Details Title: Midterm Description: Jour 3006 Total Flash Cards: 101 Created: 03/10/2008 14:28:43		New Users: To study from this flashcard set, or to create your own your own study flash cards, REGISTER HERE. Existing Users: CLICK HERE. Additional Journalism Flashcards
Cards in this set: Term The Principle of Contrast and Affinity Definition Contrast = Intensity Affinity = Less Intensity Term Deep Space Definition Illustration of a 3D world on a 2D screen. Term Depth Cues for Deep Space (12) Definition Perspective (most important!) Size Difference Movement Textural Diffusion Aerial Diffusion Shape Change Tonal Separation Color Separation Up/ Down Position Overlap Focus 3D Pictures Term One-Point Perspective Definition The lines at the top and bottom of the plane appear to meet at a vanishing point Eg: Train tracks Term Two-Point Perspective Definition When the viewing position is raised/ lowered, the sides are no longer parallel. 2 vanishing points: top/ bottom lines, and side lines. Eg: Looking up at the side of a building Corners of buildings Corners of rooms Enhances illusion of deep space Term Three-Point Perspective Definition Eg: View of a tall building Enhances illusion of deep space Term Size Difference (Depth Cue of Deep Space) Definition Farther away objects are smaller Term Object Movement (Depth Cue of Deep Space) Definition Objects can move parallel or perpendicular to the picture plane Parallel: Single object can't create deep space, but 2+ objects moving in different planes can. Perpendicular: Single objects can create deep space Term 3 Camera Movements that create deep space Definition Dolly: in/ out. The FG actor gets bigger faster than the BG. Track (or dolly): left/ right. FG actor passes camera faster than BG. Boom: up/down. FG actor passes more quickly to bottom of frame than BG. Term Textural Diffusion (Depth cue of deep space) Definition Objects showing more textural detail are closer Term Aerial Diffusion (depth cue of deep space) Definition Particles like dust, fog, rain, etc that obscure the BG Causes: Loss in detail and texture Lowers the picture's tonal contrast Changes color of objects Fog= gray Term Shape Change (depth cue of deep space) Definition Apparent shape change = depth Eg: windows at the top of a building are shaped differently Term Tonal Separation (depth cue of deep space) Definition Lighter objects appear closer Darker objects appear far away Term Color Separation (depth cue of deep space) Definition Warm colors = closer Cool colors = farther away Term Up/ Down Position (depth cue of deep space) Definition objects high in the frame = far away objects low in the frame = closer Diagram 2 on page 41 for how horizon affects distance Term Focus (depth cue of deep space) Definition Blurred BG appears more distant, but the result is NOT deep space Term 3D Pictures (depth cue of deep space) Definition parallax created by 2 screen images (one viewed by each eye) Term Flat Space Flat Cues (10) Definition Emphasizes 2D quality of screen surface Frontal Planes Size Constancy Movement Textural Diffusion Aerial Diffusion Tonal Separation Color Separation Up/ Down Position Overlap Focus Term Frontal Planes flat space Definition perspective, converging lines, and vanishing points must be eliminated. frontal planes, not longitudinal ones. Term Size Constancy Flat Space Definition All similarly sized objects should be the same size and on the same plane (parallel to picture plane) Term Object Movement Flat Space Definition Objects move parallel to picture plane Term Camera Movements (3) Flat Space Definition Pan: rotating the camera to the left or right of its horizontal axis. Tilt: moves the camera on a vertical axis Zoom: flat space equivalent of the dolly. Enlarges everything at the same rate- no relative moving **As objects blur, they become flat. Term Textural Diffusion Flat Space Definition All objects must have the same amount of textural detail Term Aerial Diffusion Flat Space Definition Diffusion must cover up all depth cues Term Shape Change Flat Space Definition Objects should never change shape Term Tonal Separation Flat Space Definition Reduction of the gray scale range (because brighter objects seem closer and dark seem farther) Term Color Separation Flat Space Definition Warm/ cool range must be reduced Term Up/ Down Position Flat Space Definition All objects on the same frontal plane Term Overlap Flat Space Definition Objects shouldn't overlap Term Focus Flat Space Definition Out of focus objects become flat Term Reversing Depth Cues Definition Switching the following turns deep space into