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MIST 2090
UGA MIST 2090
112
Computer Networking
Undergraduate 1
03/17/2010

Additional Computer Networking Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Fuzzy Logic
Definition
A mathematical method of handling imprecise or subjective info.
used to make ambiguous such as "short" usable in computer systems
Term
Genetic Algorithm
Definition
artificial intelligence system that mimics the evolutionary, survival of the fittest process to generate increasingly better solutions
Term
3 evolutionary principles of genetic algorithms
Definition
selection, crossover, mutation
Term
selection
Definition
or survival of the fittest or giving preference to better outcomes
Term
Crossover
Definition
combining portions of good outcomes to create even better outcomes
Term
mutation
Definition
randomly trying combinations and evaluating the successss of each
Term
Genetic algorithms can..
Definition
take several possible solutions and combine/recombine until optimal solution
2. work in environment where no model of how to find the right solution exists
(television advertising)
Term
Intelligent Agent
Definition
software that assists you, or acts on your behalf, in performing repetitive computer-related tasks
Term
Types of intelligent agents
Definition
information agents, monitoring and surveillence or predictive, data-mining, user or personal
Term
information agents
Definition
intelligent agents that search for info of some kind and bring it back
Term
Ex info agents- buyer agent or shopping bot
Definition
helps you, the customer, find products and services
Term
monitoring and surveillence
Definition
constantly observe and report on some entity of interest, a network, or manufacturing equipment
Term
data-mining agent
Definition
operates in a data warehouse discovering info
Term
user or personal agent
Definition
intelligent agent that takes action on your behalf
Term
Examples of user or personal agent
Definition
prioritize e-mail,act as gaming partner, assemble customized news reports,fill out forms for you, "discuss" topics with you
Term
Biomimicry
Definition
learning from ecosystems and adapting their characteristics to human and organizational situations
Term
uses of biomimicry
Definition
1.learn how people-based systems behave
2. predict how they will behave under certain circumstances
3. improve human systems to make them more efficient and effective
Term
Agent-based modeling
Definition
simulating human organizations using multiple intelligent agents, each of which follows a set of simple rules and can adapt to changing conditions
Term
Multi-agent system
Definition
groups of intelligent agents have the ability to work independently and to interact with each other
Term
Decision support system (DSS)
Definition
highly flexible and interactive system designed to support decision making when the problem is not structured (or is semistructured)
Term
DSS only for analyzing
Definition
DSS help you analyze only. You must know or eventually learn how to solve the problem, and how to use the results of the analysis
Term
Model Management Component
Definition
consists of both the DSS models and the model management system
Term
Data management component
Definition
stores and maintains the information that you want your DSS to use (DBMS)
Term
User interface management component
Definition
allows you to communicate with the DSS
Term
Knowledge component
Definition
Artificial Intelligence systems to provide additional smarts.
Term
Geographic information system (GIS)
Definition
DSS designed to analyze spatial information
Spatial information: map form
Term
Swarm (collective) intelligence
Definition
– the collective behavior of groups of simple agents that are capable of devising solutions to problems as they arise, eventually leading to coherent global patterns
Term
Characteristics of Swarm Intelligence
Definition
Flexibility – adaptable to change
Robustness – tasks are completed even if some individuals are removed
Decentralization – each individual has a simple job to do
Term
Swarm Intelligence
Definition
A form of Artificial Intelligence
(Machines that think (simulate thinking)
Simulating insect swarm intelligence and behavior
Very different than replicating/simulating human intelligence
Each robot acts independently
Each robot follows simple rules
Such robots can adapt to their environment
Term
Some Applications of swarm intelligence
Definition
Nanobots in your body to deliver treatment precisely (chemotherapy and radiation, actual bone repair, even genetic repairs at a subnano level)
Exploration of other planets
Exploration of the oceans, volcanoes, other hazardous locations
Military – battle applications
Rescue Work
Term
Knowledge Management
Definition
The active management of the expertise in an organization; involves collecting, categorizing, and disseminating knowledge

