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Midterm 2 review
part IV through X
61
Religious Studies
Undergraduate 1
11/20/2009

Additional Religious Studies Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Ostracon
Definition

Goliath inscription

gives credibility to formation of Israelite monarchy

found near where the battle between David and Goliath was said to take place

dated to the years of the reign of David, pot shard

Term
Merneptah Stele (1207 bce)
Definition

first extra-biblical evidence of Israel as a distinct people during the beginning of the Iron Age

inscription that celebrates the victories of the pharaoh over people in Libya and Palestine

word "Israel" is preceded by determination for people rather than a place

"Israel is laid waste, their seed is not"

depending on interpretation-15th (read Israel as synonymous with Canaan, israelites established enough at the time to pose a threat to Egyptian control) or 13th century (people present in area that did not yet bear their name as the country, must have come recently) Exodus

Term
Amarna letters
Definition

extrabiblical support for 15th century exodus

correspondence between Egyptian vassals in Palestine to Pharaohs Amenhotep III and IV describe instability, Israel would have entered Palestine with the unrest

Time of unrest, turmoil in the late bronze age

Economic down time, famine, outbreaks of disease

Economic disparity, rich getting richer and the poor getting poorer

Explosion of new settlements, more egalitarian

City state kings having things taken from them by Apiru (social bandits, could represent pre-Israelites)

whole land is not conquered by Joshua

Term
hyksos
Definition

foreigners who established themselves as rulers over Egypt

evidence for 15th century exodus

connection between Hyksos rule and patriarchal migration, Joseph rose to power because fellow semites were already ruling

Term
Apiru
Definition
referred to in the Amarna letters, extrabiblical evidence for 15th century exodus, social bandits taking things from the city state kings who could represent pre-Israelites
Term
Dtr
Definition

Deuteronomistic Historian, redactor

work found in Joshua 1 and 2 Judges, Samuel, 1 and 2 Kings

adds to aspect of moral history, editorial comments about punishments for bad deeds, contradictions in joshua and judges suggest his existence, references things in the future as if they existed in this period, very selective in who he focuses on (David), king Manessa is an exception, Elijah- power of god supports his words

Term
henotheism
Definition

belief that one God is important in a particular time and to a particular people

Israelites practiced this before they were strictly monotheistic

though one of its main contributions is seen to be the idea of monotheism, Israel was not always a monotheistic society

the characteristics of el were assumed into yhwh

Term
motive clauses
Definition

give rationale for laws, didactic, want to teach community something, represents cultural traditions

makes it different than other ancient near eastern codes of law such as Hammarabi's code

example- don't make altar of hewn stone with steps because your nakedness will be exposed

Term
casuistic
Definition

law that states if this occurs then this will be the legal consequence, used in case law, similarity between covenant code and other Near East legal material

opposite of apodictic

Term
apodictic
Definition

a form of law given in absolute commands without any conditions, unique to the Israelites, decalogue

"Thou shall not steal"

Term
decalogue
Definition

10 commandments that appear in Exodus and Deuteronomy

essence of covenant demands on Israel

many precepts already existed, no idols and holy sabbath may be unique, spoken directly to each individual by God, meant to be known by all, apodictic

promote good of the community

Term
Hammurabi's Code
Definition

 (1792 -1750 bce) set of laws from ancient mesopotamia

Similarities with Covenant code- civil and criminal law, similar topics and wordings, casuistic,

differences- no religious law, justice is the goal, very descriptive, adherence to cosmic order, gods monitor

like US law is to English law

Term
Jericho
Definition

city in canaan that Joshua supposedly destroyed

there is archaeological evidence of destruction of the city, but there are discrepancies in the date of the destruction, so it could have happened before the time of Joshua, could have been an earthquake, no late bronze age II occupation

Term
prototype
Definition

Exodus, event that happens,event that happens in time, plays an important role in the culture of the descendants to whom it actually happened, continues to influence people, experience gets repeated generation after generation, has meaning that transcends the moment in which it happens (thanksgiving, resurrection, nativity)

becomes more and more fantastic and elaborate as it is passed on to ensure that each generation understands the importance of the event (memory)

Term
hepatoscopy
Definition
part of divination, professional prophesy, reading of the liver, done for a fee, learned, stock interpretations, inititated by customer, different from classical prophesy
Term
Philistines
Definition
a group of sea people from the Aegean region, formation of ethnos around same time as Israel, technologically advanced, expanding east, conquered Shilo, their threat may have prompted formation of the monarchy so that Israel would have a stronger army, David defeats goliath the philistine, pentapuls- 5 cities
Term

mnemohistory

 

