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Midterm Chemistry Review
Intro to Chemistry, Measurements and Calculations, Matter and Energy, Theory of Atoms, Periodic Table, Chemical Equations
73
Chemistry
11th Grade
01/06/2009

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Term
Quantitative Observations
Definition
specific, describe sth in terms of numbers
Term
Qualitative Observations
Definition
rather general, use words to describe an object or event
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
a process of studying natural phenomena that involves making observations, forming laws and theories, and testing theories by experimentation.
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
a possible explanation for the observation
Term
Theory
Definition
a set of assumption put forth to explain some aspect of the observed behavior of matter
Term
Natural Law
Definition
a statement that expresses generally observed behavior.
Term
Units
Definition
Term
Volume
Definition
Term
Mass
Definition
Term
Conversion Factor
Definition
the ratio. ex: 2.54cm/1inch
Term
Equivalence Statement
Definition
ex: 2.54cm=1inch
Term
Dimensional Analysis
Definition
changing one unit to another via conversion factors (base on the equivalent statement between the units)
Term
Density
Definition
Term
Specific Gravity
Definition
the ratio of the density of a given liquid to the density of water at 4dC.
density/density -> no units
Term
Matter
Definition
any materials of the universe
Term
State of Matter
Definition
solid, liquid, gas
Term
Physical Properties
Definition
a characteristic of a substance that can change without the substance becoming different substance
Term
Chemical Properties
Definition
the ability of a substance to change to a different substance
Term
Physical Change
Definition
a change in the form of a substance, but not in its chemical nature; chemical bonds are not broken in a physical change
Term
Chemical Change
Definition
the change of substances into other substances through a reorganization of the atoms; a chemical reaction
Term
Element
Definition
a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means. it consists of atoms all having the same atomic number.
Term
Compound
Definition
a substance with constant composition that can be broken down with elements by chemical processes.
Term
Mixture
Definition
a material of variable composition of 2 or more substances
Term
Pure Substance
Definition
a substance with constant composition
Term
Homogeneous Mixture
Definition
a mixture that is the same through out, a solution
Term
Heterogeneous Mixture
Definition
a mixture that has different properties in different regions of the mixture
Term
Solution
Definition
a homogeneous mixture
Term
Distillation
Definition
a method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences on the ease of vaporization of the components
Term
Filtration
Definition
a method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid.
Term
Energy
Definition
the capacity to do work or to cause the flow of heat
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
energy of motion
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
energy of position
Term
Calorie
Definition
a unit of measurement for energy; 1 calorie equal the quantity of energy required to heat 1 g of H2O by 1 degree
1cal = 4.184J
Term
Joule
Definition
4.184J = 1cal
Term
Specific Heat / Specific Heat Capacity
Definition
the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1 Celsius degree
Term
Atom
Definition
fundamental unit of which elements are composed
Term
Compound, formula
Definition
Term
Proton
Definition
a positively charged particle in an atomic nucleus
Term
Electron
Definition
a negatively charged particle that occupies the space around the nucleus of an atom
Term
Neutron
Definition
a particle in the atomic nucleus with a mass approximately equal to that of the proton but with no charge
Term
Isotopes
Definition
atom of the same element(the same number of protons) that have different number of neutrons. They have identical atomic numbers but different mass numbers.
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique to each element
Term
Mass Number
Definition
the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus of an atom
Term
Atomic Mass
Definition
Term
Nuclear Symbol
Definition
includes Symbol, mass number, atomic number, charge (for cation or anion)
Term
Hyphen Notation
Definition
[name of element] - [mass number]
Term
Diatomic Molecules
Definition
a molecule composed of 2 atoms
Term
Ions, cations, anions
Definition
an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge. cation(+) / anion(-)
Term
Dalton's Atomic Theory
Definition
1. Elements are made of tiny particles called atoms.
2. All atoms of a given element are identical.
3. The atoms of a given element are different from those of any other element.
4. Atoms of one element can combine with atoms of other elements to form compounds. A given compounds always has the same relative numbers and type of atoms.
5. Atoms are indivisible in chemical processes. That is, atoms are not created or destroyed in chemical reactions. A chemical reaction simply changes the way the atoms are grouped together.
Term
Changes in Dalton's Atomic Theory
Definition
2. Atoms ARE NOT identical ->isotopes
4. They ARE DIVISIBLE.
Term
Particles and Equipments used by Thompson
Definition
Term
Particles and Equipments used by Millikan
Definition
oil drop experiment - charge/mass/ratio of an electron
Term
Particles and Equipments used by Rutherford
Definition
Gold foil experiment - gold foil, alpha particle
Term
Particles and Equipments used by Chadwick
Definition
Term
Atomic Notation
Definition
nuclear notation
Term
Ionization Energy
Definition
the quantity of energy required to move an electron from a gaseous atom or ion
Term
Electronegativity
Definition
a tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself
Term
Atomic Radii (size)
Definition
increase: to the right, down.
Term
Alkali Metals
Definition
group 1
Term
Alkaline Earth Metals
Definition
group 2
Term
Transition Metals
Definition
group 3 - 13
Term
Lanthanides
Definition
series/group of 14 elements following lanthanum on the periodic table, in which the 4f orbitals are being filled
Term
Actinides
Definition
series/group of 14 elements following actinium on the periodic table is which the 5f orbitals are being filled
Term
Metals
Definition
an element that gives up electrons relatively easily and is typically lustrous, malleable and a good conductor of heat and electricity
Term
Non-metals
Definition
an element that does not exhibit metallic characteristics. Chemically, a typical nonmetal accepts electrons from a metal.
Term
Metalloid
Definition
semi metal, an element that has both metallic and nonmetallic properties
Term
Noble Gases
Definition
last group on periodic table, consists of 8 elements
Term
Group
Definition
vertical column of elements having the same electron configuration and similar chemical properties
Term
Period
Definition
a horizontal row in the periodic table
Term
Oxidation Number/State
Definition
a concept that provides a way to keep track of electron in oxidation-reduction reactions according to certain rules
Term
Trends in Periodic Table
Definition
1. size: increases when go to the left and downward
2. electronegativity: increases when go to the right and upward
3. ionization energy: increases when go to the right and upward
==>reason: #'s of energy levels (left/right) and atomic number (up/down)
Term
Reactant
Definition
Term
Product
Definition
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