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Middle East Midterm
midterm
74
History
Undergraduate 1
03/08/2014

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Term
Rashidun
Definition
is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four caliphs (Abu Bakr, Umar,Uthman ibn Affan and Ali) of the Rashidun Caliphate, the first caliphate founded after the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.
Term
Umayyad
Definition

the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate (661–750 ce), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the Umayyad state). 

 
Term
Abbasid
Definition
second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim Empire of the Caliphate. It overthrew the Umayyad caliphate in ad 750 and reigned as the ʿAbbāsid caliphate until destroyed by the Mongol invasion in 1258.
Term
Buyid
Definition

were a Shia[4] dynasty which originated from Lahijan in Gilan.[5] They founded a confederation that controlled most of modern-day Iran and Iraq in the 10th and 11th centuries. During the 10th and 11th centuries, just prior to the invasion of the Seljuq Turks, the Buyids were the most influential dynasty in the Middle East.[6] 

 
Term

Ghaznavid

Definition
was a Muslim dynasty of Turkic slave origin[5][6][7] ruling much of Persia,Transoxania, and the northern parts of the Indian subcontinent
Term
Seljuk
Definition
hero of the seljuks turks.  (look up)
Term
Zengid
Definition

 dynasty was a Muslim dynasty of Oghuz Turk origin,[1] which ruled parts of Syria and northern Iraq on behalf of the Seljuk Empire.[2] 

 
Term
Ayyubid
Definition
was a Muslim dynasty ofKurdish origin,[3][4][5] founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt. The dynasty ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE.
Term
Mongolian invasons
Definition

 emerged in the course of the 13th century by a series of conquests and invasions throughout Central and Western Asia, reaching Eastern Europe by the 1240s 

 
Term
mamluk
Definition
meaning "property" or "owned slave" of the king;
Term
Il-Khanid
Definition
Mongol dynasty that ruled in Iran from 1256 to 1335  captured badgdad and all of iran
Term
timurid
Definition

dynasty of Turkic-Mongol origin descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane). The period of Timurid rule was renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Iran and Central Asia.

After Timur’s death (1405), his conquests were divided between two of his sons: Mīrānshāh (died 1407) received Iraq, Azerbaijan, Moghān, Shīrvān, and Georgia, while Shāh Rokhwas left with Khorāsān.

 
Term
Ottoamn
Definition

empire created by Turkish tribes in Anatolia. One of the most powerful states in the world during the 15th and 16th centuries, it spanned more than 600 years and came to an end only in 1922, when it was replaced by the Turkish Republic and various successor states in southeastern Europe and the Middle East. At its height the empire included most of southeastern Europe to the gates of Vienna, including modern Hungary, Serbia, Bosnia, Romania, Greece, and Ukraine; Iraq, Syria, Israel, and Egypt; North Africa as far west as Algeria; and most of the Arabian Peninsula. The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman (Arabic: ʿUthmān), the nomadic Turkmen chief who founded both the dynasty and the empire. 

 
Term
Safavid
Definition

Iranian dynasty whose establishment of Shīʿite Islām as the state religion of Iran was a major factor in the emergence of a unified national consciousness among the various ethnic and linguistic elements of the country. 

 
Term
Caliph
Definition

ruler of the Muslim community. When the Prophet Muhammad died (June 8, 632 ce), Abū Bakr succeeded to his political and administrative functions as khalīfah rasūl Allāh, “successor of the Messenger of God,” but it was probably under ʿUmar ibn al-Khaṭṭāb, the second caliph, that the term caliph came into use as a title of the civil and religious head of the Muslim state 

 
Term
Umma
Definition
is an Arabic word meaning "nation" or "community
Term
Iqta
Definition

in the Islāmic empire of the Caliphate, land granted to army officials for limited periods in lieu of a regular wage. 

 
Term
Hadith
Definition

 record of the traditions or sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, revered and received as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, second only to the authority of the Qurʾān, the holy book of Islam 

 
Term
Sunni
Definition
is the largest branch of Islam.  Sunni Islam is the world's largest religious body[1] and largest religious denomination for any religion in the world. Sunni Islam is sometimes referred to as the orthodox version of the religion.
Term
Sunna
Definition

is the way of life prescribed as normative for Muslims on the basis of the teachings and practices of the Islamic prophetMuhammad and interpretations of the Quran 

 
Term

Shiite

 

 

Definition

member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, distinguished from the majority Sunnis. member of the smaller of the two major branches of Islam, distinguished from the majority Sunnis.