Ancient
Collaboration at the organizational level
Could revolutionize collaboration and computing
Term
Knowledge
Definition
Understanding, awareness, or familiarity acquired through education or experience. Anything that has been learned, perceived, discovered, inferred, or understood. The ability to use information. Knowledge is information in action!
Term
Knowledge-based economy
Definition
The modern, global economy, which is driven by what people and organizations know rather than only by capital and labor
Term
Mitre knowledge management system (KMS)
Definition
leverage organizational knowledge effectively through the organization
Term
Characteristics of Knowledge
Definition
Extraordinary leverage and increasing returns
Fragmentation, leakage, and the need to refresh
Uncertain value
Uncertain value of sharing
Intellectual capital
The know-how of an organization. Often includes knowledge employees possess
Term
Explicit (leaky) knowledge
Definition
Knowledge that deals with objective, rational, and technical material (data, policies, procedures, software, documents, etc.)
Term
Tacit knowledge
Definition
Knowledge usually in the domain of
subjective, cognitive, and experiential
learning. Highly personal and hard to formalize
Term
Knowledge Management System
Definition
A system that facilitates knowledge management by ensuring knowledge flow from the person(s) who know to the person(s) who need to know throughout the organization; knowledge evolves and grows during the process
Term
Learning organization
Definition
An organization capable of learning from its past experience, implying the existence of an organizational memory and a means to save, represent, and share it through its personnel
Term
Organizational memory
Definition
That which an organization “knows”
Term
Organizational Learning
Definition
The process of capturing knowledge and making it available enterprisewide
Learning skills include:
Openness to new perspectives
Awareness of personal biases
Exposure to unfiltered data
A sense of humility
Term
Components of a DSS
Definition
Model management component – consists of both the DSS models and the model management system
Data management component – stores and maintains the information that you want your DSS to use (DBMS)
User interface management component – allows you to communicate with the DSS
[Not in book:] Optional: Knowledge component: Artificial Intelligence systems to provide additional smarts.
Term
Geographic information system (GIS)
Definition
DSS designed to analyze spatial information
Spatial information: map form

GIS to analyze information, generate business intelligence, and make decisions
Term
DBMS physical view
Definition
how data are physically arranged, stored, and accessed on a storage device
Term
DBMS logical view
Definition
Logical view – how you need to arrange and access data to use them
Term
Data definition subsystem
Definition
to create and maintain the data dictionary and structure of the database files
Term
Data dictionary helps you define
Definition
Field names
Data types (numeric, etc)
Form (e.g. area code: ###/###-####)
Default values
Required entries, other
Term
Data manipulation subsystem
Definition
to add, change, and delete data in a database, and run queries to create information reports from data
Term
data manipulation subystems includes what and is usually what
Definition
Primary interface typically
Includes views, report generators, query-by-example tools, and structured query language (SQL)
Term
View
Definition
allows you to see the contents of a database file, make changes, and query it to find information
Term
View
Definition
allows you to see the contents of a database file, make changes, and query it to find information
Term
report generator
Definition
to quickly define report formats and the information to display
Term
query-by-example tool
Definition
helps you graphically design the answer to a question
Term
structured query language
Definition
standardized fourth-generation query language found in most DBMSs
Sentence-structure equivalent to QBE
Mostly used by IT professionals
Term
application generation subsystem
Definition
– contains facilities to help you develop transaction-intensive applications
Mainly used by IT professionals
Term
data administration subsystem and what it provides
Definition
helps you manage the overall database environment by providing facilities for…
Backup and recovery
Security management
Query optimization
Reorganization
Concurrency control
Change management
Term
backup
Definition
copy of data from a computer
Term
recovery
Definition
process of reinstalling the backup info in the event the data is lost
Term
DAS security management
Definition
for CRUD access – create, read, update, and delete
Term
DAS query optimization
Definition
to minimize response times for large, complex queries
Term
DAS reorganization
Definition
for physically rearranging the structure of the data according to how you most often access them
Term
DAS concurrency control
Definition
when two people or queries attempt to make changes to the same record (semaphore locks)
Term
DAS change management
Definition
how will structural changes impact the overall database?
Term
data warehouse
Definition
collection of data (from many places) that supports business analysis activities and decision making
Term
data warehouse characteristics
Definition
Multidimensional
Rows, columns, and layers
Support decision making, not transaction processing
Contain summaries of data
(aggregates and scrubs (data cleansing))
Not every detail
Term
data-mining tools
Definition
software tools you use to query information in a data warehouse
Term
Query-and-reporting tools
Definition
similar to QBE tools, SQL, and report generators
Term
Multidimensional analysis (MDA tools
Definition
slice-and-dice techniques for viewing multidimensional information
Term
data mart
Definition
subset of a data warehouse in which only a focused portion of the data warehouse information is kept
Term
business intelligence(BI)
Definition
collective information about customers, competitors, business partners, competitive environment, and your internal operations for making important, effective, and strategic business decisions
Term
Business intelligence objectives
Definition
Help people understand

