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MME
N/A
50
History
Undergraduate 1
12/01/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

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Term
How was the Ottoman Empire different from any other Muslim State?
Definition
-Added New European Lands
-Extended rule to Arab Lands where Islam originated
-Developed Administrative Institutions that shaped the people of the modern middle east
-Both a European and Muslim power which incorporated external influences into their government, society, economics, and military
-Continuous link between the 16th to 20th centuries
Term
What were the origins of the Ottoman State?
Definition
-Empire started as one of the small anatolian principalities that came in the wake of the Mongol Invasion in the 13th century
-Islamic warrior states that engaged Christian Byzantium with the motive of religious and material gain
-Tradition of Gaza
-Osman achieved a series of military successes against the Byzantine Forces
-Attracted other chieftains to join Osman, which created more power
-Expanded domain into northwestern Anatolia
-Orhons principality made transition from frontier state to established state (making currency, constructing mosques)
-Subject came to be known by family name (Osmanlis/Ottoman)
Term
Gaza
Definition
War against non muslims to expand domain of Islam
Term
Gazi
Definition
Warriors of Gaza
Term
Osman
Definition
Chieftain of a warrior tribe that achieved success against byzantine forces. Eventually led to the creation of the Ottoman State
Term
Orhon
Definition
Son of Osman, established a developed Ottoman State
Term
What can serve to Illustrate the transformation of the Ottoman State into a world power?
Definition
Conquest of Constantinople (1453)
Conquest of Arab Lands (1516)
European conquests by Suleyman (1520-1566)
Term
Conquest of Constantinople
Definition
1453
Done by Sultan Mehmet II
Became known as Istanbul
Became the head city of the Ottoman Government
People were encouraged and forced to move into Istanbul in order to revive the city
Istanbul grew to 700,000 people, becoming the largest city in Europe
Immense wealth
Term
Sultan Mehmet II
Definition
Conquered Constantinople
Term
Conquest of Arab Lands
Definition
1516
Became the supreme rulers of the Islamic Community
Official Protectors of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, as well as the Hajj
Term
Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent
Definition
1520-1566
Led the successful European Campaigns that added Hungary, Belgrade and Budapest into Ottoman Territory
Term
European Campaigns
Definition
1520-1566
Goal was to expand the Ottoman borders as deep as possible into Europe
Capture of Belgrade, Budapest and Hungary in 1520
1529 Military Blockade of Vienna. Almost gained control of it
Term
What were the reasons for the Ottomans success and the principles that shaped state and society?
Definition
-Official recognition that diversity of territories required adoption of flexible administrative practices that curtailed to the needs of different religions and cultures
-Superior Military technology: Succesful navy, improvements in the land army made it the most formidable force in the 16th and 17th century
Term
4 Principles that shaped state and Society were:
Definition
1. Tradition of Gaza
2. Legacy of urban Islamic civilization
3. Local Custom
4.Division of society and rulers and ruled
Term
Shari'ah
Definition
Court system where the monarch served as parton of scholars
Belief that responsibility to enforce and institute the laws and values of Islam falls to the ruler
Protectors of the universal Islamic Community
Term
Local Custom
Definition
Provinces
If taxes were being payed and the province was stable, the Government tolerated the existence of local practices
Ottomans were more interested in efficiency rather than uniformity
Term
Division of society into rulers and ruled
Definition
difference between Reaya and the Askeris/Ulama
Term
Reaya
Definition
Members of the flock
Christians, Muslims, and Jews who were shorn (taxed) to support the state and the professional Ottoman class
Term
Askeris
Definition
Ottoman Military Elite
Some Askeris were high ranking civilians
Tax Free
Term
What were the 3 Major groups of the Ottoman Ruling Elite?
Definition
Military
Civil Service
Ulama
Term
Military Ruling Elite
Definition
Janissaries and Sipahis
Term
Janissaries
Definition
Slave Army
Known for discipline, moral and professionalism.