flat: Tonal Separation (bright in BG) Color Separation (warm colors in BG) Textural Diffusion (more textural detail in BG) Size Difference (large objects in BG) Term Limited Space Definition Combination of deep and flat space. Uses all depth cues but 2: Longitudinal planes are replaced with flat, frontal planes Perpendicular object movement is replaced with parallel movement 2-3 frontal planes Term Ambiguous Space Definition When the viewer is unable to understand the spatial relationships Created by: Lack of movement Objects of unknown size/ shape Camouflage Mirrors/ Reflections Disorienting camera angles Creates anxiety, tension, confusion. Thrillers/ horror movies Term Aspect Ratio Definition Ratio between width and height of a frame Film: 1:33:1. "Full Aperture" or "Super 35" Special effects, high resolution, easy to reposition image Smaller than Full Aperture= Academy Aperture Screen: 1:85:1. Shape of picture plane and the screen. Imax and Omnimax: 65mm cameras with 70mm projectors. 1:3:1. Term Surface Divider Definition Anything that divides the frame into 2+ areas Eg: split screen, doorway, tonal change in a wall, horizon Term 4 Purposes of Surface Divisions Definition 1. Emphasize similarities and differences 2. Help direct the eye to specific areas 3. Alter a picture's fixed aspect ratio 4. Comment on a story situation (make a character feel trapped) Term Closed Space vs Open Space Definition Closed: Frame lines create closure Open: Picture pushes past the frame lines. Achieved by: Large screens Strong visual movement 1. Random, multidirecional that fills the frame 2. Movement in or out of the frame 3. Camera movement Elimination of stationary lines Term 7 perceptual types of lines Definition Edge Contour Closure Intersection of planes Imitation through distance Axis Track Term Edge Definition Line around borders of a 2D object Term Contour Definition Apparent line around the border of a 3D object Term Closure Definition Primary points of interest in a picture (eg dots) create imaginary lines Viewers connect the dots Term Intersection of Planes Definition When 2 planes meet, they appear to create a line Term Imitation through distance Definition When an object is far away and appears to be a line Term Axis Definition Objects have an axis through them, perceived as a line Term Track Definition Path of a moving object Actual or Virtual Term Linear Motif Definition Reducing a picture to simple lines Term Line: Contrast and Affinity Definition Orientation: angle of lines created by stationary objects Horizontal, vertical, diagonal Direction: angle of lines created by moving tracks 8 directions in which an object can move Quality: linear or curvilinear Certain adjectives and emotions are associated with quality Term Shape Definition Basic: circle, square, equilateral triangle Shapes are only basic if its unseen sides are same as seen Round: indirect, passive, romantic, soft Square: direct, ordered, linear, adult Triangle: bold, aggressive, dynamic, angry Term Tone Definition Brightness of objects Directs audience's attention Term Reflective Control Definition Way to control the tone in a shot. Controlling the brightness of a picture by controlling the actual reflectance value of objects Eg: dark, light, contrasty TV comedies use reflective control to solve technical problems Term Incident Control Definition Way to control tone of a shot Control the amount of light falling on objects Term Exposure Definition WAy of controlling the tone of a picture Adjust the lens- as the f-stop is adjusted, the picture gets brighter or darker Term Coincidence of Tone Definition The tonal range reveals the subject Films, comedies Term Noncoincidence of Tone Definition The tonal range obscures the subject Horror, mystery, suspense films Makes audience more aware of sound Term Definition Term Additive System Definition Mixing colored light to produce a third Theatrical lighting- spotlights Term Primary Colors in the additive system Definition Red, Green, Blue Red+Blue= Magenta Green+Blue= Cyan Red+Green= Yellow When all three additive primaries are combined, they produce white Term Subtractive System Definition Mixing of pigments (paints, dyes) to produce a new color Colors subtract wavelengths from each other Term Subtractive System Color Wheel Definition Primary colors are magenta, yellow, cyan Magenta+Yellow= Red Yellow+Cyan= Green Cyan+Magenta= Blue Mixing yellow, cyan, magenta creates black Colored filters on camera lenses and gels Term Hue Definition Position of a color on the color wheel Red Orange Yellow Green Cyan Blue Purple Magenta Term