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Middle East Test 2
test 5/11
90
History
9th Grade
05/10/2011

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Term
Who were the Seljuks?
Definition
Turkish people who controlled Jerusalem when the Christians wanted it
Term
Why did Pope Urban II call for a crusade?
Definition
The land of Jerusalem was considered holy to the Christian people and Muslims were controlling it
("will of Gd")
Term
What is another name for Ataturk?
What did he do?
Definition
Mustafa Kemal.
Ataturk tried to create a modern, secular Turkey, by:
-encouraging economic development with government funds
-separation of religion/gov't (mosque/state) (based on western model)
-women right to VOTE, hold public office
-setting up public schools
-encouraged people to wear western clothing
Term
Define: crusade
Definition
A holy war.
Term
Who was Saladin?
Definition
Muslim warrior who was Gd-fearing, courteous, and generous to both friends and enemies
Term
Saladin conquered Jerusalem. How did this differ from when the Christians conquered?
Definition
Saladin wasn't way mean.
Term
Who were the Ottomans?
Definition
Sunni people of Anatolia, a Turkish speaking people who formed the Ottoman Empire
Term
Who was Suleiman I?
Definition
Ottoman ruler who brought the empire to its height via military conquests and law reform.
Term
Name for slaves in Ottoman Empire? Explain
Definition
Janassids = Christians boys who trained for the military and gained freedom by converting to Islam.
Term
Who were the non-muslim communities of the Ottoman Empire called?
Definition
millets
Term
An Islamic man have ____ wives, and only if
Definition
4, he can provide financially for all of them
Term
Muslim men can marry____
Muslim women can marry___
Definition
anyone
Muslim men
Term
How does one divorce in Islam?
Definition
Man-->3x "I divorce you"
Women--> prove her case
Term
Why do women have to be covered up?
Definition
To keep men from lusting after them
Term
In the 1700s & 1800s European imperialism and growing nationalism posed challenges to the _______
Definition
Ottomans
Term
These four groups (ottoman) gained independence
Definition
-Greeks
-Serbs
-Romanians
-Bulgarians
Term
Reform efforts of Ottomans?
Definition
-tried to modernize army and gov't to be more like the West
-set up secular schools, taught sci and tech
Term
Why were Ottoman reforms unsuccessful?
Definition
corrupt officials, religious leaders, and other groups opposed changes that threatened their power
Term
What is the name of the revolutionary Turkish groups that wanted to end Western imperialism?
What was their major political action?
Definition
-Young Turks
-Replaced Sultan
Term
Who didn't the Young Turks like? (besides Westerners)
Definition
Armenian Christians
Term
WWI:
who vs. who?
Definition
Germany, Ottomans vs. Russia, Great Britain, France
Term
What happened to the Ottoman Empire as a result of the Versailles peace conference?
Definition
Their provinces were stripped
Term
What did Britain get as a mandate?
Definition
Iraq, Transjordan, and Palestine
Term
What did France get as mandates?
Definition
Syria and Lebanon
Term
Define: mandate:
Definition
territory that was administered but not owned by a member of the league of nations (U.N.)
Term
Why did some Arabs feel betrayed by the Versailles peace conference?
Definition
They helped the British fight the Ottomans, and wanted independent kingdoms
Term
Why did Britain and France not want to give up their mandates?
Definition
OIL!!!
Term
Define: zionism
Definition
movement which sought to reestablish a Jewish state in palestine
Term
Define: Baltour Declaration
Definition
Britain supported Jews setting up a homeland in Palestine, existing non-Jews had equal rights
Term
Define: Pan-Arabism
Definition
movement that sought to unite all Arabs based on language and culture, as people knew they couldn't fight the West as separate nations
Term
Who LOVED Pan-Arabism?
Definition
President Nasser of Egypt
Term
Name three gov't systems in the ME, where found
Definition
monarchy- Morocco, Saudi, Jordan
democracy- Iraq, Israel
republic- United Arab Emirates
Term
Name for sacred law of Islam?
Definition
Shariah
Term
Define: Islamic Fundamentalism
Definition
-Demand of a return to the values of the Koran
-Religious leaders should have authority
-Strict separation of men/women
-radicalism
Term
Problems of modern day middle east?
Definition
-population explosion (food shortages)
-Great disparity between oil-rich nations and those surrounding them
Term
The greatest demand from the population explosion besides food is...