Definition

narratives in Exodus help people remember a formative experience that happen to a small group of them (collective cultural memory), not meant to simply record facts

Term
Moabite stone (ca. 830)
Definition
admitted that Omri controlled Moab for many years, shows imperial reach of Omri, unusually for king to record defeats, longest inscription in the west semitic language, mesha is the moab king
Term
messiah
Definition

hebrew for "anointed one"

davidic monarchy is considered god's son

kings are marked by god

Jesus is considered a son of david, will restore Israel after kings fail

Term
Huldah
Definition

only female prophet mentioned in the book of kings, her oracle was event that led to Josiah's reform

judgement against Judah, Josiah will die in peace before judgement, gives authority to "book of law" found during the refurbishing of the temple

Term
Mesha
Definition
Moabite stone, Omri invaded Moab
Term
Then the lord said to moses, rise early in the morning and present yourself before pharaoh as he goes out to the water, and say to him, 'thus says the lord: let my people go, so that they may worship me.
Definition
similar literary structure to genesis 1, medium is the message, god's control of human hearts shows his sovereignty, exodus is miraculous, introduces theme of freedom and redemption by god, exodus
Term
On the morning of the third day, there was thunder and lightning...
Definition
moses going to talk to god on sinai and receiving the ten commandments, sensory explosion is a literary device showing that this was an earthshaking event, moving from old order to new order, exodus
Term
you shall have on other gods before me
Definition
monaltry, one of the 10 commandments, not necessarily monotheism, other gods exist, but only worship yhwh, exodus, absolute law
Term
you need make for me only one altar...for if you use your chisel on it you will profane it.
Definition
god talking to moses on sinai, example of a motive clause, exodus
Term
when someone steals an ox...
Definition
exodus, similar theme (stealing) to hammurabi, causistic, doesn't differentiate punishment for different classes of people, ordinances that god gave to moses on sinai, corporate responsibility
Term
when someone delivers to a neighbor money or goods...
Definition
exodus, similar to Hammurabi, bring before god, there must be proof
Term
you shall not oppress a resident alien...
Definition
exodus, exodus story served a didactic function, don't oppress others because you were oppressed, motive clause, egalitarain society
Term
and have them make me a sanctuary
Definition
exodus, temple, not just a place of worship, house of god, ark of the covenant, god's presence brings protection, god's proximity to people, edifice complex (costs so much money), god can be reached in different places, temple is replica of god's place in heaven
Term
he said, my presence will go with you and I will give you rest
Definition
exodus, god talking to moses when he has pitched his tent away from the camp, before moses goes to sinai again to make a new covenant with god, on the way to the promise land, god is with all who call his name, makes yhwh and Israel unique, god's presence is synonymous with protection
Term
do not go up, for the lord is not with you...
Definition
numbers, try to enter promise land without god and are defeated, god's presence gives them protection, ark of covenant did not leave the camp
Term
take care that you do not offer your burnt offerings at any place you happen to see
Definition
deut, text on which josiah's reform was based, only sacrifice in Jerusalem
Term
slaves who have escaped to you from their owners shall not be given back
Definition
deut, legal materials, shows humanism, care for marginalized, because of cultural collective memory of Egypt,
Term
no one shall take a mill...
Definition
deut, legal materials, social services for the impovershed, unique from other near eastern law, necessary for livelihood, was like taking a life, unenforceable, apodictic law 
Term

He was buried in a valley in the land of Moab, opposite Bethpeor, but no one knows his burial place to this day…

Definition

No known burial place so that people will be less likely to worship him, it is possible that God buried him, Moses didn’t write all of Deuteronomy because it is in third person and about his death, dies before he enters the promise land, keeps him human, god shows him the promise land but does not let him go in, deut

Term

 

So Joshua defeated the whole land…

Definition

Joshua, complete conquest as the lord told moses, that they should not make covenants with the previous inhabitants, does not match archeology or judges which talks about native people and about further battles, contradiction in the bible, genocide?

