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MMW II Midterm 2 Chamberlain
China, India, & Rome
203
History
Undergraduate 1
03/13/2008

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Term
homophones
Definition
words that sound the same, much used in Chinese and words differentiated by tone
Term
li
Definition
Rites, rules for behavior when dealing with those of seniority, used by upper class, "beauty of proper conduct", used in China,
Term
filial piety
Definition
Respect of a son or daughter for a parent, ancestor veneration,
Term
vereration
Definition
respect for ancestors who happen to be intercessors between people and the higher beings
Term
intercessors
Definition
another word for ancestors that were the communicators between people and the gods
Term
intercalary
Definition
extra month inserted to sync lunar calendar with the solar calendar
Term
dynastic cycle
Definition
hereditary succession of rulers
Term
millet
Definition
grain eaten in ancient China before rice was introduced
Term
Yao
Definition
a "perfect" ruler of ancient China that chose Shun, a commoner, to succeed him; he ruled with Shun for 10-20 years before giving up the throne to Shun
Term
Shun
Definition
first commoner to rise to the seat of ruler of ancient China, chosen by Yao, succeeded by Yu
Term
Yu
Definition
Ruler of China after Shun, took care of flood, his son started the Hsia/Xia dynasty,
Term
Hsia/Xia
Definition
First dynasty of China, started by king Yu's son
Term
Shang/Yin
Definition
Dynasty lasting from 1766 BC-1122 BC, notable for oracle bone divination,
Term
oracle bones
Definition
Ancient Chinese used these for divination for both simple and important matters
Term
divination
Definition
Oracle bones were used for these purposes
Term
victim
Definition
animal subject of sacrifice,
Term
barbarians
Definition
anyone that wasn't Chinese in ancient China
Term
culture heroes
Definition
mortals with divine ties that generally invent/discover things useful to humans
Term
Shang Di
Definition
"lord on high", shadowy figure, behind and beyond everything, no direct connections with humans/mortals,
Term
Zhou Dynasty
Definition
1122-256 BC, semi-barbarians, the golden age was during this dynasty,
Term
King Wen
Definition
name meaning "cultured" or "accomplished", planned to conquer Shang Dynasty,
Term
King Wu
Definition
son of King Wen, lead the conquering of the Shang Dynasty, his son was King Cheng,
Term
King Cheng
Definition
Son of King Wu, who died young; the Duke of Zhou was regent till King Cheng was old enough to rule,
Term
Duke of Zhou
Definition
King Cheng's uncle, posed as regent for King Cheng till he was old enough to rule, model of piety for 6-7 years as regent,
Term
regent
Definition
person that takes the place for the king till he is old enough or mature enough to rule
Term
Ti'en
Definition
part of ancient Chinese religion, more impersonal, more abstract than Shang Di, "heaven", declared Mandate of Heaven upon ruler,
Term
Mandate of Heaven
Definition
permission for a person to be the ruler of China, declared by Ti-en,
Term
fief
Definition
piece of land given as payment or sustenance (in China, one was given to the Shang family after the dynasty was conquered)
Term
Sung
Definition
Where the Shang family was sent to live after their dynasty was overthrown
Term
feudal
Definition
a government system established to help rule large countries, power is delegated to the rulers' trusted ones or relatives who are given fiefs as payment
Term
cowrie
Definition
a type of shell kept on string as a type of money
Term
tureen
Definition
vessel for soup to be given to ancestors during a ceremony
Term
libation
Definition
wine poured on the ground to give to the spirits
Term
Luoyang
Definition
Zhou Dynasty moved the capital to this city
Term
Western Zhou
Definition
1122-771 BC, first part of Zhou Dynasty,
Term
Eastern Zhou
Definition
771-256 BC, Zhou Dynasty after the capital was moved east to Luoyang,
Term
Spring and Autumn
Definition
period of chronicle events recorded by season, 120 states information, wrote on China breaking up, civil warring,
Term
Lu Chronicle
Definition
mentioned Spring and Autumn, (Confucius was from Lu), this is how we know about the Spring and Autumn period,
Term
Hegemon system
Definition
when various leaders chose leaders for present emergencies, approved by Zhou king,
Term
remonstrate
Definition
individuals allowed to do this to their parents for wrongdoings, but if their parents chose not to correct themselves, then they were to be silent,
Term
Classic of History
Definition