Definition
a new water supply
Term
Name prosperities gained by oil-rich nations
Definition
-new capitals built
-new hospitals built
-overall SOL raised
Term
How do middle easterners find jobs/housing in cities?
Definition
networks of family/friends
Term
As women's education increased...however...
Definition
they wanted more jobs. However, the spread of Islamic fundamentalism has influenced many more women to return to more strict and traditional ways.
Term
What happened after WWII concerning Israel?
Definition
-Violence between Arabs and Jews increased
-Thousands of Jewish refugees left Europe for Palestine
-Great Britain was exhausted from the war, and unable to resolve the violence, and gave Palestine to the U.N.
Term
In 1947, the U.N. recommended that...
Definition
Palestine be partitioned into a Jewish state and an Arab state
Term
What happened on May 14, 1948?
Definition
Israel was made
Term
Which countries wanted to rain on Israel's parade?
Definition
Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Iraq, and Lebanon
Term
What happened from the 1948 war that left a huge effect on Palestinians?
Definition
refugee camps
Term
Describe the six day war
Definition
Israel seized Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt in the south and the Golan Heights from Syria in the north. It also pushed Jordinian forces out of the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
Egypt's powerful air force was put out of action on the first day of fighting when Israeli jets bombed it on the ground in a pre-emptive strike.
The territorial gains doubled the area of land controlled by Israel.
Term
When did the six day war take place?
Definition
1967
Term
when did the Yom Kippur war take place?
Definition
1973
Term
Describe the Yom Kippur war
Definition
Syria and Egypt attacked Israel in a partially successful attempt to regain the lands they list during the Six Day War. Israel pushed back the invaders and the UN soon negotiated a cease-fire
Term
What outside war added fuel to the fire that was the Arab-Israeli conflict?
How?
Definition
The Cold War.
The US backed Israel.
The Soviet Union backed Syria, Iraq, and Egypt.
(They armed them)
Term
Define: The PLO
Definition
Palestinian Liberation Orginization.
Launched guerrilla attacks and committed acts of terrorism.
Term
Define: reprisal
Definition
response to an attack
Term
What was the Israeli reprisal to the PLO?
Definition
struck PLO bases in Jordan
Term
Define: Intifada
Definition
mass uprising
Term
Define: Palestinian intifada
Definition
-mass uprising against Israeli occupation that began in Gaza, spread to West Bank.
-took form of civil disobedience, strikes, boycotts on Israeli goods, graffiti, and barricades
-stone-throwing demonstrations against heavily armed troops captured int'l attention
-Israeli defense forces responded, Palestinian civilians died.
Term
Why do both Israel and Palestine reject peace agreements?
Definition
Palestine: wants to destroy Israel
Israel: Doesn't want to get destroyed (safety concerns)
Term
What was the first breakthrough towards peace in the Middle East?
Definition
Egypt and Israel signed a peace treaty, and Israel
-withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula
-Allowed Palestinian self-rule in occupied territories
and Egypt
-recognized Israel
-was condemned by other Arab states
Term
What happened in the Madrid Peace talks?
Definition
-Palestine/Israel leaders met face to face
-Israel refused to talk to the PLO
Term
Define: Hamas
Definition
-Islamic Resistance movement
-Social service/terrorist wing
-terrorist organization
Term
Define: Oslo accords
Definition
Peace agreement in which ISRAEL
-recognizes PLO
-withdraw forces from parts if the occupied territories and allow self-rule fro Palestinians in Gaza and parts of the West Bank
PALESTINE
-stops attacking Istael

-Negotiation signed on White House lawn and sealed with a historic first handshake between Yitzhak Rabin (Israel) and Yasser Arafat (PLO)
Term
Define: Oslo II
Definition
West Bank becomes...
Zone A- (7%. Palestine. East Jerusalem, Hebron)
Zone B- (21%, joint)
Zone C- stays Israeli, but Palestinian prisoners are released
Term
Who's Mahmoud Abbas?
Definition
Palestinian authority president, involved with Mr. Ariel Sharon in Gaza pullout
Term
Who won the 2006 Palestinian elections?
What did this do?
Definition
Hamas.
Cut off aid to Palestinians.
Term
What led to the 2007-9 Israel Gaza War?
