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Motor Learning - First Exam
CNS, Motor System, Motor Learning, Action Potentials
63
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
07/18/2007

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Term
4 Divisions of CNS
Definition
(1) Forebrain - Cerebral Hemispheres, Thalmus, Basal Nuclei
(2) Brainstem - Midbrain, Pons, Midulla
(3) Cerebellum
(4) Spinal Cord

(Image - CNS Slide 6)
Term
Forebrain
Definition
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cortex), Thalamus, Basal Nuclei
Term
Cerebral Hemispheres (Cortex)
Definition
Thin layer of grey matter (cell bodies)
1/2 cm thick
Term
Thalamus
Definition
In forebrain
Relay center for ALL sensory information
Term
Basal Nuclei
Definition
In forebrain
nuclei/ganglia > cluster of cell bodies
involved in motor control
Term
Between grey matter
Definition
axons and motor pathways
Term
White matter
Definition
have fatty insulation (myelin)
Term
Brainstem
Definition
Midbrain, Pons, Medulla
Older brain structure
Simple movements (walking, gait)
Ends at foramen magnum
Communicates with cortex
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Sits on the back of the brain
lots of grey matter
Coordination of movement patterns
Term
Corticalspinal Tract
Definition
Fibers pass the thalamus through the midbrain and pons to the medulla
At medullospinal junction, 85-90% of fibers cross the midline at the pyramidal decussation and form the lateral cortical spinal tract
Fibers that do not cross form the anterior corticospinal tract
Term
Pyramidal Decussation
Definition
Corticalspinal tract
Where crossover occurs
Term
Descending tracts from brainstem
Definition
3 Sets of Nuclei
Rubrospinal - from red nucleus to flexors of the upper extremity
Vestibulospinal - from vestibular nuclei to extensors (balance)
Reticulospinal - from reticular nuclei to extensors (posture)
Term
Rubrospinal
Definition
descending tract from brainstem
From red nuclei
Controls flexors of arms
Term
Vestibulospinal
Definition
Descending tracts from brainstem
From vestibular nuclei
Serving extensors
balance
Term
Reticulospinal
Definition
Descending tract from brainstem
From Reticular nuclei
serving extensors
posture and sleep-wake cycle
Term
Motor Unit
Definition
A motor neuron and all the muscle fibers that it innervates
One muscle fiber is innervated by one motor neuron
One motor neuron can innervate many muscle fibers
Term
Henneman's Size Principle
Definition
When a group of motoneurons are activated, those with the smallest somas are recruited first because they have the lowest threshold for synaptic activation and respond to the weakest input.
Smaller motor units are activated before larger motor units
First > smallest, slow twitch, low threshold
Term
Twitch
Definition
Force in response to one action potential
Term
Slow Twitch
Definition
Low maximal force
Long contraction time
Fatigue resistant
Term
Fast Twitch
Definition
High peak force
Fast contraction time
Term
Muscle force
Definition
Determined by:
The number of motor neurons recruited (Motor Unit Recruitment)
What their firing frequencies are (Motor Unit Firing Rate)
Term
Definition of Motor Skill
Definition
the capability to coordinate limb and/or body segments to accomplish a specific goal
require voluntary body, head, and/or limb movement to achieve its goal
Term
Characteristics of Motor SKills
Definition
(1) Goal directed (Purpose)
(2) Performed voluntarily (not reflexive)
(3) Require body, head, limb movement (4) Are learned or relearned
Term
What classifies a motor skill?
