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Midterm Packet
N/A
60
History
9th Grade
01/17/2011

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Frederick Jackson Turner Thesis
Definition

A thesis made by Jackson Turner in 1893 that stated that there was no longer a frontier in the U.S. He pointed out that westward expansion supplied ambition for Americans who wanted to succeed and start fresh. So America should supply more ambition by expanding further.

Term
Homestead Act
Definition

The Homestead act of 1862 gave settlers 120 acres of land as long as they improved the land by farming and building within 5 years. This act wasn't successful because many people didn't know how to farm and lost their land.

Term
Social Darwinism
Definition

A theory made by Charles Darwin in 1859 that applied wealth and capitalism to animals process of natural selection or "survival of the fittest". This theory was often used as and excuse to justify beliefs, fuel discrimination, and point out the poverty stricken conditions of many people of evidence of their unfitness.

Term
Laissez-Faire
Definition

Polices that allowed businesses to operate under a small amount of government regulation. This policy provided security for businesses in the 1800's that they needed to encourage industrial investment and growth.

Term
Corporation
Definition

A business in which a number of people shared the ownership. They expanded markets and improved the economy because if a corporation suffered economic problems the investors didn't loose any more money than they put in. 

Term
Trust
Definition

When a company assigned their stock to a board of trustees who combined them into a new organization. Trusts were used to get around the law that prevented a company from owning stock of another.

Term
Monopoly
Definition

When one company achieved control of another product or service. To do this a company usually bought out its competition or drove them out of business.

Term
Philanthropy
Definition

When wealthy big business owners gave money back to the community. Examples are Carnegie hall and the Rockefeller foundation.

Term
Assimilation
Definition

When a person/ group adopts characteristics of another culture. Examples are U.S assimilation of Native Americans.

Term

Old/New Immigrants

Definition
New immigrants (from southern and eastern Europe) were persecuted against by old immigrants (from western Europe) because new immigrants took away job opportunities. "Nativism"
Term
American Federation of Labor
Definition

An organization formed in 1886 that consisted of skilled workers who focused on specific workers issues. Including wages, working conditions and working hours.

Term
Haymarket Riot
Definition
A riot in 1886 in which workers campaigned to achieve an 8 hour workday. This riot made people hate labor unions, associating them with with violence.
Term
Pullman Strike
Definition

A violent strike led by Eugene Debs in 1894 in which workers protested wage cuts without a decrease in the cost of living in the company town. This set a trend of employers appealing for court orders against unions and winning.

Term
American Colonization Society
Definition

Created in order to satisfy the needs of abolitionists and former slaves. Both believed that freed slaves couldn't assimilate to American society. They supported the "Back to Africa Movement" or taking former slaves back to Africa.

Term
Granger Movement/Omaha Platform
Definition

Farmer movement to try and get the states to regulate railroad prices. They were against monopolers.

Term
Populist Movement
Definition

They didn't have a president, but worked and passed laws that established American income tax. They worked for more American rights.

Term
Progressive Movement
Definition

People worked for rights of consumers and workers and were against trusts and political machines. The Triangle Shirt Waist fire fueled this movement.

Term
Booker T. Washington
Definition

One of the most famous African American leaders in the 19th century. He thought that blacks shouldn't focus their attention on segregation but should build up their economic resources and establish their reputation as hardworking and honest citizens.

Term
W.E.B. Du Bois
Definition

African American leader who disagreed with Booker T. Washington's theory. He believed that African American should demand their rights or else become permanent victims of racism.

Term
Muckrackers
Definition

Writers who shinned the light on horrible working conditions to protect workers rights and actually brought change to factory conditions.

Term
Mass Production
Definition
Production of a product in great amounts. The Bessemer process made mass production of steel possible.
Term
Causes of Spanish/American War
Definition
The Yellow Journalism, the DeLome letter, American business and expansionist interests, sinking of the USS Maine, and Americans relating to Cuban revolutionists all fueled the war in 1898.
Term
Platt Amendment
Definition
An amendment added to the Cuban constitution following the Spanish/American war that restricted Cuban rights. Cuba couldn't sign a treaty without U.S consent, had to lease naval stations to the U.S, and the U.S had the right to intervene in order to maintain order.
Term
Big Stick Deplomacy
Definition

A policy promoted by Roosevelt in 1901 based on a quote by an African man " Speak softy and carry a big stick". It encourages Americans to uplift and civilize weaker nations and balance power like carrying a big stick.

Term
Panama Canal
Definition

A waterway passage completed in 1914 that connected the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean through Panama. One of the main reasons the U.S helped Panama gain independence from Columbia to gain Panama's trust and get the land to build the canal.

Term
Roosevelt Corollary
Definition

This policy introduced in 1904 by Roosevelt stated that the U.S would act as a mediator and keep the peace if a Latin American nation did chronic wrongdoings against European nations. This updated the Monroe Doctrine.