pertaining the Book of Documents which contained a collection of speeches and stories justifying the conquest of Zhou over Shang
Term
Classic of Poetry
Definition
pertaining to the Book of Odes which was about daily life, love, and marriage, presumed to have deep, moral meaning,
Term
Confucius
Definition
Early Chinese philosopher who lived from 551-479 BC, strong supporter of filial piety and the rites,
Term
disciples
Definition
Confucius' followers that started the hundred schools, also recorded things that Confucius said,
Term
Analects
Definition
Collections of quotes from Confucius
Term
Lun Yu
Definition
The Chinese name for the Analects of Confucius
Term
courtesy name
Definition
style, either given or made up yourself, used by elders or those close in relation,
Term
style
Definition
courtesy name,
Term
Kong Fu Tzu
Definition
Confucius' Chinese name, also went by Chung-ni,
Term
"Silver Rule"
Definition
Do not impose upon others which you would not impose upon yourself
Term
jun-zi/chun-tzu
Definition
translation meaning "the gentleman", also pertaining to the idea that family comes first, aristocratic in manner,
Term
jen/ren
Definition
translates into "benevolence", achieved by "the gentleman"
Term
self-effacement
Definition
downplaying one's ego
Term
dissuade
Definition
one can do this to try to keep a family member from committing a crime
Term
remonstrate
Definition
to respectfully disagree
Term
Dao
Definition
the "Way" of former things from the sage kings
Term
Mo Tzu
Definition
479-372 BC, wrote "Moderation in Funerals", anti-rites, used solid practical reasoning, "universal love"
Term
Lao Tzu
Definition
Chinese Daoist that believed the Way was ineffable, promoted wu-wei, or non-action
Term
Chuang Tzu
Definition
369-286 BC, Chinese Daoist that didn't often refer to the Way, was very fantastical and had a "love affair with death", believed people should maximize their personal freedom, mentions fantasy, obscenities, jokes, and magic (all with points),
Term
Sage Kings
Definition
The three kings of the Xia, Shang, and Zhou Dynasty that had great virtue, later became a model for piety and excellence for Chinese philosophers,
Term
Tang
Definition
Dynasty with Empress Wu
Term
3 Dynasties
Definition
Xia, Shang, and Zhou
Term
relativism
Definition
Confucius' explanation for applying different rules to different people
Term
ineffable
Definition
Not able to be spoken of (referring to Daoism)
Term
paradox
Definition
An idea that can only be explained by its opposite, self-contradiction,
Term
wu-wei
Definition
non-action to practice Daoism
Term
duality
Definition
a concept and its opposite
Term
Legalism
Definition
the "perfect society" with many laws, all clearly written and distributed, the type of government supported by Han Fei Tzu,
Term
Han Fei Tzu
Definition
Chinese philosopher that believed what worked for the Sage Kings doesn't work today, supporter of Legalism,
Term
Chin/Qin Dynasty
Definition
221-207 BC, first Dynasty after the unification of China, name coming from one of the 7 states (before unification),
Term
enfeoff
Definition
the action of endowing a piece of land to a person of power
Term
corvee
Definition
a type of labor in which the emperor can allocate his workers however he wants
Term
cash
Definition
the Chin Dynasty unified their systems one of them including strings of coins/____
Term
Crown Prince
Definition
Son of emperor Shih Huang Ti, committed suicide because of a letter forged from prime minister commanding him to do so
Term
Shih-Huang Ti
Definition
First Emperor of Chin Dynasty, unified China, went in search of elixir of life because daoist priests told him he could find it,
Term
Wang
Definition
Name of first emperor of Chin Dynasty, later thrown out for Shih Huang Ti
Term
rammed earth
Definition
wall built buy Shih Huang Ti, beginning of Great Wall but not the same wall as today, 300,000 men worked on the wall at all times,
Term
elixir
Definition
Shih Huang Ti searched for this to gain immortality, instructed by daoist priests that he could find it,
Term
Liu Bang
Definition
the only commoner to ever become emperor, founded the Han Dynasty, was originally official in a small town, r. 202-195 BC,
Term
King of Han
Definition
Liu Bang, originally a commoner, founded Han Dynasty, named after Han area,
Term
Han Dynasty
Definition
202 BC - 220 AD, Founded by Liu Bang, combined legalist and Confucian ideas for government, opened silk road for trade, used examination system and employed civil service,
Term
Han Confucianism
Definition
Confucius thought with legalistic qualities, practiced rituals, employed Confucian advisors,
Term
