscarinic
Term
how do nicotinic receptors function
Definition
 
“fast” ionic channels that allow Na+ ions to flow into the cell and depolarize the outer membrane of the muscle fibers.
The depolarization wave quickly spreads outward in all directions away from the synapse
Term
myasthenia gravis
Definition
 
autoimmune disease that attacks acetylcholine nicotinic receptors and impairs the ability of the neuromuscular junction to work
Term
neostigmine
Definition
inhibits acetylcholine esterase, so greater amount of acetylcholine in synaptic cleft
Term

knee jerk

Definition
happens due to stretching of muscle, then causes burst of neurons to fire to cause thigh to contract
Term
lower motor neuron causes muscle
Definition
to contract when operated
Term
 what is and what does it do (muscle spindle)
Definition

receptors embedded in skeletal muscle tissue that are senstive to changes in length (stretch deterctors relays back to sensory neurons)

 

also inhibit muscles to allow competing ones to move

Term
how does one maintain a steady role of contraction
Definition
with muscle spindles and lower motor neuron (alpha)
Term
what sets tone of spindals
Definition
inputs from brain
Term
what is the flexor reflex?
Definition
reflex to painful stimuli, sends message to motor neurons to contract muscles
Term
 
contralateral extensor reflex
Definition
after painful stimuli and retract leg, then this reflex comes in to straighten the opposite leg
Term
Golgi Tendon Organ
Definition

stretch receptors, sense when muscle is under tension

 

provide feedback on force not stretch

can excite or inhibit muscle activity

Term
parietal lobe damadge?
Definition
sensory neglect like ignoring everything on left
Term
upper motor neuron loss
Definition

 Spasticity and rigidity, resistance to passive movements (neurons fire simultaneously)

 

increased spinal reflexes,weakness (can’t control muscles)

•Release of inhibition by the brain, get back reflexes that should be gone like babinski
Term
ALS
Definition
loss of both upper and lower neuron due to degerenation
Term
lower motor neuron loss
Definition
decreased or absent spinal reflexes, flacid paralysis, muscle atrophy and fasiculation
Term

fasiculation

Definition
 
when little section of muscle decides that it is missing acetylcholine and speckle themselves with nicotinic receptors hoping to get stimulation, near by acetylcholine might wander over and causes little muscle spasm
Term
cerebellum
Definition
neurons become active just prior and during movement, provide smooth movement and control repetitve tasks
Term
loss of cerebellum causes...
Definition
impaired execution of movement, tremors, dysmetria (trouble judginng distances), disarythria (trouble speaking), nestagmus (eye wobble)
Term

what does the majority of the cortex output do?

Definition
talks to the cerebellum to coordinate movements
Term
What are the componenets of the extra-pyramidal system
Definition

caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and basal ganglia

Term
what does the basal ganglia do?
Definition
helps us to move better (smile, moving hands and other limbs)
Term
Huntingtons Disease
Definition
degeneration of the basal ganglia and caudate nucleus
Term
what are some early symptoms of huntingtons?
Definition
motor problems,slight uncontrollable movements, stumbling, lack of concentration and short term memory lapses or aggressive 
Term
what are long term effects of huntingtons
Definition
difficulty in speech and swallowing, emotional changes (tied to dopamine) resulting in stubbornness, frustration, mood swings, impaired concentration
Term
Where is dopamine released?
Definition
in basal ganglia from neurons that orginate in substantia nigra
Term
what is parkinisons
Definition
severe degeneration of dopamine neurons
Term
what are some symptoms of parkinsons
Definition
 
•Difficult to initiate normal movements or stop movements once initiated.
•Lack of facial expressions.
•“Pill rolling” resting tremor of hands and feet that worsens over time. (looks like rolling pill in fingers which is due to loss of dopamine)
•Slowed movements.
Term
What is the substantia nigra?
Definition

 

black substance, these dopamine containing neurons have iron pigment, literally rusts, give it the brown appearance, oxygen will them make free radicals that kills them
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