Brightness Definition Value. Addition of white or black to the hue. Position of color in relation to the gray scale. Term Saturation Definition Purity of a hue Desaturation: saturated hue and its complementary color When equal amounts of a color and its comp are mixed, they produce gray. Term Warm Hues Definition Red-magenta Red Orange Yellow Term Cool Hues Definition Blue-magenta Blue Green Cyan Yellow-green Term Extension Definition A color's brightness and physical proportion in relation to other colors. Term Surrounding a color with white or black Definition White: color looks darker Black: color looks lighter Term The Bezold Effect Definition If the proportion and distribution of the black or white changes in relation to the hue, the opposite result occurs. Color surrounded by white appears lighter Color surrounded by black appears darker Term The Spreading Effect Definition A color appears brighter when placed around white and darker when placed around black Term Complementary Colors Definition Opposites on the color wheel When placed next to each other, their saturation increases Term Analogous Colors Definition Neighbors on the color wheel When placed next to each other, they appear to push apart in their position on the color wheel. Term Afterimage Definition After staring at one color for a while, your eyes create the complementary color- it tries to balance out and create white. Term Color Scheme: Complementary Hues Definition Most common is blue/orange. Each group is assigned one color. Term Color Scheme: Split Complementary Hues Definition Three colors: One color is split off into a pair of neighboring hues Term Color Scheme: Three-Way Split Definition Any three hues, usually equidistant around the color wheel Term Color Scheme: Four Way Split Definition 4 hues, equidistant around the color wheel Term Localization Definition Colors photograph differently from how they look in real life Term Filters Definition Subtractive Used on lenses and lighting Term Colors of: Sunrise Noon Sunset Definition Sunrise: lavender Noon: blue Sunset: red Term Flashing Definition Film is exposed twice: once when the scene is photographed, and again in the lab. Desaturation of color, lower contrast, hue cast Term Developing Definition Altering the time the film is developed in the chemical Pushing: leaving photo in for a longer time. Desaturation. Bleach Bypass: adds density to darker tones, increases saturation. Term Photochemical Timing Definition Using clocks to control how long photo was in chemical solutions. Hue changes. Can't target one color. Term Golden Section Definition No 2 divisions will ever be the same size, yet they will relate back to the overall frame. Term Digital Timing Definition Timing done using computers. Color control Term Actual Movement Definition Occurs only in the real world Term Apparent Movement Definition When one stationary object is replaced by another, and movement is perceived Film, lit arrows Term Induced Movement Definition When a moving object transfers its movement to a nearby stationary object. Movement transfers to smaller, brighter object. Term Relative Movement Definition Movement of one object is gauged by its changing position to a second, stationary object. Eg movement can't be created in a desert, but it can be in a forest Term Simple Movement Definition 2D directions: horizontal, vertical, diagonal, circular Term Complex Movement Definition 3D movement- moving towards or away from screen. Object is moving in many different directions- eg car coming towards you, all sides are moving out. Term Object Movement: Quality Definition Straight or curved Term Where an audience looks in a picture Definition 1. Movement 2. Brightness 3. Most saturated color 4. Actors' eyes 5. Object with most visual component contrast Term Rhythm requires: Definition Alteration Repetition Tempo Term Continuum Grid Definition 9-area grid that indicates where the audience is looking Term Ways of creating Primary Rhythm: Definition 1. Entering and exiting the frame 2. moving in front of or behind another object 3. Moving and stopping 4. Changing direction Term Primary Rhythm Definition When an entire object moves Term Secondary Rhythm Definition Movement of part of an object that already generates primary rhythm Term Editorial Rhythm Definition When an editor makes a cut, a new rhythmic beat is produced Term Story Exposition Definition character, story, time period Term Visual Exposition Definition defines how basic visual components are used Term Calculating Aspect Ratio Definition Height divided by Width Term Definition