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MODULE 5
Chap 12-13
100
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
12/08/2010

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Term
Define a population?
Definition
Entire aggregation of cases in which a researcher is interested
Term
define eligibility criteria?
Definition
Characteristics that delimit the study population
Term
another term for eligibility criteria?
Definition
Inclusion criteria
Term
define target population?
Definition
the entire population in which a researcher is interested
Term
define accessible population?
Definition
Composed of cases from the target population that are accessible to the researcher
Term
define sampling?
Definition
The process of selecting a portion of the population to represent the entire population
Term
define sample?
Definition
A subset of the population
Term
define a representative sample?
Definition
A sample were the main characteristics closely approximate those of the population
Term
define sampling bias?
Definition
Systematic over or underrepresentation of some segment of the population in terms of a characteristic relative to the research question
Term
define strata?
Definition
A subpopulation of the main population
Term
define nonprobability sampling?
Definition
Researchers select elements by nonrandom method
Term
define convenience sampling?
Definition
Using the most conveniently available people as participants
Term
what is the main problem of convenient sampling?
Definition
Available subjects might be atypical of the population, risk of bias
Term
define snowball sampling (network sampling or chain sampling)?
Definition
Early sample members are asked to refer other people who meet eligibility criteria
Term
what is the weakest form of sampling?
Definition
Convenience sampling
Term
define quota sampling?
Definition
Researchers identify population strata and determine how many participants are needed for each strata
Term
define consecutive sampling?
Definition
Involves recruiting all of the people from accessible population who meet the eligibility criteria over a set time
Term
what is the main disadvantage of nonprobability sampling?
Definition
Samples are rarely representative of the population
Term
define probability sampling?
Definition
Random selection of elements from a population
Term
define a random selection?
Definition
Each element in the population has an equal, independent chance of being selected
Term
define sampling frame?
Definition
Another name for the list of population elements
Term
what does simple random sampling guarantee and not guarantee?
Definition
It guarantees that all differences between the sample and the population are pure chance, it is not guarantee representativeness
Term
define stratified random sampling?
Definition
The population is first divided into two or more strata, then subdivided into elements, then selected at random
Term
what is the main advantage of stratified random sampling?
Definition
Researchers can sharpen the representativeness of their samples
Term
define cluster sampling?
Definition
A successive random sampling units
Term
what is another name for cluster sampling?
Definition
Multistage sampling
Term
define systematic sampling?
Definition
The selection of every nth case from a list, i.e. such as every 10th person
Term
define sampling interval?
Definition
Size of population/size of desired sample
Term
what is the sampling interval of 10 for a population of 100?
Definition
100/10 = 10
Term
define sampling error?
Definition
Differences between population values and sample values (i.e. average age of population/average age of sample)
Term
what is the main disadvantage of probability sampling?
Definition
Inconvenience and complexity
Term
define power analysis?
Definition
Defining how large the sample should be to adequately test the research hypothesis
Term
in the sample size, if the expected difference is large how big the sample do you need?
Definition
It does not take a large sample
Term
in a sample size, if the differences are small, how large of a sample do you need?
Definition
Large samples are needed
Term
define convenience sampling in a qualitative study?
Definition
Volunteer samples, placing an ad in a paper that looks for certain criteria
Term
define snowball sampling in a qualitative study?
Definition
Asking early informants to make referrals for study participants
Term
what is another term for snowball sampling a qualitative study?
Definition
Nominated sampling
Term
define the role of generalizability of qualitative research?
Definition
In qualitative research generalizability is not a guiding consideration
Term
how is sample size calculated?
Definition
calculated through power analysis
Term
define maximum variation sampling?
Definition
Deliberately selecting cases with a wide range of variation on dimensions
Term
define extreme (deviant) case sampling?
Definition
Using the most unusual and extreme informants
Term
define typical case sampling?
Definition
Using participants to illustrate what is typical or average
Term
define criterion sampling?
Definition
Uses cases who meet a predetermined criterion of importance
Term
what is the best form of sampling in qualitative studies?
Definition
Maximum variation sampling because it is useful in determining the scope of phenomenon
Term
what theory uses theoretical sampling?
Definition
Grounded theory
Term
what is the objective of theoretical sampling?
Definition
To discover categories and their properties and to offer new insights about into relationships that occur
Term
define data saturation?
Definition
Sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved
Term
what type of sampling occurs in ethnography?
Definition
Big net approach, talking to as many people in the culture as possible
Term
what is the guiding principle in sampling in phenomenological studies?
Definition
All participants to experience a phenomenon and be able to say what it is like
Term
how many people are sample in phenomenological studies?
Definition
Usually 10 or fewer
Term
how may people are studied in grounded theory studies?
Definition
The sample size is usually 20 to 40 people
Term
define a nonresponse bias?
Definition
The people who refuse to participate may actually cause a bias because they didn't participate
Term
define adequacy in qualitative sampling?
Definition
Refers to the efficiency and quality of the data sample yielded
Term
define appropriateness in a qualitative sample?