Term

But sir, how can I deliver Israel…

Definition

Judges, God talking to Gideon and telling him to go to battle with the Midianites who had conquered Israel, archetype example of a judge, deliverer, outside of hierarchy, spirit of the lord trumps everything else about you,

Term

Inquire of God that we may know whether the mission will be a success…

Definition

Judges, spies from the Danite clan stop at house of Micah and ask if their mission to get territory would succeed, example of professional prophecy, customers came to seek out the prophet, gave them a yes or no answer

Term

Israel is defeated by the Philistines even after they bring the ark of the covenant into the camp…

Definition

1 Samuel, exception to the idea that God’s presence equals protection and provision, did inspire fear in the hearts of the Philistines, when they need extra help, the bring the ark closer to them, ark contains covenant betweeen god and Israel, makes apparent that people need a military leader becaue they still lost

Term

Then all the elders gathered and asked Samuel to appoint a king…

Definition

1 Samuel, want a king after Samuel appoints his sons to be judges, but they do not follow his ways and are corrupt and unjust, other reasons they want a king are large threat from philistines, difficult communication, need mechanism for trade, anarchy, irregular transition between leaders, bad- human king replaces god as king, takes kids, taxes

Term

Now there was no smith to be found throughout all the land of Israel…

Definition

1 Samuel, Saul and Jonathon are leading the Israelites into battle against the Philistines, Philistines have more advanced weapns, why they are such a big threat to Israelites, why they want a king,

Term
He shall build a house for my name...
Definition

2 Samuel, Prophet Nathan speaking to king David, temple will make permanent the presence of god, legitimize him as king, kings as son of god, Jesus is a part of the Davidic line, dynasty will go on forever, connects david to the covenant

Term

Now these are the last words of David…

Definition

Oracle, shows multiplicity of roles as a prophet, rules in the fear of god, 2 Samuel, transition period

Term
Omri did what was evil in the sight of the lord...
Definition

1 kings, actually acts are recorded in another book that is not included in bible, bible is only a piece of literature from the time period, commentary of dtr, blessings and curses

 

Term
Ahab summoned Obadiah...
Definition
1 kings, moral history not political history, Elijah the prophet is coming to talk to Ahab
Term
In the third year of King Hoseha, hezekiah bgan to reign...
Definition
reform, removed foreign elements from religion as he tried to throw off Assyrian threat, religious as well as political move, 2 kings,
Term
that very night the angel of the lord set out and struck down...
Definition
2 kings, Assyrians have put Jerusalem undersiege, but fail because "angel of death" (disease) overcomes them, gives city mystique, people are sure God is watching over them, helps Josiah's reform succeed
Term
I will tell of the decree of the lord: he said to me, "you are my son...
Definition
psalms, kings are sons of god, Jesus is part of davidic line, anointed by god, poetry
Term
How long, o lord? will you forget me forever?
Definition
psalms, presence of god, when you are in trouble god is absent, resolve tension by creating temple which is a tangible symbol of the presence of god
Term
surely goodness and mercy shall follow me all the days of my life...
Definition
psalms, when god is present he provides protection and comfort, god is always present, god lives everywhere, not just in a temple, from king David, resolve tension, temple is symbol of constant presence of god
Term
I cry aloud to god...what god is so great as our god?
Definition
multiple gods, psalms, cultural memory of exodus, god heard cry of oppression in egypt
Term
I will establish descendants forever...
Definition
psalm, covenant theme, connects david to covenant
Term
then i will make this house like shiloh, and i willm ake this city a curse for all the nations of the earth
Definition
jeremiah, son of josiah is king, people are not following the covenant, god will destroy them like shiloh was destroyed, classical prophesy, not initiated by recipiant, source directly from god
Term
thus says the lord, the people who survived the sword found grace in the wilderness; when Israel sought rest
Definition
Jeremiah, classical prophesy
Term
for the king of babylon stands at the fork in the rode and uses divination...
Definition
professional prophesy, ezekiel, prophesy will seem false because people believe Jerusalm to be invincible, hepatoscopy, destroys jerusalem
Term
If a seignior stole the property of the church or the state, that seignor will be put to death...
Definition
Hammurabi, less concern for life, causistic, criminal  law
Term
If a seignor deposited his grain...
Definition
Hammurabi, same punishment, brought before god to decide, causistic, 3 possible explanations
Term
If an ox while walking down the street, gored a seignor...
Definition

Hammurabi, owner is not liable if it is not a gorer, if it is a gorer, must pay recompense, in bible ox and owner are killed immediately, different recompense for different classes of people

Term
the apiru plunder all the lands of the king...
Definition
amarna letters, israelites causing turmoil as they settle in cana, didn't destroy all natives
Term
Akeneton
Definition
made sun god, Aten, only god you could worship, only elite relgion, no life program, vanished when he died
Term
aniconographic
Definition
refers to that aspect of israelite relgion that forbade the use of images for deities
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