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Midterm Review
Study help for the Midterm Exam. Besides the summary questions on the flashcards, also know Romans 3:24, 6:23, and Ephesians 2:8-9
105
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
02/28/2012

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Define Sin

 

Definition

Sin is Lawlessness.

Sin is a breaking of the divine Law (1 Jo 3:4), which always has its root in the will of the individual, though not always as a direct act of the will. Sin is both a condition of the human heart after the Original Sin of Adam and Eve in the Garden (Gen 3:5), and as an act of omission or commission which breaks the Law, the latter arising from the former (adapted from Lutheran Cyclopedia).

Term
Define Grace:
Definition

Undeserved Love,

God's riches at Christ's expense, good will and favor shown to one who can plead no merit but only need. Grace implies mercy or compassion toward one who has by every right forfeited his claim upon love. The present relationship between God and mankind is one in which God is gracious to mankind for the sake of Christ (adapted from Lutheran Cyclopedia).

Term
Define Justification:
Definition
The primary definition in the theological sense: Justification is the act whereby God declares the sinner innocent and acquitted because of Christ's perfect, substitutionary sacrifice on behalf of the sinner.
Term
What are the three human approaches to spirituality that Adolf Koberle notes?
Definition
Moralism, speculation, and mysticism. (MORe SPAM)
Term
What three faculties of the human mind correspond to the three human approaches to spirituality?
Definition

Willpower- Moralism

Intellect- Speculation

Emotions- Mysticism

Term
How are the three human approaches to spirituality shown to be false by John 14:6 (Jesus answered, “I am the way and the truth and the life. No one comes to the Father except through me.)
Definition
John 14:6 shows the three human approaches to spirituality to be false by stating that the way to true spirituality is through Jesus, and only through him. Any other approach fails miserably in God's eyes.
Term
Summarize Veith's argument showing that there is nothing in man and that faith is the sole, valid apporach to God.
Definition
Although human approaches try to acheive salvation through human effort in moralism, speculation, and mysticism, we cannot perfect our conduct, try as we might. We cannot understand God through our own intellects. We cannot become one with God. Instead of human beings having to do these things, Lutheran spirituality teaches that God does them for us. He becomes one with us in Jesus Christ; he reveals himself to our feeble understandings through his word. He forgives our conduct and, in Christ, lives the perfect life for us.
Term
Summarize the Biblical support for Veith's argument; cite at least one pertinent Bible passage.
Definition
The Bible says that it is not what we do, but what Christ has done that achieves salvation. This is evident in Ephesians 2:8-9: "For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith-- and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God, not by works, so that no one can boast." This is also seen in Titus 3:5-7: "He saved us, not by works of righteousness that we have done but on the basis of his mercy, through the washing of the new birth and the renewing of the Holy Spirit, whom he poured out on us in full measure through Jesus Christ our Savior. And so, since we have been justified by his grace, we become heirs with the confident expectation of eternal life."
Term
Connect Veith's argument to the paradox of Christian Life, i.e. simul iustus et peccator- at the same time saint and sinner.
Definition
Veith's argument connects to the paradox of Christian life because, as he writes in The Spirituality of the Cross, the Law condemns us, and leaves us as sinners, disgraceful in the eyes of God. However, because of what Jesus has done for us, and not because of anything that we've attained through our own willpower, intellect, or emotion, we are now saints, righteous in the eyes of God. At the same time, sinner and saint.
Term
Describe the process of historical theological study using an example from the materials that we have already covered.
Definition
The process of historical theology studies the methods, authors, terminology, categories, and history of an event, a doctrine, or an idea. For example, when learning about Justification: Sin and Grace, we learned about the terminology and definitions of sin and grace, and the author Adolf Koberle.
Term
What are the five parts of an introductory course?
Definition
Remember the mnemonic "MATCH." The five parts are methods, authors, terminology, categoried, and history.
Term
What are the three goals of historical theology mentioned in 3.01?
Definition
Remember the mnemonic "SCaD." The three parts are seeking the truth, confessing the truth, and defending the truth.
Term
What are the four main divisions of the New Testament Era as presented in 3.01?
Definition
Early Period, Imperial Period, Medieval Period and Modern Era.
Term
What are the six divisions of the New Testament Era as presented in 3.01?
Definition