Definition
Deal is with the methods used to select the sample
Term
define the main advantage of using records in data collection?
Definition
They are economical define self-report? The participants responses to the questions posed by a researcher
Term
what is the most common data collection approach in both qualitative and quantitative nursing studies?
Definition
Self-reports
Term
define structure in data collection methods?
Definition
The same information is gathered from all participants in a comparable, prespecified way
Term
define quantify ability in data collection methods?
Definition
The data must be able to be expressed in numbers
Term
define obtrusiveness in data collection methods?
Definition
Participants must be aware of their status as study participants
Term
define unstructured interviews in qualitative self-reports?
Definition
Researchers have no preconceived view of the content or flow of information to be gathered
Term
define a semi-structure (or focused) interview in a qualitative self-report?
Definition
Researcher set a list of topics and broad questions
Term
what is the purpose of a topic or interview guide?
Definition
In sure that all areas in question are covered
Term
what is a focused interview?
Definition
Using 5 to 10 people whose experiences and opinions are solicited simultaneously
Term
define the critical incidents technique?
Definition
Using a factual incident, that had a discernible impact on some outcome
Term
what is a think aloud method?
Definition
Collecting data about cognitive processes
Term
how do you define questionnaire in quantitative self-report techniques?
Definition
That's what a respondent uses the instrument themselves
Term
what is another name for a close ended question?
Definition
Fixed alternative questions
Term
what is a response alternative?
Definition
When in a close ended question, the researcher has prespecified answers
Term
interviews versus questionnaires, which is less costly and requires less time to administer?
Definition
Questionnaires
Term
interviews versus questionnaires, which would offers a possibility of anonymity?
Definition
Questionnaires
Term
interviews versus questionnaires, which one avoids bias, why?
Definition
Questionnaires because there is no interviewer present
Term
describe the response rate in face-to-face interviews?
Definition
Very high less likely to refuse to talk to an interviewer
Term
define the likert scale?
Definition
Rating declarative statements (items) that express a viewpoint on a topic, how much do you agree or disagree
Term
define semantic differential?
Definition
Respondents are asked to rate concepts (i.e. dieting, exercise) on a series of bipolar adjectives such as good or bad or effective and noneffective
Term
what is the main advantage to semantic differential?
Definition
They are flexible and easy to construct and they can rate virtually anything
Term
define visual analog scale?
Definition
Used to measure subjective experiences, it's a straight line between total positive and total negative at least 100 MM in length where you pick your view
Term
define social desirability response set bias?
Definition
Tendency to misrepresent attitudes or traits by giving answers that are consistent with prevailing social views
Term
define extreme response set bias?
Definition
Tendency to consistently express attitudes or feelings leading to distortions because extreme responses may be unrelated to the trait being measured
Term
define acquiescence response set bias?
Definition
Tendency to agree with statements regardless of their content by some people
Term
define vignettes?
Definition
Brief descriptions of a venture situations which respondents are asked to react
Term
define q sort?
Definition
A set of cards are placed with statements, respondents are asked to sort the cards on a bipolar dimension, between 50 and 100 cards, into nine or 11 piles
Term
what is the main advantage of self-report methods?
Definition
They are very direct and behaviors can be directly observed
Term
what is the main disadvantage to self-report methods?
Definition
We have to assume that most respondents have been true there is no way to determine if they have been lying
Term
when do you used qualitative interviews (unstructured interviews)?
Definition
When a new area of research is being explored
Term
define a log (or field diary)?
Definition
A record of events or conversation
Term
define field notes?
Definition
Represent the observers efforts to record information and to synthesize and understand data
Term
define the term thick description?
Definition
Often used to characterize the goal of the participation observers descriptive notes
Term
define theoretic notes?
Definition
The effort to attach meaning to observations
Term
define a methodologic notes?
Definition
Reminders about how subsequent observation should be made
Term
define personal notes?
Definition
Comments about the researcher's own feelings during the research
Term
what is the purpose of quantitative observational methods?
Definition
To document specific behaviors action or events, not to capture a broad slice of ordinary life
Term
define a category system in quantitative study?
Definition
Recording info in a systematic fashion that is very carefully explained
Term
define time sampling in observational sampling?
Definition
Selecting time periods during which the observations will occur
Term
what is the main disadvantage of observational sampling?
Definition
Vulnerability to bias
Term
define in vivo measurements?
Definition
Measurements performed directly with in organisms
Term
give examples of in vivo measurements?
Definition
Respiratory rate, pulse, EKG, intracranial pressure, blood pressure
Term
define in vitro measurements?
Definition
Measurements performed outside the organisms body
Term
give examples of in vitro measurements?
Definition
Arterial blood gas, urinalysis, complete blood count, labs
Term
structure, quantifiability, researcher obtrusiveness, objectivity are the four key dimensions of what?
Definition
Data collection methods
Term
what are the four main key dimensions of data collection methods,SOQR?
Definition
Structure, quantifibility, researcher obtrusiveness, objectivity
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