Capabilities of the organization

State of the art trends and future market directions

Technological, demographic, economic, political, social, and regulatory environments in which the organization competes

Actions of competitors
Term
digital dashboard
Definition
displays key information gathered from several sources in a format tailored to the needs and wants of an individual
Term
data administration
Definition
function that plans for, oversees the development of, and monitors the information resource
Term
database administration
Definition
function responsible for the more technical and operational aspects of managing organizational data
Term
info/data cleanliness
Definition
Related to ownership and responsibility for quality and accuracy
No duplicate information/data
No redundant records with slightly different data, such as the spelling of a customer name
GIGO – Garbage In/Garbage Out: Biggest issue in decision making
Term
knowledge is the only assent an organization has that is not depleted when it is consumed
Definition
Term
reasons ppl don't like to share knowledge
Definition
General lack of time to share knowledge and time to identify colleagues in need of specific knowledge

Apprehension or fear that sharing may reduce or jeopardize people’s job security
Low awareness and realization of the value and benefit of the knowledge others possess
Dominance in sharing explicit over tacit knowledge, such as know-how and experience that requires hands-on learning, observation, dialogue, and interactive problem solving
Use of a strong hierarchy, position-based status, and formal power
Insufficient capture, evaluation, feedback, communication, and tolerance of past mistakes that would enhance individual and organizational learning effects
Differences in experience levels
Lack of contact time and interaction between knowledge sources and recipients
Poor verbal/written communication and interpersonal skills
Age differences
Gender differences
Lack of a social network
Differences in education levels
Ownership of intellectual property due to fear of not receiving just recognition and accreditation from managers and colleagues
Lack of trust in people because they may misuse knowledge or take unjust credit for it
Lack of trust in the accuracy and credibility of knowledge due to the source
Differences in national culture or ethnic background and values and beliefs associated with it
Term
3 aims of knowledge management initiatives and activities
Definition
To make knowledge visible, mainly through maps, yellow pages, and hypertext
To develop a knowledge-intensive culture
To build a knowledge infrastructure
Term
knowledge creation and its 4 modes
Definition
Knowledge creation is the generation of new insights, ideas, or routines
Four modes of knowledge creation:
Socialization
Externalization
Internalization
Combination
Term
knowledge sharing
Definition
Knowledge sharing is the willful explication of one person’s ideas, insights, solutions, experiences to another individual either via an intermediary or directly
In many organizations, information and knowledge are not considered organizational resources to be shared but individual competitive weapons to be kept private
Term
process approach to knowledge management
Definition
Attempts to codify organizational knowledge through formalized controls, processes and technologies
Term
practice approach to knowledge management
Definition
Focuses on building the social environments or communities of practice necessary to facilitate the sharing of tacit understanding
Term
hybrid approach to knowledge management
Definition
practice-repository stores only explicit knowledge that is relatively easy to document
tactic-initially stored in the repository is contact info about expers and their areas of expertise
Term
best practices
Definition
In an organization, the best methods for solving problems. These are often stored in the knowledge repository of a knowledge management system
Term
knowledge repository
Definition
The actual storage location of knowledge in a knowledge management system. Similar in nature to a database, but generally text-oriented
Term
The KMS cycle
Definition
KMS follows six steps in a cycle:
Create knowledge
Capture knowledge
Refine knowledge
Store knowledge
Manage knowledge
Disseminate knowledge
Term
KMS are developed using three sets of technologies:
Definition
Communication
Collaboration
Storage and retrieval.
Term
Storytelling
Definition
best way to transfer knowledge
Term
Technologies that support knowledge management
Definition
Artificial intelligence
Intelligent agents
Knowledge discovery in databases
Extensible Markup Language (XML)
Term
Artificial intelligence used in KMS
Definition
Assist in and enhance searching knowledge
Help establish knowledge profiles of individuals and groups
Help determine the relative importance of knowledge when it is contributed to and accessed from the knowledge repository
Term
ai methods used in kms
Definition
Scan e-mail, documents, and databases to perform knowledge discovery, determine meaningful relationships, glean knowledge, or induce rules for expert systems
