Shared Flashcard Set

Details

MODULE 4
Chap 9-11
92
Nursing
Undergraduate 3
12/08/2010

Additional Nursing Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Define within subjects design?
Definition
Same people are compared under multiple conditions or at different points in time
Term
define between subjects design?
Definition
Different people are studied at different times
Term
define expectation bias?
Definition
Deciding if information about the study should be withheld so that the knowledge will not affect the outcome
Term
define cross sectional study?
Definition
Collecting data at one point in time
Term
define longitudinal study?
Definition
Gathering data at multiple points in time
Term
who is the counter factual?
Definition
The control group
Term
define effect?
Definition
The difference between the intervention group and the controlgroup
Term
define coherence?
Definition
Evidence about relationships should come from multiple sources
Term
define consistency?
Definition
Several studies have the same level of statistical relationship
Term
define biologic plausibility?
Definition
evidence from basic physiologic studies show that a causal pathway is possible
Term
what are the 3 components of the experimental design?
Definition
Manipulation, control, randomization
Term
define manipulation?
Definition
Researcher introduces some type of intervention
Term
define control?
Definition
Researcher makes a group that does not receive intervention
Term
define randomization?
Definition
Researcher assigned subjects to control group or intervention group randomly
Term
define factorial design?
Definition
Manipulating two or more independent variables simultaneously
Term
what is the main strength of factorial design?
Definition
You combine treatments and test their efficacy
Term
how are subjects assigned in factorial design?
Definition
They are randomized
Term
define cross over design?
Definition
Exposing participants to more than one treatment
Term
how is order of treatment assigned in crossover design?
Definition
Participants are assigned treatment order at random
Term
who is the control group in a cross over design?
Definition
The participants are there own control because all treatments are randomized you
Term
define the carryover effect?
Definition
one treatment may affect another based on order (seen in crossover design)
Term
define attention control conidition?
Definition
Control group gets the researchers attention but not the active ingredient
Term
define quasi-experiments?
Definition
Control trials without randomization
Term
what is the major advantage of quasi-experiments?
Definition
They are practical, not always feasible to conduct true experiments
Term
what is a major disadvantage of quasi-experiments?
Definition
Causal inferences cannot be made as easily
Term
define correlation in nonexperimental studies?
Definition
Interrelationship or association between two variables, how one variation affects another variable, height and weight
Term
define retrospective design in nonexperimental studies?
Definition
Phenomenon observed in present is linked to phenomenon occurring in the past
Term
define prospective design in not experimental studies?
Definition
Start with the presumed cause and then go forward to a presumed effect
Term
what is another name for prospective design?
Definition
Cohort design
Term
define case control design?
Definition
Looks at disease compared to groups without disease, looks to find the cause
Term
what is a major problem with case control design?
Definition
The two groups are not respectable to all potential factors
Term
all experimental studies are inherently prospective or retrospective?
Definition
Prospective by nature
Term
describe descriptive research?
Definition
Observed, described and document aspects of a situation
Term
define descriptive correlational studies?
Definition
Describing relationships among variables, without attempting to infer connection
Term
what is the major disadvantage of nonexperimental research?
Definition
Inability to show causal relationships with assurance
Term
what is the major advantage of correlational research?
Definition
Efficient and effective means of collecting a large amount of data on the subject
Term
which type of design (cross-sectional or longitudinal) are more persuasive?
Definition
Longitudinal
Term
what is the main advantage of cross-sectional design?
Definition
They are economical and easy to manage
Term
what is the main disadvantage of cross sectional design?
Definition
Problems in inferring changes in trends over time
Term
define panel studies?
Definition
Another name for longitudinal studies
Term
what is the most serious challenge in longitudinal studies?
Definition
Attrition, a loss of participants over time
Term
define internal validity?
Definition
The independent variable changes the dependent variable
Term
define intevention fidelity?
Definition
Taking steps to make sure the intervention is faithfully delivered
Term
what is the main advantage of randomization?
Definition
It controls all possible sources of variation
Term
define homegeneity?
Definition
When randomization is not possible, select only subjects that are the same with respect to a cofounding variable