Wen the Filial
Definition
202-157 BC, son of Empress Dowager Lu, practicer of Daoism, abolished imprisonment by most things except treason,
Term
civil service
Definition
System in which ministers or officers ran counties/prefectures, needed to pass the examination system to attain this occupation, system introduced by Han Dynasty,
Term
examination system
Definition
Used to allow or prevent people from getting into civil service, only the "worthy" was allowed, university started, introduced by Han Dynasty
Term
consort
Definition
A noble man or emperor's other wives besides his main wife,
Term
concubine
Definition
woman of a noble man or emperor, lower than a wife or a consort,
Term
dowager
Definition
widow with property or title from deceased husband, Empress Lu who acted as regent for her son
Term
eunuch
Definition
Employed men of the emperor who guarded concubines, "bed-watcher", disliked by Confucians,
Term
Sima Qian
Definition
c145-c90 BC, great historian, first grand historian of China, wrote "Records of the Grand Historian", was castrated for being accused of misleading the emperor when he was advisor (tried to defend his friend, a military leader)
Term
Ban Zhao
Definition
Daughter of historian, writer of "Lessons for Women",
Term
Indus River
Definition
Western boundary of India, remains of ancient India found (planned cities with axes, mud brick walls, raised citadels, c 2500 - c 1800 BC)
Term
seals
Definition
Script not yet decipherable, made of baked clay with designs, pictures usually depicting animals such as bulls,
Term
Vedic-Aryan
Definition
People from northern/north-western India (modern Pakistan and Afghanistan), entered India c 1800 BC, were pastoral nomads with cows, described as warlike with chariots, used bronze weapons, discovered the "Dasas" and described them as phallus worshippers, didn't build cities or temples, nor wrote,
Term
pastoral nomads
Definition
The Vedic Aryans were this because they were constantly moving and they herded cows
Term
Aryas
Definition
Meaning "noble", what the Vedic Aryans called themselves,
Term
Dasas
Definition
meaning "dark", what the Vedic Aryans called the snub-nosed people of India that they encountered,
Term
phallus
Definition
worshipped by the dark, snub-nosed Dasas,
Term
Rig Veda
Definition
Over 1000 hymns in this collection to Indian gods, meaning "stances of praise of secret knowledge",
Term
henotheism
Definition
praising one god with such intensity that the one god manifests all others,
Term
Indra
Definition
one of the more important gods in the Rig Veda, considered a warrior god of the middle air, famous for slaying the dragon,
Term
Varuna
Definition
originally king of the gods and god of the upper air, in charge of rita ("moral order of the universe"),
Term
rita
Definition
"moral order of the universe", controlled by Varuna,
Term
Agni
Definition
meaning "fire", god of the earth, 1/5 of the hymns in the Rig Veda are dedicated to Agni,
Term
Soma
Definition
psychedelic drug, used during rituals, regarded as a god, made from a plant from a mountain,
Term
Purusa
Definition
the primeval man of Indian mythology, bigger than the universe, cut up to create the universe,
Term
Macedonia
Definition
Alexander was king of this country in Northern Greece
Term
Chaeronea
Definition
A Greek country devoted to warfare, defeated in 338 by Alexander the Great,
Term
phalanx
Definition
a line of warriors bearing a sarissa (a 15 foot long spear), technique used by Alexander the Great
Term
sarissa
Definition
a 15 foot long spear borne by a phalanx, used as one of Alexander's battle tactics,
Term
Olympias
Definition
Mother of Alexander and wife of Phillip
Term
companions
Definition
Alexander's friends that wrote memoirs of him, allowing people today to know about Alexander
Term
Roxanne
Definition
the Persian woman Alexander fell in love with and made his wife
Term
Megasthenes
Definition
302-291 BC, Roman ambassador to the court who visited and lived in India; his writings didn't survive, but others wrote about his writings, wrote "On India", wrote about the "7 races" or the caste system, came after Chandragupta,
Term
Maurya Dynasty
Definition
321-301 BC, Indian dynasty founded by Chandragupta Maurya, conquered most of India,
Term
Chandragupta
Definition
Man that founded the Maurya dynasty,
Term
Sandrocottus
Definition
Another name for Chandragupta Maurya in Greek and Latin,
Term
ascetic
Definition
name for a person practicing Hinduism attempting to break out of the cycle and reach moksha, denied self physical desires,
Term
chattel
Definition
type of slave that was considered property