Early development

Early in the history of Islam, the Shīʿites were a political faction (Arabic shīʿat ʿAlī, “party of ʿAlī”) that supported the power of ʿAlī ibn Abī Ṭālib (the fourth caliph [khalīfah, successor of Muhammad]) and, later, of his descendants.

 

 

Term
Mosque
Definition
any house or open area of prayer in Islam
Term
Madrasa
Definition
any type of educational institution, whethersecular or religious (of any religion).
Term
Sultan
Definition

according to the Qurʾān, moral or spiritual authority 

 
Term
Shariah
Definition
the fundamental religious concept of Islam, namely its law,    islamic law is allahs command.
Term
Sufi
Definition
(practitioner is known as this)  branch of Islam,[1] defined by adherents as the inner, mystical dimension of Islam; others contend that it is a perennial philosophy of existence that pre-dates religion,
Term
Surah
Definition

a chapter in the sacred scripture of Islam, the Qurʾān. Each of the 114 surahs, which vary in length from several pages to several words, encompasses one or more revelations received by Muhammad from Allah (God).  

 
Term
Vezir
Definition
A high officer in a Muslim government, especially in the Ottoman Empire.
Term
Koran
Definition

 the sacred scripture of Islam and, for all Muslims, the very word of God, revealed through the agency of the archangel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad. 

 
Term
Allah
Definition
the one and only God in Islam
Term
bedouin
Definition

Arabic-speaking nomadic peoples of the Middle Eastern deserts, especially of North Africa, theArabian Peninsula, Egypt, Israel, Iraq, Syria, and Jordan. 

 
Term
Hajj
Definition
the pilgrimage to the holy city of Mecca in Saudi Arabia, which every adult Muslim of either sex must make at least once in his or her lifetime.
Term
Hijrah
Definition

the Prophet Muhammad’s migration (ad 622) from Mecca to Medina in order to escape persecution 

 
Term
Imam
Definition
the head of the Muslim community; the title is used in the Qurʾān several times to refer to leaders and to Abraham.
Term
Kaaba
Definition

small shrine located near the centre of the Great Mosque in Mecca and considered by Muslims everywhere to be the most sacred spot on Earth. Muslims orient themselves toward this shrine during the five daily prayers, bury their dead facing its meridian, and cherish the ambition of visiting it on pilgrimage, or hajj, 

 
Term
Janissary
Definition

member of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire from the late 14th century to 1826 

 
Term
Mamluk
Definition

slave soldier, a member of one of the armies of slaves that won political control of several Muslim states during the Middle Ages. Under the Ayyūbid sultanate, Mamlūk generals used their power to establish a dynasty that ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 151 

 

Term
Minaret
Definition

 A distinctive architectural feature of mosques, generally a tall spire with an onion-shaped or conical crown. The main function of the minaret is to provide a vantage point from which the call to prayer

 
Term
Hijab
Definition

is a veil that covers the head and chest, which is particularly worn by a Muslim female. Muslim women wear it as a symbol of modesty, privacy and morality.

 
Term
Pasha
Definition
was a higher rank in the Ottoman political and military system, typically granted to governors, generals and dignitaries and others.
Term
Quraish
Definition

were a powerful merchant tribe that descended Ishmael and controlled Mecca and its Ka'aba. Muhammad was born into the Banu Hashim clan of the Quraysh tribe.

 
Term
Umayyad
Definition

the first great Muslim dynasty to rule the empire of the Caliphate (661–750 CE), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom.  Was a largely merchant family of the Quraysh tribe centered at Mecca.

 
Term
Hashim
Definition

Hashim was the great-grandfather of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and the progenitor of the Banu Hashim clan of the distinguished Quraish tribe in Mecca.

 
Term
Millet
Definition

is a term for the confessional communities in the Ottoman Empire. It refers to the separate legal courts pertaining to "personal law" under which communities

 
Term
Divan/diwan
Definition

was a high governmental body in a number of Islamic states, or its chief official

 
Term
Coptic
Definition

Is the latest stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century.

 
Term
Druze
Definition
are a monotheistic ethnoreligious community, found primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan.
Term
Janissary
Definition

were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards. 

 
Term
Five Pillars
Definition

are five basic acts in Islam, considered mandatory by believers and are the foundation of Muslim life.