Beginnings: (4BC-60AD)

First Wave of Persecutions: (60-218)

First time of Peace: (218-249)

Second Wave of Persecutions: (249-260)

Second Time of Peace: (260-302)

The Great Persecution: (302-311)

Term
What are the source distinctions mentioned in this presentation?
Definition
Remember the mnemonic "CHIPS." The source type distinctions are contemporary and historical, inspired and primary and secondary.
Term
Summarize in a sentence or two C.S. Lewis' Position on the use of the various kinds of historical source materials.
Definition
C.S. Lewis appreciates secondary and primary source material in use as historical sources, but he writes, "But if he must read only the new or the old, I would advise him to read the old."
Term
Summarize in a sentence or two C.S. Lewis' position in the value of historical perspective.
Definition
Regarding historical perspective, C.S. Lewis believes that it is clarifying and edifying to read the original source material, old books, so that we are more able to understand the perspectives and nuances of the times, instead of modern, biased interpretations.
Term
Summarize in a sentence or two Veith's concept of confessionalism.
Definition
Regarding confessional Christianity, Veith is of the opinion that as a Christian, remaining in the general area of Christianity wil not be enough, and Christians must join some church with distinctive teachings.
Term
Summarize in a sentence or two Veith's understanding of the connection between spirituality and theology.
Definition
"The fact is, there can be no spirituality without theology, no religious experience apart from religious belief. Even the flying-saucer cults and New Age seminars are selling not only a mystical jolt but a worldview,  implicit assumptions about the nature of reality that underlie their messages. So by "spirituality," I do not mean any kind of content-free, theologically vacuous quest for transcendent esperiences for their own sake. Rather, spirituality has to do precisely with the content, what fills abstract theology."
Term
What are the four methods of identifying God mentioned in 3.03?
Definition

Remember the mnemonic "PROPANE." The four methods are by PROPhecy, Attributes, Name, Exhaustion.

 

Term
What is the difference between essential and accidental attributes?
Definition
The accidental attributes of a thing can be changed without changing what the thing is. The essential attributes of a thing cannot be changed without changing what the thing is. A finger is accidental to a living human being. If he/she loses it, he/she is stil a human being. That person's head is however, essential.
Term
Define Begotten:
Definition
To have been generated as an offspring.
Term
Define "Eternally Begotten":
Definition
The relationship between God the Father and God the Son is described with this term. In some incomprehensible way, God the Son has always been, is being, and will always be generated as offspring of God the Father.
Term
Define Incarnation:
Definition
Becoming Flesh
Term
What is the difference between the Incarnation and the Doctrine of the Incarnation?
Definition
The incarnation is that unique event which occurred when God the Son took on human flesh in the womb of the Virgin Mary. The Doctrine of the Incarnation is the teaching about the Incarnation.
Term
What is Heresy?
Definition
A heresy is a false teaching that denies a basic truth of Christianity and places its followers outside the Christian Fait. Whether a teaching is true or false is ascertained by comparison with the Bible.
Term
Name two heresies of the First Century:
Definition
Docetism and Gnosticism.
Term
What are the doctrines of the Church, which we have studied?
Definition

Trinity: God is Three in One

Incarnation: Becoming Flesh

Justification: Becoming right in God's eyes

Term
What are the heresies of the Church which we have studied?
Definition

Docetism:Jesus just LOOKS like a man. (Meat Mask), Christ never came into the flesh.

  Gnosticism: Knowledge= Heaven/Paradise

2.       Emanation: Some major God, unapproachable, emanated angels, Earth was created by angels. One of the angels was the God of the Jews, bad for creating all of these things

Jesus is not THE God

Marcionism:

Edited the Bible to include the things that he wanted.

Arianism:

·         Understand that the Monad [eternally] was, but the Dyad was not before it came into existence. It immediately follows that, although the Son did not exist, the father was still God.  Hence the son, not being eternal came into existence by the father’s will, he the son is the only begotten God, and this one is alien from all others.

