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Minerals and Vitamins
The metabolic roles of the main Minerals and Vitamins, and the effects of their deficiencies and toxicities.
19
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 2
06/01/2012

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Term
Function of Iron
Definition
Cytochromes - in the electron transport chain
TCA cycle enzymes
Other enzymes
90% combined with proteins (haemoglobin, transferrin, ferritin)
Term
Iron Toxicity
Definition
Not common.
Alimentary disturbances
Reduced growth
Induced Phosphorus deficiency
Interaction with Copper
Term
Iron Deficiency
Definition
Anaemia
Suckling pigs and veal (dose to prevent at 3 days old) not often seen in calves and lambs so often as they have access to other feeds.
Poor appetite
Poor growth
Labored and spasmodic breathing (Thumps)
Term
Function of Manganese
Definition
Activator of enzymes.
Component of many enzymes.
Interactions with Choline.
Term
Manganese Toxicity
Definition
Not commonly seen
Wide safety margin
Pigs are least tolerant (depressed appetite and growth).
Term
Manganese Deficiency
Definition
Ruminants, Pigs and Poultry.
Reduced growth
Skeletal abnormalities (Muscular weakness, perosis (chicks) and lameness (pigs))
Ataxia in neonates.
Reproductive failure.
Impaired glucose utilisation.
Reduced blood clotting.
Term
Iodine function
Definition
Thyroid hormones.
Term
Iodine deficiency
Definition
Reduced thyroid function
Goiter
Reproductive abnormalities
Cretinism in neonates
Reduced wool growth
Can be caused by Goitrogens (Thiocyanate or Goitrin)or high dietary nitrogen.
Term
Iodine toxicity
Definition
Depressed weight gain.
Reduced feed intake.
Decreased egg production.
Pigs are more tolerant to toxicity.
Term
Zinc Function
Definition
Metalloenzymes.
Enzyme activator.
Cell replication and differentiation.
Hormone production and secretion.
Immune function.
Electrolyte balance.
Term
Zinc Deficiency
Definition
Interactions with calcium and copper.
Pigs - Seen when fed high Ca or Cu rations. Reduced appetite and growth, parakeratosis.
Calves - Inflammation of nose and mouth, joints swollen and stiff. Parakeratosis.
Chicks - reduced growth, foot and bone abnormalities, frizzled feathers, parakeratosis.
Term
Zinc Toxicity
Definition
Depressed food consumption.
Induced copper deficiency.
Term
Chromium Function
Definition
Glucose metabolism.
Lipid synthesis and protein metabolism.
Supplementation in calves, improved appetite, weight gain and immune response.
Not particularly toxic.
Term
Lead Toxicity
Definition
Common poison.
Acute - GI haemorrhage, anaemia, liver and kidney damage.
Chronic - Osteoporosis, hydronephrosis, reduced appetite, lead lines on the gums.
Term
Cadmium toxicity
Definition
Highly toxic.
Antagonistic with copper and zinc (increase Zn, reduce Cd absorption)
Accumulation in liver and kidney.
Term
Flourine toxicity
Definition
Ruminants most susceptible.
Dental pitting and wear.
Reduced appetite and production/
Lameness, bone and joint abnormalities.
Term
Selenium Function
Definition
Antioxidant enzyme - glutathionate peroxidase.
Immune response.
Iodine metabolism - thyroid function.
Term
Selenium deficiency
Definition
White muscle disease.
Ill thrift, reduced growth rate, decreased wool, impainred immune function.
Decreased reproductive performance.
Pigs - Mulberry heart, hepatosis dietetica.
Poultry - Pectoral myopathy, encephalomacia, exudative diathesis, pancreatic fibrosis.
Hypothyroid issues.
Term
Selenium toxicity.
Definition
Alkali disease, blind staggers.
Lack of vitality, rough coat, hair loss, sore and sloughing hooves, stiffness and lameness, sudden death.
Inappropriate supplementation.
Se accumulator plants - Ragwort
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