Paid regular salaries and were expected to be prepared for military duty at any time
Not allowed to marry or trade
Served as policemen, palace guards, and firefighters during peacetime
Term
Sipahis
Definition
Free-born muslims
Didnt have a regular salary, but rather got income from agriculture land called Timars
Each Sipahi was granted a timar from where he collected taxes
Supposed to maintain order in the Timar, and report for military service when called upon
Term
Civil Service
Definition
Elaborate Bureaucracy
Kept detailed records of almost everything
Most Managers and directors were drawn from the devshirme
Crucial to the efficient functioning of the state
Term
Devshirme
Definition
Systematic collection of non-Muslim children on rural christian populations of the Balkans
Every 3-4 years 300 to 1000 healthy boys were taken by force to Turkey, converted to Islam and educated for military or religious disciplines
Term
Ulama
Definition
Religious Establishment
Respected societal place in the Empire
Official chief of religion known as Shayk'al-Islam who oversaw appointments of qadis (judges) and madrasah (teachers)
If the sultans opinion contradicted that of the Shayk'al-Islams, then the Sultan has the final decision
Term
Effects of Napoleonic Wars on the Ottoman Empire and Europe
Definition
When Napoleonic Wars ended, merchants and their goods had leisure to move around more freely because of an ended war
Trains made transportation of goods easier
With investments made, Europe had enough capital to fund military technologies and logistical strategies
Term
Where were a majority of commodities produced from after the Napoleonic Wars?
Definition
England
Term
What were the Major Developments in Europe in the post-napoleonic wars era?
Definition
Dramatic increase in population
Increase in the amount of raw materials needed for factories
Europe extended its influence and power around the world
Term
Tanzimat Era
Definition
1839-1876
Reformers were civilian, Europeanized Ottoman Bureaucrats,
served as ambassadors, ministers, and grand vizirs
Term
Rashid Pasha
Definition
1800-1858
Ambassador in Paris and London
Become minister of foreign affairs and grand vizer during reign of Mahmud II
Term
Ali Pasha
Definition
1815-1871
Translator when 18
Ambassador in London at 26
Returned five years later to Istanbul and became minister of foreign affairs and grand vizer
Term
Fuad Pasha
Definition
1815-1869
Began education at military medical school
Transferred to translation office
Became minister of foreign affairs.
Most europeanized of the reformers and was fully fluent in french
Term
The Two Decrees
Definition
To secure loyalty of christian subjects during time of growing nationalism
Tried to break down religious and cultural autonomy of the millets and create a common Ottoman Citizenship
Sultans pledge to extend reforms to all ottoman subjects, regardless of religion
Term
Millet
Definition
A non-Muslim group or community in the Ottoman Empire organized under its own religious head, who also exercised important civil functions.
Not equal to Muslims
Term
Civil Service School (1859) & Imperial Ottoman Lycée at Glatasarary (1868)
Definition
Formation of Ottoman Political and Administrative Elite
Term
Ministry of Education
Definition
1847
Attached to State and not to Ulama
Beginning of separation between religion and education
Term
Mejelle
Definition
Adopted Model of french civil codes
Completed in 1876
Strong characteristic of 19th century Ottoman Reform
Term
Nizame
Definition
Secular courts created to deal with cases involving muslims and non-muslims
Term
Young Ottomans
Definition
Formed in 1865
Group of intellectuals and bureaucrats serving as opposition to the Tanzimat
Reform should come from below and not above
Development of democratic government
Democratic form is the islamic tradition of consultation
Elaborated Patriotism
Term
The Crimean War
Definition
1854-1856
Russian attempt to gain direct authority over Orthodox Christian subjects of the Ottoman Empire
Term
Treaty of Paris
Definition
1856
Respect territorial integrity of Ottoman Empire
Late, as the principalities were on the way to being one independent unified Romanian State
Term
Russian Declaration of War
Definition
1877
Russian Army beats Ottoman Army
Captured Adrianople and imposed a harsh treaty on Ottoman Empire
Term
Urabi Revolts
Definition
Started by Ahmmad Urabi
Became political and military leader for Egypt
Recognized as threat by the british and defeated
Term
Ahmmad Urabi
Definition
Officer of Peasant origin, against law stating european soldiers could not be promoted from peasant origin
Gained support from the Fellahim
Became leader of Egypt, but then defeated and killed by Britian/Egypt
Term
Fellahim
Definition
Egyptian Peasants
Term
Tawfiq
Definition
1879-1892
Ruler of Egypt
Term
Loss of Ottoman Superiority
Definition
Penetration of european merchant capital into the empire, dislocating the Ottoman Economy
Rule of incompetent Sultans
Presence of struggles over succession
Rise of political discord within the court
Weakened effectiveness of central government
Caused bribary and corruption
Term
Albert Hourani
Definition
Scholar and teacher
'Arabic Thought in the liberal age'
Deep appreciation of intellectual traditions of the Middle East and the West
Established Modern Middle East as a subject
Term
Relations between Muslim world and Europe
Definition
By 18th century Muslim kingdoms were in decline and European powers were in an incline, expansion of goods, ideas, and power which eventually led to a revival in the strength of arab societies
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