Term
| oxidation is doing one of what two things to an atom? |
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Definition
Oxidation is doing one of the following to an atom:
1. adding an electronegative atom such as a halogen or oxygen
2. removing a hydrogen |
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Term
| reduction is doing one of what two things to an atom? |
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Definition
one of the two following constitutes reduction:
1. removal of a halogen or oxygen
2. addition of a hydrogen |
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Term
| if R is secondary and X is a halogen, turning R-X into a R-OH via nucleophilic substitution goes through what intermediate? |
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Definition
| an ester is the intermediate in forming a secondary alcohol from a secondary halide |
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Term
| if R is secondary, R-X gong to R-OH undergoes what type of nuc. substitution? |
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Definition
| a secondary alcohol is formed by SN1 chemistry |
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Term
| if R is primary, going from R-X to R-OH via nuc. substitution goes with what mechanism? |
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Definition
| if R is primary, R-OH is formed by SN1 chemistry |
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Term
| certain molecules add 2 hydrogen molecules across a C=O bond, what molecules provide the Hydrogen molecules and what is the reaction called? |
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Definition
| NaBH4 and LiAlH4 provide the hydrogen molcules for a reaction called hydride reductions |
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Term
| what process makes a C=O from a primary or secondary alcohol? |
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Definition
| oxidation of a primary or secondary alcohol to form a C=O bond can be done with PCC |
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Term
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Definition
| PCC is used to make a C=O from an alcohol |
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Term
| is PCC a good tool for oxidizing a teriaty alcohol into a ketone? |
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Definition
| no, teritiary alcohols don't undergo that kind of reacton because they don't have hydrogens binded to the C connected to the alcohol |
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Term
| if you are adding H-X across a double bond, and H-X is dilute, what does that tell you? |
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Definition
| dilute H-X gives more time for methyl and hydride shifts (carbocation rearrangements) |
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Term
| how do you add H2O across a double bond anti-markovnikov? include all reagents and solvents needed for each step |
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Definition
1. BH3 and THF
2. H2O2 and NaOH and/or H2O |
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Term
| lucas test tests for what reactions, and the how does the mechanism work? |
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Definition
| lucas test tests for alcohol reacting with HCl in the presence of ZnCl2. The mechansim is the -OH group becoming a -(O+H2) group and being replaced by Cl- in a SN1 reaction, meaning first the water dissocaites, then the Cl bonds to the carbon |
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Term
| what is the initation step in the H-Br problem? |
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Definition
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Term
| in the HBr problem, does Br go to the more subsituted carbon or the less substitued carbon and why? |
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Definition
| Br attacks first, meaning it goes to the less substituted carbon |
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Term
| what does the chromic acid test test for? |
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Definition
The chromic acid test tests for oxidation of R-OH to R=O.
If the the chromic acid test gives evidence as to whether an alcohol group is on a primary, secondary, or tertiary carbon. If there is no reaction, then the alcohol is on a tertiary carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| H2CrO4 is used for adding a carboxyl groups on to a carbon that has a alcohol group on it |
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Term
| what solvents are needed to add Br2 across a double bond? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the two steps in ozonolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of ozonolysis cleaves what? |
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Definition
| the process of ozonolysis cleaves a double bond |
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Term
| what reagents/catalysts are needed for cyclopropanation? |
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Definition
| CH2I2 is the reagent, and the catalyst is Zn or Cu |
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Term
| adding H-Br to an alkene in the prescence of H2O2 yeilds what kind of addition? |
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Definition
| adding H-Br in the prescence of H2O2 yeilds anti-markovnikov addition |
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Term
| what solvent is used for ether synthesis? |
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Definition
| H2SO4 is the solvent used for ether synthesis |
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Term
| what solvent is used for reduction with NaBH4 |
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Definition
| the solvent used for reduction with NaBH4 is ethanol |
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Term
| how can you add one "D" molecule to a hydrocarbon chain? |
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Definition
| by combining grigard reagents and D2O. "D" molecule replaces Mg-Br |
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Term
| what solvent/catalyst is used for H-Cl replacing an -OH group? |
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Definition
| ZnCl2 is needed for H-Cl to replace and -OH group |
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Term
| what reagent/solvent is needed for replacing -OH with Br? |
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Definition
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Term
| for the reaction where H2CrO4 adds a carboxyl group to a carbon with an -OH group on it, what solvent is needed? |
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Definition
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Term
what are the two reaction that add H2O across a double bond in an anti-markovnikov fashion?
Name all reagents needed for both reactions. |
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Definition
1st reaction: form a mercurium ring and then break it
Steps:
1. Hg(OAc)2+THF+H2O
2. H2O2 +NaOH+H2O
2nd reaction: hydroboration
Steps:
1. BH3 +THF
2. H2O2 +NaOH |
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Term
what are two ways to turn a carboxyl group into an alcohol group? give all reagents/solvents needed for both
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Definition
1st way: reduction with NaBH4
The reactant is NaBH4, solvent is ethanol
2nd way: use H3O+
reagent is H3O+, solvent is water |
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Term
| R1-OH + R2-X yields what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what reagents yeild cyclopropanation where the carbon not on the original carbon chain has a halogen on it? what solvents are needed? |
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Definition
| adding HCCl3 or HCBr3 in the precence of tertButanol and Na-O-tertButanol to an alkene yeilds cyclopropane formation and the carbon added will have two Cl's or two Br's |
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Term
| name the reagents/solvents of the reaction that replaces a halide with an -OH group. This reaction only works on primary halides |
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Definition
add NaOH, Na-O-tertButane, tert-Butanol |
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Term
| name the reaction that replaces a halide with an -OH group, that works if halide is connected to primary or secondary carbon |
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Definition
1st step: add Na-O-Acetone and acetone,
2nd step: add NaOH and acetone
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