Term
Yellow Journalism
Definition
Journalism in which a popular comic-strip character called the Yellow Kid was featured. It exaggerated Spanish atrocities and related Cuban rebels to American Revolutionaries. Joseph Pulizer and William Randolph Hearst were examples of YJ journalists.
Term
Allied Powers
Definition

Britain, France, Russia, and Italy who were alliances in WWI. (Belgium and the United States(1917))

Term
Central Powers
Definition
Germany, Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Bulgaria that worked together as alliances in WWI.
Term
Mechanized Warfare
Definition

A new form of modern warfare in which included mustard gas, tanks, airplanes, submarines, and barbed wire.

Term
American Neutrality during WWI
Definition
At the beginning of WWI President Woodrow Wilson promoted neutrality but that quickly ended when the U.S joined the Allied Powers in 1917.
Term
Lusitania
Definition

A British Passenger ship that was sunk by Germany in 1915. This angered the U.S although Germany argued that the ship was armed.

Term
M.A.N.I.A
Definition
  • Militarism
  • Alliances
  • Nationalism
  • Imperialism
  • Assassination of Archduke of Austria-Hungary

 

Term
Western Front/Trench Warfare
Definition

Warfare in which soldiers dug out and occupied shallow trenches to shoot out at their opponent while still being protected from enemy fire. This was popularly used in WWI and was predictable.

Term
Big Four
Definition
France, England, Italy, and the United States
Term
Committee on Public Information
Definition

A committee that educated the public using propaganda to stress the wickedness of the enemy and explain the causes and the nature of the war in order to justify the war to Americans.

Term
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Definition

Espionage Act- gave postal the right to censor treasonable press.

Sedition Act- Made it unlawful to use offensive language towards the U.S government, constitution, or army.

These were passed to prosecute people against the goal of winning the war. They showed how the war lead to suppression of free speech and press.

Term
Anti-German Sentiment/Propaganda
Definition

British and French press and information that was false and told horrible stories of German crimes. I spread to the U.S and swayed public opinion.

Term
Isolationism
Definition

Belief that a nation  should isolate itself from all foreign conflicts. In the early stages of the war, Americans wanted to remain isolationists unless a nation directly threatened the U.S.

Term
League of Nations
Definition
An international organization formed after WWI that aimed to ensure security and peace for all its members.
Term
Calvin Coolidge
Definition

He became president in 1923, after the death of president Harding and was known as Silent Cal. He encouraged Laissez-Faire in order to help the U.S into a period of economic growth.

Term
Palmer Raids/Red Scare
Definition

A wave of widespread fear of suspected labor unions, anarchists, communists and radicals who were thought to be plotting revolution in the U.S. Palmer raids were raids were Mitchell Palmer ordered the arrest of thousands of suspected communists.The Palmer raids violated many civil rights and led to fear of all immigrants.

Term
Scopes Monkey Trial
Definition

Scopes was tried because he taught evolution instead of the Bible, he lost the trial and was fined $100. The trial drew nationwide attention and displayed a major modern science and religion clash that still continues today.

Term
Sacco and Vanzetti
Definition

Two Italian immigrants who were tried as suspects of a robbery and murder. Although there was little evidence, they were both anarchists and therefore were convicted and executed in 1927.

Term
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
Definition

Stated that the number of immigrants in a nationality couldn't exceed 3% of the number of people of that nationality living in the U.S in 1910. Established a quota system, or a system to regulate immigration.

Term
Great Migration
Definition

Movement of African Americans from the South to the North in search of factory jobs.

Term
Harlem Renaissance
Definition

Emergence of markets of black writers, musicians, and artists in Harlem in the 1920's. Examples include James Weldon Johnson.

Term
Flappers
Definition

A young women from the 1920's who defied traditional rules of conduct and clothing. Most women didn't desire to be like her, but the it was an important symbol of the womans rights movement.

Term
Schenck v. US (1919)
Definition

This case disputed that the Sedition and Espionage acts were illegal. Results: The acts were upheld, its okay to regulate press during a war.

Term
Prohibition
Definition

The 18th amendment which outlawed the sale alcohol in the U.S. Because the American public disagreed with it and it was largely disregarded, is was repealed in the 21 amendment. 

Term
Boom
Definition

A period in which people were getting rich quick because of the stock market. Cause by unregulated stock market and installment buying.

Term
Return to Normalcy
Definition

Republicans dominated the presidency in the 1920's. They had a philosophy of low federal spending and little government interference.

Term
Great Depression
Definition

Began with the crash of the stock markets and was marked by unemployment. Long and severe economic decline marked by a falling output of goods and services lasting from 1929 to 1941.

Term
Black Tuesday
Definition

Begining of the Great Depression, October 29th 1929 when the stock market crashed, losses of over $30 billion, many tried to pull their money out.

Term
Overproduction
Definition

To many goods produced with not many people to buy them.

Term
Herbivores
Definition
Animals that feed on plants
Term
Carnivores
Definition
Animals that feed on other animals.
Term
Parasite
Definition
Animals that live in or on another organism. (symbiotic relationship)
Term
Sexual reproduction
Definition
Allows organisms to maintain genetic diversity.
Term
Asexual reproduction
Definition
Allows organisms to increase their numbers rapidly.
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