Term
What are the three parts of the Imperial Era and their date ranges?
Definition

The Era of Constantine: (325-378)

Christianization of the Empire: (378-431)

Barbarian Onslaught: (378-431)

Term
Name the three Ante-Nicene Church Fathers we have been studying.
Definition

Ignatius of Antioch: (ca. 35-107)

Irenaeus of Lyon: (ca. 130-ca. 200)

Tertullian: (ca. 160-ca. 225)

Term
Who is the Nicene Church Father we studied?
Definition
Athanasius (ca. 297-373)
Term
Why are the heretical teachings we have studied capable of robbing a person of faith? Think about Athanasius' line of argumentation especially.
Definition
The heretical teachings we have studied are capable of robbing a person of faith because they deny the true power and divinity of God and replace it with human reason instead of faith in God.
Term
While there were many Ante-Nicene Church Fathers, who were the three that figured prominently in refuting Docetism and Gnosticism, whom we studied in class?
Definition
Ignatius of Antioch, Ireneaeus of Lyon, and Tertullian.
Term
How does Ignatius and the other Ante-Nicene Church Fathers identify Jesus of Nazareth as God the Son?
Definition
Remember Propane. He points out that Jesus fulfilled prophecy, had the attributes of God, was named as Lord, and was the only one who fit all the criteria by which the scriptures tell us that the incarnate Son can be recognized.
Term
What are the key teachings of Gnosticism?
Definition
1. Special knowledge thought to give salvation from the material world.
2. Matter is evil and spirit is good.
3. Christ is spirit and thus did not die.
4. Christ came to destroy the creator of matter, the God of the Jews.
5. Complex systems of Gods, angels, and various emanations.
Term
How are doctrine and heresy related?
Definition
Doctrine is the teaching from the authoritative source. Heresy is deviation from the teaching of the authoritative source.
Term
With what method does St. Paul identify Christ as God the Son in Colossians 1 and 2?
Definition
By exhaustion
Term
What are the three divisions of the Imperial Period?
Definition
The Era of Constantine: (311-325)
Christianization of the Empire: (325-378)
Barbarian Onslaught: (378-431)
Term
What changed for the better when Constantine became Emperor?
Definition
The church was no longer persecuted. Many people heard the message of God's grace in Christ. Many people joined Christian Congregations.
Term
What changed for the worse when Constantine became emperor?
Definition
The huge influx of people meant that the teachings were not always passed on with fidelity. New heresies arose as a result.
Term
What was the slogan of the Arian supporters and how did it reflect Arius' teachings?
Definition
"There was a time when he was not." Arius taught that Jesus was uniquely created by God as a very special being, but Jesus was not God.
Term
What is the difference in meaning between homoousious and homoiousious?
Definition
Homoousious means "of the same substance/essence," whereas homoiousious means "of like/similar substance/essence."
Term
Why was the term Theotokos used?
Definition
Mary is truly the human mother of God the Son who is simultaneously the Son of God and the Son of Man.
Term
Why is it critical that the doctrine of the Incarnation be left intact?
Definition
The Doctrine of the Incarnation is connected inseparably with the Doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, and Justification.
Term
How did the Council of Nicaea respond to the debate between Arius and Athanasius?
Definition
The council of Nicaea heard the debate and then found that Athanasius' teaching was in line with the Scripture and Arius' was not. Arius was then called Heretic.
Term
What are the three divisions of the Imperial Period?
Definition
The Era of Constantine: (311-325)
Christianization of the Empire: (325-378)
Barbarian Onslaught: (378-431)
Term
What changed for the better when Constantine became Emperor?
Definition
The church was no longer persecuted. Many people heard the message of God's grace in Christ. Many people joined Christian Congregations.
Term
What changed for the worse when Constantine became emperor?
Definition
The huge influx of people meant that the teachings were not always passed on with fidelity. New heresies arose as a result.
Term
What was the slogan of the Arian supporters and how did it reflect Arius' teachings?
Definition
"There was a time when he was not." Arius taught that Jesus was uniquely created by God as a very special being, but Jesus was not God.
Term
What is the difference in meaning between homoousious and homoiousious?
Definition
Homoousious means "of the same substance/essence," whereas homoiousious means "of like/similar substance/essence."
Term
Why was the term Theotokos used?