Identify patterns in data (usually through neural networks)
Forecast future results by using existing knowledge
Provide advice directly from knowledge by using neural networks or expert systems
Provide a natural language or voice command–driven user interface for a KMS
Term
intelligent agents
Definition
Intelligent agents are software systems that learn how users work and provide assistance in their daily tasks
They are used to elicit and identify knowledge
Term
intelligent agents
Definition
Intelligent agents are software systems that learn how users work and provide assistance in their daily tasks
They are used to elicit and identify knowledge
Term
knowledge discovery
Definition
A machine learning process that performs rule induction, or a related procedure to establish knowledge from large databases
Term
knowledge discovery
Definition
A machine learning process that performs rule induction, or a related procedure to establish knowledge from large databases
Term
Model Marts- knowledge discovery in databases
Definition
Small, generally departmental repositories of knowledge created by employing knowledge-discovery techniques on past decision instances. Similar to data marts. Also see model warehouses
Term
model warehouses in knowledge discovery in databases
Definition
Large, generally enterprisewide repositories of knowledge created by employing knowledge-discovery techniques on past decision instances. Similar to data warehouses. Also see model marts
Term
extensible markup language
Definition
XML enables standardized representations of data structures so that data can be processed appropriately by heterogeneous systems without case-by-case programming
Term
knowware
Definition
technology tools that support knowledge management
Term
Enterprise knowledge portals(EKP)
Definition
an electronic doorway into a knowledge management system
Term
electronic document management (EDM)
Definition
A method for processing documents electronically, including capture, storage, retrieval, manipulation, and presentation
Term
content management systems(CMS)
Definition
An electronic document management system that produces dynamic versions of documents, and automatically maintains the current set for use at the enterprise level
Term
chief knowledge officer
Definition
person in charge of a knowledge management effort in an organization
Term
roles of ppl in knowledge mgmt
Definition
Set knowledge management strategic priorities.
Establish a knowledge repository of best practices.
Gain a commitment from senior executives to support a learning environment.
Teach information seekers how to ask better and smarter questions.
Establish a process for managing intellectual assets.
Obtain customer satisfaction information in near real-time.
Globalize knowledge management
Term
skills required of a cko include
Definition
Interpersonal communication skills
Leadership skills
Business acumen
Strategic thinking
Collaboration skills
The ability to institute effective educational programs
An understanding of IT and its role in advancing knowledge management
Term
CEO role in knowledge mgmt
Definition
champoining a knowledge mgmt effort
Term
officers role in KM
Definition
make available the resources needed to get the job doneCFO ensures that the financial resources are available
COO ensures that people begin to embed knowledge management practices into their daily work processes
CIO ensures IT resources are available
Term
community of practice
Definition
A group of people in an organization with a common professional interest, often self-organized for managing knowledge in a knowledge management system
Term
KM helps
Definition
Reduce loss of intellectual capital
Reduce costs by decreasing the number of times the company must repeatedly solve the same problem
Reduce redundancy of knowledge-based activities
Increase productivity
Increase employee satisfaction
Term
expert location systems
Definition
Interactive computerized systems that help employees find and connect with colleagues who have expertise required for specific problems—whether they are across the county or across the room—in order to solve specific, critical business problems in seconds
Term
factors leading to mgmt success
Definition
A link to a firm’s economic value, to demonstrate financial viability and maintain executive sponsorship
A knowledge-friendly culture that leads directly to user support
A clear purpose and language, to encourage users to buy into the system
A change in motivational practices, to create a culture of sharing
Multiple channels for knowledge transfer
A technical and organizational infrastructure on which to build
A standard, flexible knowledge structure to match the way the organization performs work and uses knowledge
Term
drawbacks of kms
Definition
Failing to pick up the signals in the environment that might have suggested a change in strategy or product focus
Neglecting the creative process of new knowledge creation—applying yesterday’s solutions to tomorrow’s problems
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