Definition
Size of primary musculature required (Fine or Gross)
Specificity of where actions begin or end (Discrete or Continuous or Serial)
Stability of the environmental context (Open or Closed)
Term
Size of Primary Musculature Required
Definition
Classifies a motor skill
Gross or Fine
Term
Specificity of where actions begin or end
Definition
Classifies a motor skill
Discrete, Continuous, or Serial
Term
Stability of the environmental context
Definition
Classifies a motor skill
Open or Closed
Term
Fine motor skills
Definition
Use of small muscles to achieve the goal of the skill
Control/ More movement precision
Ex. piano playing, writing, typing, archery
Term
Gross motor skills
Definition
Use or large muscles to achieve the goal of the skill
Less movement precision
Ex. Cycling, walking, running, jumping
Term
Discrete motor skill
Definition
Has defined beginning and end points
Usually requiring a simple movement
Ex. flipping a light switch – a one-movement skill
Term
Continuous motor skill
Definition
Has arbitrary beginning and end points
Involve repetitive movements
Ex. steering a car, walking, swimming, cycling
Term
Serial motor skill
Definition
Involves a series of discrete skills
Performed in a specific order
Ex. using a stick shift in an automobile, baseball pitch, triple jump
Term
Open motor skill
Definition
Performed in a non-stable, unpredictable environment where an object or environmental context is in motion and determines when to begin the action
(externally paced)
Ex. running a race w/other runners, batting a pitched ball, 6 on 6 volleyball
Term
Closed motor skill
Definition
Performed in a stable or predictable environment where the performer determines when to begin the action
(self-paced)
Ex. hitting a ball off a tee, running around cones, bowling
Term
Overlearning
Definition
the continuation of practice beyond the amount needed to achieve a certain performance criterion (aka – extra practice)
positive influence on retention performance for motor learning skills
Term
Overlearning lead to poor performance
Definition
Boredom - skills were too simple to learn
Practice Varibaility - decreased capability to remember the movement
Term
Distribution of practice
Definition
Mass
AND
Distributed
Term
Massed practice
Definition
amount of rest between practice sessions or trials is very short
Longer work period
Shorter rest interval
Fewer practice sessions
longer sessions
Term
Distributed practice
Definition
the amount of rest between practice sessions or trails is relatively long
Longer rest interval between trials
More practice sessions
shorter sessions
Term
What kind of practice leads to better learning? Why?
Definition
Mass vs. Distributed
Distributed - more, shorter, practice sessions
Why??
Fatigue hypothesis, Cognitive effort hypothesis and memory consolidation hypothesis
Term
3 Hypothesis about massed practice
Definition
Fatigue hypothesis
Cognitive effort hypothesis - attention decreased
Memory consolidation hypothesis - it takes time to form new pathways
Term
Irony of practice variability
Definition
Practice variability (random practice) will produce more performance errors in practice during initial learning
In retention trials better Learning has occured
Term
3 Kinds of Variable Practice
Definition
Blocked practice
Serial Practice
Random Practice
Term
Blocked practice
Definition
10 min of one, then 10 min of next, etc
Term
Serial Practice
Definition
jump, hop, skip, jump, hop, skip
same order everytime
Term
Random practice
Definition
Do in whatever order
hop, jump, jump, run, hop, run, hop, jump
Term
Whole practice
Definition
skill is low in complexity (few components)
skill high in organization (interdependent)
practice of the whole skill is best
Ex. buttoning a shirt, throwing a dart
Term
Part practice
Definition
skill is high in complexity (many components)
skill is low in organization (independent)
practice of part skill is best
Ex. tennis serve, shifting gears
Term
3 ways to implement part practice of a skill
Definition
Fractionalization
Segmentation
Simplification
Term
Fractionalization
Definition
Way to implement part practice
practicing individual limbs first for a skill that involves asymmetric coordination of the arms and legs
Ex. playing guitar and piano, tennis serve
Term
Segmentation
Definition
Way to implement part practice
separating the skill into parts and practicing the parts so that it is practiced together with the next part (progressive)
Ex. Piano, typing
Term
Simplification
Definition
Way to implement part practice
reducing the difficulty of specific parts or features of a skill
change objects, change speed, musical accompaniment
Term
Mental practice definition
Definition
The cognitive rehearsal of a physical skill in the absence of overt physical movements
thinking about the cognitive or procedural aspects of a motor skill
Engages in visual or kinesthetic imagery of the performance of a skill or part of a skill
Term
2 types of mental imagery
Definition
Internal and External
Term
Internal imagery
Definition
Actually imagines being in their own body and experiencing the sensations that occur with the performance
Term
External imagery
Definition
View themselves as and observer “watching a movie” of the performance
Term
Uses of Mental Imagery
Definition
Arousal level regulation - (ie. decrease anxiety)
Build Confidence
Focus
Design Strategy
Practice Skills
Term
Why is mental practice effective?
Definition
Neuromusuclar hypothesis - EMG recordings show muscles involved during mental practice
AND
Cognitive hypothesis - "what to do" during first stages of learning
Term
Ionic Gradients
Definition
Sodium outside, more positive
Potassium inside, more negative
Term
Equilibrium Potential
Definition
Amount of charge to stop the diffusion potential
Voltage required to stop the flow
Balance between electrical and chemical gradients (depends on charge and concentration)
Term
Diffusion Potential
Definition
potential energy from the concentration gradient
Term
Equilibrium Potenital Equation
Definition
Nernst Equation
to calculate EP you must know the concentration
Term
How could you calculate what the voltage is inside the cell?
Definition
Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation
Concentration of all ions and their permeability
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