Term
what is the main problem with homegeneity?
Definition
Limited generalizability
Term
define matching?
Definition
Using information about subject characteristics to form comparable groups
Term
what must you know beforehand with using matching?
Definition
What the relavent confounders are
Term
define selection threat?
Definition
Biases resulting from PRE existing differences between groups
Term
define history threat?
Definition
The occurrence of events concurrent with the independent variable that affects the dependent variable
Term
define maturation threat?
Definition
When changes arrive from time rather than the independent variable
Term
define mortality?
Definition
Large amount of attrtition in one group causes changes rather than the independent variable
Term
define external validity?
Definition
can the results be generalized
Term
define emergent design?
Definition
Used in qualitative studies, research may ongoing decisions based on what is already learned
Term
define bricolage?
Definition
merging various data collection strategies
Term
qualitative research is always (experimenal or nonexperimental)?
Definition
Nonexperimental
Term
define collaboratorative research?
Definition
Involve the research team with mixture of different skills
Term
what is a construct?
Definition
A made-up term by the researcher to represent situations or behavior
Term
what is the domain of ethnography?
Definition
culture
Term
what discipline does ethnography come from?
Definition
anthropology
Term
what is the domain of philosophy?
Definition
Lived experience
Term
what discipline does phenomenology come from?
Definition
Philosophy
Term
what is the domain of sociology?
Definition
social settings
Term
what discipline does grounded theory come from?
Definition
sociology
Term
what is the central question of ethnography?
Definition
what is the culture of this group of people?
Term
Wht is the main assumption of ethnography?
Definition
that culture guides the way people structure experiences
Term
what is the central question of phenomenolgy?
Definition
what is the meaning, strucutre, and essence of the lived expereinces of this phenomenon for this group of people
Term
Define an emic perspective in ethnography?
Definition
the insiders view
Term
Define the etic perspective in ethnography?
Definition
the outsiders view of the culture
Term
define tacit knowledge?
Definition
info about a culture that is so deeply ingrained they don't realize it
Term
Define embodiment in phenomenology?
Definition
being in the world. Acknowledges people's view of their won world
Term
how large of a group does phenomenology use?
Definition
A small group usually less than ten people
Term
Define descriptive phenomonolgy?
Definition
what do we know as people, finding the descriptionso fhte human experience
Term
Define intuiting?
Definition
researchers remain open to meanings attributed to the phenomen by the people who experienced it
Term
Define interpreative phenomenology?
Definition
What is being
Term
define the hermeneutic circle?
Definition
Understanding the whole in terms of its parts at its parts in terms of its whole
Term
define grounded theory?
Definition
Tries to account for people's actions from the persective of those involved
Term
what method does does grounded theory use?
Definition
Constant comparison, new data is compared to the data obtained earlier to see themes
Term
define case study?
Definition
in-depth investigation of single entity or a small number of entities
Term
what is grounded theory grounded in?
Definition
Reality
Term
what is the central question asked in grounded theory?
Definition
What are the underlying social forces or processes that shape human behavior
Term
how many people are needed for a grounded theory study?
Definition
More usually 20 to 40 people using in-depth interviews
Term
define historical research?
Definition
Systematically attempts to establish facts about the relationship from past events
Term
define participatory action research?
Definition
Produces knowledge through close collaboration with groups or communities that are vulnerable to control or oppression
Term
define evaluation research?
Definition
Examines how well a specific program, practice, procedure, or policy is working
Term
what is the purpose of an implementation analysis in evaluation research?
Definition
Does the program operate the way it's designed to
Term
define outcome analysis?
Definition
Documents the extent to which the goal of the program is attained
Term
define impact analysis?
Definition
Identifies the net impacts of a program over the effects of the control group
Term
define secondary analysis?
Definition
The use of data gathered in previous studies to test new hypotheses or address previous questions
Term
what is the main advantage of secondary analysis?
Definition
It's efficient and economical
Term
what is the main disadvantage of secondary data analysis?
Definition
The analyst may not be aware of data quality problems
Term
define if only question?
Definition
Occurs with secondary data analysis, if only there was a way to measure this
Supporting users have an ad free experience!