Term
Kautilya
Definition
advisor to Chandragupta Maurya that wrote "Treatise on Material Gain" and "Arthasastra", wrote about a spy system used by the king,
Term
Arthasastra
Definition
written by Kautilya, the book was about how the king should behave to preserve the common good, even if it meant hiring spies,
Term
silent punishment
Definition
punishment for the disloyal in India, basically assassination,
Term
circumambulate
Definition
to walk around something, the Indian king did this to a cow, a bull, and a calf,
Term
would-be conquerer
Definition
the basic for Kautilya's scientific foreign policy,
Term
Circle of Kings
Definition
an idea laid out by Kautilya of the kings surrounding a would-be conquerer and his proper relations to those kings,
Term
middle king
Definition
a king in the Circle of kings that could either be an ally or an enemy
Term
neutral king
Definition
a king whose land was not neighboring the would-be conquerer's
Term
aborigines
Definition
whoever was there when the first people came
Term
karma
Definition
cycle of cause and effect in terms of good and bad
Term
moksha
Definition
"release" from the cycle of rebirth,
Term
dharma
Definition
meaning "to uphold" or "to sustain", personal duty, universal law, religion,
Term
varna
Definition
"color", classes in the Indian caste system (4), consisting of the priest, warrior/noble, commoner, and servant; each varna was from a different part of Perusa,
Term
asrama
Definition
stages of life in Hinduism according to age (student, householder, forest-dweller, and renunciate), goal is moksha,
Term
renunciate
Definition
the final 4th stage of asrama, where one is a wanderer, only eats food when given, leaves wife, practices benevolence; this helps one get to moksha
Term
twice-born
Definition
a person that has ascended the four varnas
Term
jati
Definition
meaning "birth", word for caste,
Term
Upanishad
Definition
meaning "a sitting near a teacher", followed vedas, came before Buddha, a teacher instructing a pupil,
Term
brahmin
Definition
a caste of priests
Term
brahman
Definition
a word that gave priests the power to interact with the gods and have a sort of power or control over them from the commoner's view
Term
Brahman
Definition
the unchanging, infinite, immanent, and transcendent reality; the ultimate reality,
Term
oblation
Definition
offering to the gods,
Term
Atman
Definition
"the self"
Term
the Buddha
Definition
meaning "awakened one", one who has reached the state of perfect enlightenment,
Term
Siddartha Gautama
Definition
c560-481 BC, founder of Buddhism, price of 2nd class, also called Tathagata, enlightened at 35,
Term
Tathagata
Definition
meaning "the perfected one", the name Gautama Buddha gave to himself,
Term
sutra
Definition
Buddha's sermons which provided guidelines and rules for monks and nuns (vinaya)
Term
vinaya
Definition
rules for monks and nuns composed by Buddha
Term
mendicant
Definition
a begging holy man
Term
enlightenment
Definition
part learning and part asceticism, a state of knowing through meditation,
Term
Middle Way
Definition
the coming of enlightenment
Term
4 Noble Truths
Definition
1) Nature must have suffering
2) Desire is the cause for suffering
3) It is possible to eliminate suffering by eliminating desire
4) The Way of getting rid of suffering is the 8 fold path
Term
8-fold path
Definition
the fourth part of the 4 noble truths, used to eliminate suffering, method of release,

1. Right view
2. Right intention
3. Right speech
4. Right action
5. Right livelihood
6. Right effort
7. Right mindfulness
8. Right concentration
Term
nirvana
Definition
meaning "a blowing out"
Term
alms
Definition
part of the 8 fold path, blessings to people in asking for food,
Term
bhikshu/bhikshuni
Definition
male/female buddhists; females of these types have more rules than males, followers of buddha,
Term
lay
Definition
a person that works to build merit for their next lives, follows 4 noble truths and the 8 fold path, probably will not reach nirvana or enlightenment in current life,
Term
sangha
Definition
Buddha's group of companions or entourage that helped him spread Buddhism,
Term
parinirvana
Definition
"complete nirvana"
Term
relics
Definition
remains that are held as sacred
Term
stupa
Definition
mound shaped structure containing the relics of Buddha that Buddhists circumambulated in thought
Term
bodhisattva
Definition
a future buddha, could have achieved nirvana in earlier life, but chose to be reborn to help others
Term
Asoka Maurya
Definition
r. 269-232 BC, grandson of Chandragupta, expanded realm into the southeast and the south, erected edicts promoting dharma, viewed as a saint in Buddhism,