Definition
Mary is truly the human mother of God the Son who is simultaneously the Son of God and the Son of Man.
Term
Why is it critical that the doctrine of the Incarnation be left intact?
Definition
The Doctrine of the Incarnation is connected inseparably with the Doctrines of the Trinity, Creation, and Justification.
Term
How did the Council of Nicaea respond to the debate between Arius and Athanasius?
Definition
The council of Nicaea heard the debate and then found that Athanasius' teaching was in line with the Scripture and Arius' was not. Arius was then called Heretic.
Term
What does Atonement mean?
Definition
A state of being brought into agreement or oneness, because satisfaction has been made, or a price has been paid.
Term
What were the key elements of the ritual that the Hebrew people observed on the Day of Atonement?
Definition
Special garb, ritual washing, sacrifice of bull because of officiant's sins, sacrifice of goat because of people's sins, scapegoat, blood of the sacrifice sprinkled on the Mercy Seat.
Term
What is the Tabernacle?
Definition
A portable structure for worship used by the Israelites before the Temple was built.
Term
Who was the officiant in the Day of Atonement rite?
Definition
The high priest.
Term
Who is the sin-bearing Servant in Isaiah 52:13-53:12?
Definition
The Christ, by whose sacrifice, the people are cleansed of sin, who is the scapegoat, that takes away the sins of the world.
Term
How can we identify who the Servant is?
Definition
Remember propane. We look here at a prophecy and for names and attributes.
Term
What are the four branches of theology?
Definition
Systematic, historical, exegetical, and practical (in no particular order.)
Term
What is systematic theology about?
Definition
Listing systematically the teachings of the Bible and studying the relationships between these various teachings.
Term
What was accounted to Abraham as righteousness, according to the Bible?
Definition
Faith in the promises of God.
Term
Who is responsible for bringing sin into the world, according to the Bible?
Definition
Adam is responsible.
Term
How was mankind justified, according to the Bible?
Definition
Through the Jesus' righteous act of living the perfect life and His perfect obedience in dying on the cross.
Term
What is the Law of God and what are its uses?
Definition
In this context, the Law is those things, which God forbids, and those, which He requires of His human creatures. the Law serves as a mirror, reflecting the hidden sinfulness of a person, so that he/she can see it clearly in himself/herself. The Law serves as a curb, inhibiting many sins by making plain the consequences. Finally, for believers the Law serves as a guide, clearly laying out those things, which are God-pleasing.
Term
What is the so-called Great Exchange?
Definition
God the Son takes our lives and makes them to be counted as His life, and He gives His perfect life so that it is counted as though we had lived that perfect life. Thus, on account of His life and death, we are forgiven and counted righteous. The benefits of this Great Exchange become ours by faith.
Term
What philosophical/theological movement did Anselm begin?
Definition
Scholasticism.
Term
What characterizes Scholasticism?
Definition
Scholasticism is an attempt to reconcile philosophical logic (usually Aristotelian logic) with theology. It often involves academic debate.
Term
What shapes magisterial reasoning?
Definition
Reason shapes interpretation. The Scripture is interpreted.
Term
What characterizes ministerial reasoning?
Definition
Reason is shaped by Scripture. Scripture interprets Scripture.
Term
Which hermeneutical rule is connected with the sola Scriptura principle?
Definition
Scripture interprets Scripture.
Term
How does the solidly historical development of the statement of the Scripture interprets Scripture principle shed light on the development of exegetical theology?
Definition
Exegetical theology cannot be severed from the other branches. The methods, categories, and terminology of historical theology (and the other two branches for that matter) affect the development of exegetical methods, categories, and terminologies.
Term
In what way do the Lutheran Confessions (e.g. Catechisms, Augsburg Confession, etc.) differ fundamentally from the writings of Anselm?
Definition
Anselm began with Scripture and argued away from them by speculation. The Lutheran Confessions confess Scriptural teachings and then verify by citation of pertinent passages.
Term
Who wrote the Small and Large Catechisms?
Definition
Dr. Martin Luther.
Term
Who wrote the Augsburg Confession?
Definition
Primarily Drs. Philipp Melancthon and Martin Luther.
Term
According to the Augsburg Confession, how ought justification be described?