Definition
Civil war in Gaza, Hamas defeated forces loyal to Palestinian President Abbas. President Bush promoted a new peace effort, but Hamas rocket attacks on Israel and Israeli reprisals jeopardized negotiations.
Term
Define: Hezbollah
Definition
Lebanese terrorist group
Term
Why is the war between Israel and Hezbollah called a "proxy war?"
Definition
U.S. and Iran backing each, more like a war between them
Term
Who replaced the Shah in 1979?
Definition
Ayatollah Khomeini
Term
How did Iran's gov't change after the rev?
Definition
A theocracy was put in place of the more secular gov't, complete with mullahs
Term
Define: mullah
Definition
religious leader (Iran)
Term
How did Iranian teens respond to America's support of the Shah?
Definition
Stormed the U.S. embassy in Tehran, taking dozens of hostages
Term
Why were American leaders determined to keep the Shah in power?
Definition
Iran was seen as a potential target for Soviet communism
Term
Why are there tensions between America and the current Iranian gov't?
Definition
possibility of Iran using nuclear weapons
Term
What is OPEC? Why was it created?
Definition
Oil and Petroleum Exporting Countries.
To end Western control over oil prices
Term
Explain the Iraq-Iran War
Definition
The Iran-Iraq war raised tensions. After the Islamic revolution in Iran, the two countries were...tense. Border clashes flared into war, and Iraqi leader Sadam Hussein took the Shah al-Arab. (important sea port)
Iraq proceeded to attack tankers and set mines in the Persian Gulf. It ended in a cease fire.
Term
Why was the Persian Gulf War fought?
Definition
Saddam Hussein faced huge debts and public unrest, so he declared Kuwait a nineteenth province of Iraq. President Bush thought Hussein would take Saudi Arabia, so the U.N. allowed sanctions against Iraq, and the U.S. set up troops in Kuwait ("Operation Desert-Shield")
-military buildup in Kuwait, so Bush demanded that Iraq withdraw from Kuwait.
-Devastating air assault courtesy of US
-Denies peace agreement, gives ultimatum
-launches ground war
-US crushes Iraq
-Iraq burns Kuwait's oil wells
-Meet for a cease-fire, Iraq agrees to all UN resolutions
Term
Why did the US invade Iraq?
Definition
After 2001 attacks, US went looking for WOM.
They also said that Saddam Hussein was forming an alliance with al Qaeda, led by Osama bin Laden. (which had alliance with the Taliban)
Term
Name three architectural achievements of the Arab golden age
Definition
-Minarets (where faithful called to prayer)
-horseshoe arch
-Dome of the Rock
-Cordoba Mosque
-Alhambra Mosque
Term
Name three arts and crafts achievements of the Arab golden age
Definition
-calligraphy
-rugs
-Isafhan (mosque city)
Term
Who was Shah Abbas?
Definition
architect- Isafhan
Term
Who influenced Arabic art?
Definition
the chinese
Term
How did people keep noise out in the arab golden age?
Definition
wooden doors, tile floors, closing windows
Term
For each country, name what the Arabs traded for (MIX UP)
a. Sahara
b. China
c. Spain
Definition
a. slaves
b. silk/porcelain
c. Leather goods, olives, wine
Term
Define: Mujam al-Bulden
Definition
geographical dictionary
Term
Name three trading achievements of the arab golden age
Definition
-no trade barriers
-gold/silver
-receipts, letters of credit, checks
Term
Name three farming/industrial achievements of the Arab golden age
Definition
-Arabian horses (primary transportation)
-Metal working
-Damascene swords
-Botanical advancements
-crop rotation
-fertilizer
Term
describe literature of the Arab golden age
Definition
-Translations
-much influence from Koran
-laid foundations for enlightenment/renaissance
Term
Name three novels written in the Arab golden age
Definition
-Aladdin
-Ali Baba
-Arabian Nights
Term
Name three mathematical achievements of the Arab golden age
Definition
-developed algebra
-invented 0
-Arabic numerals
Term
Name two astronomy achievements of the Arab golden age
Definition
-atlases of night sky
-measured solar year
-helped Copernicus's theories
Term
Name three awesome medicine people of the Arab golden agw
Definition
-Al-Razi
-Al-hazen
-Ibn-Sina<----really super awesome
Term
Who in Arab society was respected, unlike other ancient cultures?
Definition
merchants
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