Term
Livy/Livius
Definition
Roman historian that wrote about Roman history, starting with the Trojan War,
Term
Aeneas
Definition
A Trojan that escaped the War; his descendants founded Rome,
Term
Ascanius
Definition
Aeneas' son, also known as Iulus (possibly ancestor to the Julius family)
Term
Iulus/Iulius
Definition
another name for Aeneas' son, Ascanius,
Term
Romulus
Definition
13th generation after Aeneas, founder of Rome,
Term
auspices
Definition
divination by bird watching
Term
augur
Definition
a person that conducts liver readings for divination
Term
horuspex
Definition
liver reading for divination
Term
lictor
Definition
a ceremonial attendant that carried fasces, usually there were 12 in an entourage,
Term
fasces
Definition
a bundle of sticks with an axe in the center, used to punish people but eventually became simply for symbolic display of authority,
Term
Numa
Definition
2nd king of Rome after Romulus, introduced religion and temple of Vesta,
Term
Vesta
Definition
Roman goddess of the hearth
Term
Vestal Virgins
Definition
6 of these tended Vesta's hearth, serving for 30 years,
Term
Terminus
Definition
Roman god, name meaning "boundary stone",
Term
Stercuttius
Definition
Roman god, name meaning "manure",
Term
Jupiter
Definition
Roman god, equivalent to Greek god Zeus,
Term
Juno
Definition
Roman goddess, equivalent to Greek goddess Hera,
Term
Lucretia
Definition
Noble Roman woman who was raped by the king's son Sextus Tarquinus and committed suicide, triggering Marcus Iunius Brutus to start a revolt, leading to the rise of the Roman republic
Term
Marcus Iunius Brutus
Definition
Man that galvanized the revolution of the Roman republic, the first consul of the Roman republic in 509 BC,
Term
aqueducts
Definition
Roman water system
Term
amphitheater
Definition
place of entertainment for Romans
Term
circus
Definition
long oval chariot racing arena
Term
consul
Definition
a political leader of the Roman Republic, 2 consuls per year who each had immunity, were also generals in times of war, could appoint dictator as a substitute,
Term
imperium
Definition
meaning "command in battle", the power the consuls had,
Term
dictator
Definition
a substitute ruler chosen by the consuls during times in which the consuls were away or preoccupied, could only stay in office for 6 months or however long their service was needed,
Term
tribune
Definition
the people's defender, has immunity for 1 year, could veto actions of the magistrate such as draft prevention,
Term
censor
Definition
2 of these counted the heads of households to determine net worth or citizens, this helped determine voting power,
Term
hostage
Definition
people taken to Rome from unruly Greek areas
Term
general history
Definition
Polybius wrote a book on this called "The Histories", covering Roman history for Greeks,
Term
ecumen
Definition
Term
olympiad
Definition
a period of four years, associated with the Olympic Games, Polybius used this dating scale to write his histories,
Term
Punic Wars
Definition
264-146 BC, wars fought between Rome and Carthage, the former which won,
Term
Carthage
Definition
Phoenician country that was known for its naval strength, fought Rome in the Punic Wars,
Term
mercenary
Definition
hired soldiers from afar, Carthage hired these to fight Rome, but they turned on Carthage,
Term
trieme
Definition
warships used by the Phoenicians and Romans
Term
triumph
Definition
a civic parade after Roman victory in which the generals are honored with private sacrifices to Jupiter, useful because it built patriotism,
Term
imago
Definition
masks of the dead man's famous ancestors at a funeral; these are worn and the mask bearer acts out as the person
Term
centuriate
Definition
One of the two kinds of assemblies of the general voting population; group voting system in which the majority vote would be the group vote, citizens grouped by worth, the wealthy dominated,
Term
tribal
Definition
One of the two kinds of assemblies of the general voting public; there were 35 groups based on where one lived, the rich and poor were mingled within the groups, these groups voted on lesser issues and the poor had a chance to make a difference in this assembly,
Term
group voting
Definition
a system in which votes were counted in groups by the majority of the group, everyone could participate, but few had real power,
Term
military tribunes
Definition
military officers of the Roman Legion; 6 appointed, but power was only given to two at a time
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