Definition
Justification is full, free, by grace, through faith, for Christ's sake.
Term
What does "ex opera operato" mean?
Definition
Simply by doing the action or going through the motions.
Term
According to the Scriptures, sacraments do not operate ex opera operato. What is the basis for Holy Baptism's power to forgive sins?
Definition
The Word of God, particularly the Gospel (Rom. 1:16, 10:17).
Term
Be prepared to cite on Scripture passage used by the Augsburg Confession to support each point of its description of justification.
Definition
Free:Rom. 3:24
By Grace:Ephesians 2:8
Through Faith: Rom. 3:26
For Christ's Sake:Acts 10:43
Term
What are the three phases that are used in the course to group teachings related to salvation?
Definition
Salvation won for us, salvation distributed to us, salvation received by us.
Term
For the purposes of our coursework this far, which four teachings are grouped together under the heading, "Salvation won for us"?
Definition
Doctrines of Trinity, Creation, Incarnation, and Justification.
Term
For the purposes of our coursework thus far, which two concepts are grouped together under the heading "Salvation distributed to us"?
Definition
The means of Grace, the Church.
Term
For the purposes of our coursework thus far, which two concepts are grouped together under the heading "Salvation won for us"?
Definition
Faith, The Church.
Term
What is the commonality in the means of grace?
Definition
The Gospel, specifically "the declaration of the forgiveness of sins on the basis of the redemptive work of Christ the Son of God."
Term
For the purpose of this course, what is the definition of a sacrament?
Definition
A sacred act, instituted by God Himself, which consists of certain visible means connected with His Word, through which he offers, gives, gives, and seals to us the forgiveness of sins, which Christ has earned for us.
Term
What are the sacraments?
Definition
Holy Baptism, Holy Communion (a.k.a. the Lord's Supper, Eucharist, the Lord's Table, et al.)
Term
How is the Church connected to the concepts of salvation distributed and salvation received by us?
Definition
God has ordained that salvation be distributed through the means of grace and He has involved man in that process of distribution and He has designated man as the recipient of His grace through those means. (The water does not apply itself, for example, and it is applied to real people.)
Term
What does the term "objective" describe?
Definition
It describes the object of an action carried out by the subject.
Term
What does the term "subjective" describe?
Definition
It describes the subject, the doer of the action.
Term
What are the two main manifestations of objective justification?
Definition
Gospel Proclamation and administration of the sacraments.
Term
Can a Christian say, "I have faith, therefore I am saved."?
Definition
Yes, but faith does not save, Christ saves through faith.
Term
What does the term "efficacy" mean in relation to God's Word?
Definition
God's Word has the power to accomplish what it says.
Term
What is the definition of the Law of God which stands alongside the Gospel?
Definition
The Law of God is the teaching of the Bible that tells us what God would have us do and not do.
Term
What is the definition of the Gospel?
Definition
The Gospel is the teaching of the Bible that tells us what God has done for us by sending his own Son to be the atoning sacrifice for our sins and not just ours but those of the whole world.
Term
How does St. Paul interpret Jesus' words, "This is my body."?
Definition
St. Paul holds that the bread distributed in Holy Communion is the Body of Christ, since eating it in an unworthy manner makes one guilty of the body of the Lord.
Term
What event ended the primeval worship?
Definition
The fall into sin and subsequent loss of Eden.
Term
What promise leads sinners to worship?
Definition
The promise of the Savior from sin.
Term
When does the Old Testament worship begin?
Definition
Approximately 1446 B.C.
Term
What characterizes the Old Testament worship?
Definition
Typological sacrifice and temple.
Term
What does it mean to "Call upon the name of the Lord."?
Definition
To worship.
Term
When do the end times begin?
Definition
At the ascension of Christ.
Term
What characterizes the worship of the end times?
Definition
Historical Christ (anti-typological sacrifice) and the Christian Church (anti-typological temple).
Term
What characterizes worship in eternity?
Definition
Perfect unity and bliss with God forever.
Term
What is the state of mankind after the primeval time and before eternity?
Definition
Sinful and in desperate need of salvation by grace through faith.
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