 
Term
Ghazi
Definition
Is a title given to Muslim warriors or champions. It may be used out of respect or officially. Many of the Ottoman Sultans wore this title officially
Term
Young Turks
Definition

was a Turkish nationalist reform party in the early 20th century, favoring reformation of the absolute monarchy of the Ottoman Empire.

 
Term
Nationalism
Definition

is a belief, creed or political ideology that involves an individual identifying with, or becoming attached to, one's nation.

 
Term
Mohammed
Definition

was a man from Mecca who unified Arabia into a single religious polity underIslam. Believed by Muslims and Bahá'ís to be a messenger and prophet of God, Muhammad is almost universally considered by Muslims as the last prophet sent by God to mankind.

 
Term
Khadijah
Definition
the first wife of the Prophet Muḥammad (the founder of Islām), whom she met when she was the widow of a wealthy merchant and had become prosperous in the management of her own commercial dealings.
Term
Fatimah
Definition

was a daughter of prophet and Khadijah, wife of Ali and mother of Hasan and Hussein

 
Term
Hasan
Definition

He is the son of Ali and Fatimah. The latter is the daughter of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. After his father's death, he briefly succeeded him as the righteous Caliph (head of state),

 
Term
Hussein
Definition

was the son ofAli ibn Abi Ṭalib. Hussein is highly regarded by Shia Muslims because he refused to pledge allegiance to Yazid I,[6] theUmayyad caliph because he considered the rules of the Umayyads unjust.

 
Term
Ali
Definition
was the cousin and son-in-law of Islamic prophet Muhammad, ruling over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661.[7] A son of Abu Talib, Ali was also the first male who accepted Islam
Term
Umar
Definition

was one of the most powerful and influential Muslim caliphs(rulers) in history. He succeeded Abu (632–634) as the second Rashid of the Rashidun Caliphate on 23 August 634.

 
Term
Uthman
Definition

was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad. He is the third of the Sunni Rashidun or "Rightly Guided Caliphs".

 
Term
Abu Bakr
Definition

was a senior companion (Sahabi) and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632–634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death

 
Term
Muawiyah
Definition

established the Umayyad Dynasty of the caliphate,[1][2] and was the second caliph from the Umayyad clan.

 
Term
Harun al-Rashid
Definition
was the fifth Abbasid Caliph. His rule encompassed modern Iraq.
Term
The Barmakids
Definition

 were an influential family from Balkh in Bactria where they were originally Buddhists, and subsequently came to great political power under the Abbasid caliphs of Baghdad.

 

Term
Zengi
Definition

was an atabeg of Turkish descent, ruler of Mosul, Aleppo, Hama, and Edessa and founder of the Zengid dynasty. In 1130 Zengi allied with Taj al-Mulk Buri of Damascus against the crusaders

 
Term
Nur al-Din
Definition
was a member of the Turkic Zengid dynasty which ruled the Syrian province of the Seljuk Empire. He reigned from 1146 to 1174
Term
Salah al-Din
Definition

was the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria and the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. A Muslim of Kurdish origin, Saladin led the Muslim opposition against the European Crusaders in the Levant

 
Term
Al-Hakim
Definition

was the sixth Fatimid caliph. Al-Hakim is an important figure in a number of Shia Ismaili religions

 
Term
Sheikh Darazi
Definition

as an 11th-centuryIsmaili preacher and early leader of the Druze faith who was labeled a heretic in 1016 and subsequently executed by the Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.

 
Term
Ghengis Khan
Definition

was the founder and Great Khan (emperor) of the Mongol Empire, which became the largest contiguous empire in history after his demise.

 
Term
Timur the Lame
Definition
was a Turko-Mongol ruler of Barlas lineage.[3][4][5] He conquered West, Southand Central Asia and founded the Timurid dynasty. Timur envisioned the restoration of the Mongol Empire of Genghis Khan
Term
Osman
Definition

was the leader of the Ottoman Turks, and the founder of the dynasty that established and ruled the Ottoman State. Osman announced the independence of his own small kingdom from the Seljuk Turks in 1299, and was acclaimed the Khan of the Kayihan tribe.

 
Term
Suleyman I
Definition

sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1520 to 1566 who not only undertook bold military campaigns that enlarged his realm but also oversaw the development of what came to be regarded as the most characteristic achievements of Ottoman civilization in the fields of law, literature, art, and architecture.

 
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